Arab and Jewish elementary school students' perceptions of fear and school violence: Understanding the influence of school context

British Journal of Educational Psychology

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 91-118

  Astor, Ron Avi ^a   Benbenishty, Rami ^b   Vinokur, Amiram D ^c   Zeira, Anat ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645278994     PISSN: 00070998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/000709905X37307     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Alvarez, A., & Bachman, R. (1997). Predicting the fear of assault at school and while going to and from school in an adolescent population. Violence and Victims, 12(1), 69-86.
2. American Association of University Women. (1993). Hostile hallways: The AAUW survey on sexual harassment in America's schools. (Research Report 923012). Washington, D.C.: Harris/Scholastic Research.
3. American Association of University Women. (2001). Hostile hallways: Bullying, teasing, and sexual harassment. Washington, DC: Author.
4. Arnette, J., & Walsleben, M. (1998). Combating fear and restoring safety in schools (NCJ-167888). Washington DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
5. Artz, S. (1998). Sex, power and the violent school girl. New York: Teachers' College Press.
6. Astor, R. A. (1994). Children's reasoning about family violence and peer violence: The role of provocation and retribution. Child Development, 65, 1054-1067.
7. Astor, R. A. (1995). School violence: A blueprint for elementary school interventions. Social Work in Education, 17, 101-115.
8. Astor, R. (1998). Moral reasoning about school violence: Informational assumptions about harm within school sub-contexts. Educational Psychologist, 33, 207-221.
9. Astor, R. A., Benbenishty, R., Haj-Yahia, M. M., Zeira, A., Perkins-Hart, S., Marachi, R., &Pitner, R. O. (2002). The awareness of risky peer group behaviors on school grounds as a predictor of students' victimization on school grounds: Part II: Junior high schools. Journal of School Violence, 1(3), 57-66.
10. Astor, R. A., Benbenishty, R., Marachi, R., Haj-Yahia, M., Zeira, A., Perkins, S., & Pitner, R. O. (2002). The awareness of risky peer group behaviors on school grounds as predictors of students' victimization on school grounds: Part I: Elementary schools. Journal of School Violence, 1(1), 11-33.
11. Astor, R. A., Benbenishty, R. A., & Marachi, R. (2004). Violence in schools. In P. A. Meares (Ed.), Social work services in schools (4th ed., pp. 149-182). Boston: MA: Allyn & Bacon.
12. Astor, R. A., Benbenishty, R., Pitner, R. O., & Meyer, H. A. (2004). Bullying and peer victimization in schools. In P. A. Meares & M. W. Fraser (Eds.), Intervention with children and adolescents: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 417-448). Boston: MA: Allyn and Bacon.
13. Astor, R. A., Benbenishty, R., Zeira, A., & Vinokur, A. (2002). School climate, observed risky behaviors, and victimization as predictors of high school students' fear and judgments of school violence as a problem. Health Education and Behavior, 29(6), 716-736.
14. Astor, R. A., & Meyer, H. A. (1999). Where girls and women won't go: Female students', teachers', and social workers' views of school safety. Social Work in Education, 21, 201-219.
15. Astor, R. A., & Meyer, H. A. (2001). The conceptualization of violence prone school sub-contexts: Is the sum of the parts greater than the whole? Urban Education, 36, 374-399.
16. Astor, R. A., Meyer, H. A., & Behre, W. J. (1999). Unowned places and times: Maps and interviews about violence in high schools. American Educational Research Journal, 36, 3-42.
17. Astor, R. A., Meyer, H. A., & Pitner, R. O. (2001). Elementary and middle school students' perceptions of safety: An examination of violence-prone school sub-contexts. Elementary School Journal, 101, 511-528.
18. Baker, J. A. (1998). Are we missing the forest for the trees? Considering the social context of school violence. Journal of School Psychology, 36(1), 29-44.
19. Behre, W. J., Astor, R. A., & Meyer, H. A. (2001). Elementary and middle school teachers' reasoning about intervening in school violence: An examination of violence-prone school sub-contexts. Journal of Moral Education, 30, 131-153.
20. Benbenishty, R., & Astor, R. A. (2003). The view from Israel. In P. K. Smith (Ed.), Violence in schools: The response in Europe (pp. 317-331). New York: Routledge Falmer.
21. Benbenishty, R., & Astor, R. A. (2005). School victimization in context: Culture, neighborhood, family, school, and gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Benbenishty, R., Astor, R. A., Zeira, A., & Vinokur, A. (2002). Perceptions of violence and fear of school attendance among junior high school students' in Israel. Social Work Research, 26(2), 71-88.
23. Benbenishty, R., Zeira, A., & Astor, R. A. (2000a). A national study of school violence in Israel-Wave II: Fall 1999. Jerusalem, Israel: Israeli Ministry of Education.
24. Benbenishty, R., Zeira, A., & Astor, R. A. (2000b). Violence in Israel education system: A summary report. Jerusalem: Hebrew University.
25. Benbenishty, R., Zeira, A., & Astor, R. A. (2002). Children reports of emotional, physical and sexual maltreatment by educational staff in Israel. Child Abuse and Neglect, 26, 763-782.
26. Benbenishty, R., Zeira, A., Astor, R. A., & Khoury-Kassabri, M. (2002). Victimization of primary school students by educational staff in Israel. Child Abuse and Neglect, 26, 1291-1309.
27. Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equation program manual. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP Statistical Software.
28. Bentler, P M., & Bonnett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
29. Bronner, E. (1999, August 7). Violence among Israelis sets off national wave of soul searching. The New York Times, p. Al.
30. Burnett, C. (1998). School violence in an impoverished South African community. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(8), 789-795.
31. Cohen, A. D. (1999, May 24). Educators recommend fighting violence with more individual attention. The Jerusalem Post, p. 4.
32. Devine, J. (1996). Maximum security: The culture of violence in inner-city schools. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
33. Duncan, G. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Assessing the effects of context in studies of child and youth development. Educational Psychologist, 34(1), 29-41.
34. Elbedour, S., Center, B. A., Maruyama, G. M., & Assor, A. (1997). Physical and psychological maltreatment in schools - The abusive behaviors of teachers in Bedouin schools in Israel. School Psychology International, 18(3), 201-215.
35. Errante, A. (1997). Close to home: Comparative perspectives on childhood and community violence. American Journal of Education, 105, 355-400.
36. Everett, S. A., & Price, J. H. (1995). Students' perceptions of violence in the public schools: The MetLife survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 17(6), 345-352.
37. Furlong, M. J. (1999). California school climate and safety survey. Retrieved from: http://www.education.ucsb.edu/-schpsych/research.html
38. Furlong, M. J., Bates, M., Chung, A., & Morrison, R. (1996a). Who are the victims of school violence? A comparison of student non-victims and multi-victims. Education and Treatment of Children, 18, 1-17.
39. Furlong, M. J., Casas, J. M., Corral, C., Chung, A., & Bates, M. (1997). Drugs and school violence. Education and Treatment of Children, 20, 263-280.
40. Furlong, M. J., & Morrison, G. M. (2000). The school in school violence: