Cardiovascular disease and PPARδ: Targeting the risk factors

Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 887-894

  Muscat, George E O ^a   Dressel, Uwe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase; High density lipoprotein; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; Uncoupling protein; Very low density lipoprotein

Indexed keywords

4 [4 [3 (4 ACETYL 3 HYDROXY 2 PROPYLPHENOXY)PROPOXY]PHENOXY]ACETIC ACID; [2 METHYL 4 [4 METHYL 2 (4 TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL) 5 THIAZOLYLMETHYLTHIO]PHENOXY]ACETIC ACID; CHOLESTEROL; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CANCER RISK; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; HUMAN; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIFESTYLE; LIPID METABOLISM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMAL; DRUG POTENTIATION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HOMEOSTASIS; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LIPID METABOLISM; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; PPAR DELTA; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 24644518561     PISSN: 14724472     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2004 update. American Heart Association, Dallas, TX, USA (2003). www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1079736729696HDSStats2 004UpdateREV3-19-04.pdf
2. International cardiovascular disease statistics 2005 update. American Heart Association, Dallas, TX, USA (2005). http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3001008
3. World Health Organization: World Health Report: Overview. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland (2002):8.
4. Obesity in the US. American Obesity Association, Washington, DC, USA (2004). www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/obesity_US.shtml
5. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorensen SW, Williamson DF: Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. J Am Med Assoc (2003) 290(14):1884-1890.
6. Diabetes action now. World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation, Geneva, Switzerland (2004). www.who.int/entity/diabetes/actionnow/en/DANbooklet.pdf.
7. Ram VJ: Therapeutic significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators in diabetes. Drugs Today (Barc)(2003) 39(8):609-632.
8. Ram VJ: Therapeutic role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in obesity, diabetes and inflammation. Prog Drug Res (2003) 60:93-132.
9. Lee CH, Olson P, Evans RM: Minireview: Lipid metabolism, metabolic diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Endocrinology (2003) 144(6):2201-2207.
10. Barish GD, Evans RM: PPARs and LXRs: Atherosclerosis goes nuclear. Trends Endocrinol Metab (2004) 15(4):158-165.
11. Evans RM, Barish GD, Wang YX: PPARs and the complex journey to obesity. Nat Med (2004) 10(4):355-361.
12. Oliver WR Jr, Shenk JL, Snaith MR, Russell CS, Plunket KD, Bodkin NL, Lewis MC, Winegar DA, Sznaidman ML, Lambert MH, Xu HE et al. A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001) 98(9):5306-5311.
13. Vosper H, Patel L, Graham TL, Khoudoli GA, Hill A, Macphee CH, Pinto I, Smith SA, Suckling KE, Wolf CR, Palmer CN: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ promotes lipid accumulation in human macrophages. J Biol Chem (2001) 276(47):44258-44265.
14. Wang YX, Lee CH, Tiep S, Yu RT, Ham J, Kang H, Evans RM: Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor δ activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity. Cell (2003) 113(2):159-170.
15. Dressel U, Allen TL, Pippal JB, Rohde PR, Lau P, Muscat GE: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ agonist, GW501516, regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism and energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle cells. Mol Endocrinol (2003) 17(12):2477-2493.
16. Tanaka T, Yamamoto J, Iwasaki S, Asaba H, Hamura H, Ikeda Y, Watanabe M, Magoori K, Ioka RX, Tachibana K, Watanabe Y et al: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ induces fatty acid β-oxidation in skeletal muscle and attenuates metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2003) 100(26):15924-15929.
17. Luquet S, Lopez-Soriano J, Holst D, Fredenrich A, Melki J, Rassoulzadegan M, Grimaldi PA: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ controls muscle development and oxidative capability. FASEB J (2003) 17(15):2299-2301.
18. Wang YX, Zhang CL, Yu RT, Cho HK, Nelson MC, Bayuga-Ocampo CR, Ham J, Kang H, Evans RM: Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARδ. PLoS Biol (2004) 2 (10):e294.
19. Peters JM, Lee SST, Li W, Ward JM, Gavrilova O, Everett C, Reitman ML, Hudson LD, Gonzalez FJ: Growth, adipose, brain, and skin alterations resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ. Mol Cell Biol (2000) 20(14):5119-5128.
20. Michalik L, Desvergne B, Tan NS, Basu-Modak S, Escher P, Rieusset J, Peters JM, Kaya G, Gonzalez FJ, Zakany J, Metzger D et al. Impaired skin wound healing in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARβ mutant mice. J Cell Biol (2001) 154(4):799-814.
21. Barak Y, Liao D, He W, Ong ES, Nelson MC, Olefsky JM, Boland R, Evans RM: Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ on placentation, adiposity, and colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2002) 99(1):303-308.
22. Leibowitz MD, Fievet C, Hennuyer N, Peinado-Onsurbe J, Duez H, Bergera J, Cullinan CA, Sparrow CP, Baffic J, Berger GD, Santini C et al: Activation of PPARδ alters lipid metabolism in db /db mice. FEBS Lett (2000) 473(3):333-336.
23. Chawla A, Lee CH, Barak Y, He W, Rosenfeld J, Liao D, Han J, Kang H, Evans RM: PPARδ is a very low-density lipoprotein sensor in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2003) 100(3):1268-1273.
24. Vosper H, Khoudoli GA, Graham TL, Palmer CN: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, hyperlipidaemia, and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther (2002) 95(1):47-62.
25. Muoio DM, MacLean PS, Lang DB, Li S, Houmard JA, Way JM, Winegar DA, Corton JC, Dohm GL, Kraus WE: Fatty acid homeostasis and induction of lipid regulatory genes in skeletal muscles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α knock-out mice. Evidence for compensatory regulation by PPARδ. J Biol Chem (2002) 277(29):26089-26097.
26. Chevillotte E, Rieusset J, Roques M, Desage M, Vidal H: The regulation of uncoupling protein-2 gene expression by ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human skeletal muscle cells involves multiple pathways, including the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. J Biol Chem (2001) 276(14):10853-10860.
27. Holst D, Luquet S, Nogueira V, Kristiansen K, Leverve X, Grimaldi PA: Nutritional regulation and role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ in fatty acid catabolism in skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta (2003) 1633(1):43-50.
28. Gilde AJ, van der Lee KA, Willemsen PH, Chinetti G, van der Leij FR, van der Vusse GJ, Staels B, van Bilsen M: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARβ/δ, but not PPARγ, modulate the expression of genes involved in cardiac lipid metabolism. Circ Res (2003) 92(5):518-524.
29. Cheng L, Ding G, Qin Q, Huang Y, Lewis W, He N, Evans RM, Schneider MD, Brako FA, Xiao Y, Chen YE et al: Cardiomyocyte-restricted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ deletion perturbs myocardial fatty acid oxidation and leads to cardiomyopathy. Nat Med (2004) 10(11):1245-1250.
30. Bastie C, Holst D, Gaillard D, Jehl-Pietri C, Grimald PA: Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARδ promotes induction of PPARγ and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3C2 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem (1999) 274(31):21920-21925.
31. Bastie C, Luquet S, Holst D, Jehl-Pietri C, Grimaldi PA: Alterations of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ activity affect fatty acid-controlled adipose differentiation. J Biol Chem (2000) 275 (49):38768-38773.
32. Matsusue K, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ: PPARβ/δ potentiates PPARγ-stimulated adipocyte differentiation. FASEB J (2004) 18(12):1477-1479.
33. Chen H, Charlat O, Tartaglia LA, Woolf EA, Weng X, Ellis SJ, Lakey ND, Culpepper J, Moore KJ, Breitbart RE, Duyk GM et al: Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: Identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell (1996) 84(3):491-495.
34. Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM, Carroll KM, Darvishzadeh JG, Lee JI, Friedman JM: Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature (1996) 379(6566):632-635.
35. Shulman GI: Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest (2000) 106(2):171-176.
36. Lee CH, Chawla A, Urbiztondo N, Liao D, Boisvert WA, Evans RM, Curtiss LK: Transcriptional repression of atherogenic inflammation: Modulation by PPARδ. Science (2003) 302(5644):453-457.
37. Tan NS, Michalik L, Noy N, Yasmin R, Pacot C, Heim M, Fluhmann B, Desvergne B, Wahli W: Critical roles of PPAR β /δ in keratinocyte response to inflammation. Genes Dev (2001) 15(24):3263-3277.
38. Tan NS, Michalik L, Di-Poi N, Desvergne B, Wahli W: Critical roles of the nuclear receptor PPARβ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor β) in skin wound healing. Biochem Soc Trans (2004) 32(1):97-102.
39. Michalik L, Desvergne B, Tan NS, Basu-Modak S, Escher P, Rieusset J, Peters JM, Kaya G, Gonzalez FJ, Zakany J, Metzger D et al: Impaired skin wound healing in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARβ mutant mice. J Cell Biol (2001) 154(4):799-814.
40. Tan NS, Michalik L, Di-Poi N, Ng CY, Mermod N, Roberts AB, Desvergne B, Wahli W: Essential role of Smad3 in the inhibition of inflammation-induced PPARβ/δ expression. EMBO J (2004) 23(21):4211-4221.
41. Repa JJ, Turley SD, Lobaccaro JA, Medina J, Li L, Lustig K, Shan B, Heyman RA, Dietschy JM, Mangelsdorf DJ: Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers. Science (2000) 289(5484):1524-1529.
42. Tangirala RK, Bischoff ED, Joseph SB, Wagner BL, Walczak R, Laffitte BA, Daige CL, Thomas D, Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Wang X et al: Identification of macrophage liver X receptors as inhibitors of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2002) 99(18):11896-11901.
43. Laffitte BA, Chao LC, Li J, Walczak R, Hummasti S, Joseph SB, Castrillo A, Wilpitz DC, Mangelsdorf DJ, Collins JL, Saez E, Tontonoz P: Activation of liver X receptor improves glucose tolerance through coordinate regulation of glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2003) 100(9):5419-5424.
44. Joseph SB, McKilligin E, Pei L, Watson MA, Collins AR, Laffitte BA, Chen M, Noh G, Goodman J, Hagger GN, Tran J et al: Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2002) 99(11):7604-7609.
45. Watanabe M, Houten SM, Wang L, Moschetta A, Mangelsdorf DJ, Heyman RA, Moore DD, Auwerx J: Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c. J Clin Invest (2004) 113(10):1408-1418.
46. Urizar NL, Liverman AB, Dodds DT, Silva FV, Ordentlich P, Yan Y, Gonzalez FJ, Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Moore DD: A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR. Science (2002) 296(5573):1703-1706.
47. Willy PJ, Murray IR, Qian J, Busch BB, Stevens WC Jr, Martin R, Mohan R, Zhou S, Ordentlich P, Wei P, Sapp DW et al: Regulation of PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling by an estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2004) 101(24):8912-8917.
48. Mootha VK, Handschin C, Arlow D, Xie X, St Pierre J, Sihag S, Yang W, Altshuler D, Puigserver P, Patterson N, Willy PJ et al: Errα and Gabpa/b specify PGC-1α-dependent oxidative phosphorylation gene expression that is altered in diabetic muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2004) 101(17):6570-6575.
49. Luo J, Sladek R, Carrier J, Bader JA, Richard D, Giguere V: Reduced fat mass in mice lacking orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor α. Mol Cell Biol (2003) 23(22):7947-7956.
50. Kamei Y, Ohizumi H, Fujitani Y, Nemoto T, Tanaka T, Takahashi N, Kawada T, Miyoshi M, Ezaki O, Kakizuka A: PPARγ coactivator 1β/ERR ligand 1 is an ERR protein ligand, whose expression induces a high-energy expenditure and antagonizes obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2003) 100(21):12378-12383.
51. Mamontova A, Seguret-Mace S, Esposito B, Chaniale C, Bouly M, Delhaye-Bouchaud N, Luc G, Steels B, Duverger N, Mariani J, Tedgui A: Severe atherosclerosis and hypoalphalipoproteinemia in the staggerer mouse, a mutant of the nuclear receptor RORα. Circulation (1998) 98(24):2738-2743.
52. Lau P, Nixon SJ, Parton RG, Muscat GE: RORα regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells: Caveolin-3 and CPT-1 are direct targets of ROR. J Biol Chem (2004) 279(35):36828-36840.
53. He W, Barak Y, Hevener A, Olson P, Liao D, Le J, Nelson M, Ong E, Olefsky JM, Evans RM: Adipose-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ knockout causes insulin resistance in fat and liver but not in muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2003) 100(26):15712-15717.
54. Hevener AL, He W, Barak Y, Le J, Bandyopadhyay G, Olson P, Wilkes J, Evans RM, Olefsky J: Muscle-specific Pparg deletion causes insulin resistance. Nat Med (2003) 9(12):1491-1497.
55. Park BH, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Genetic disruption of PPARδ decreases the tumorigenicity of human colon cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001) 98(5):2598-2603.
56. Gupta RA, Wang D, Katkuri S, Wang H, Dey SK, DuBois RN: Activation of nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ accelerates intestinal adenoma growth. Nat Med (2004) 10(3):245-247.
57. Barak Y, Liao D, He W, Ong ES, Nelson MC, Olefsky JM, Boland R, Evans RM: Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ on placentation, adiposity, and colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2002) 99(1):303-308.
58. Schulman IG, Heyman RA: The flip side: Identifying small molecule regulators of nuclear receptors. Chem Biol (2004) 11(5):639-646.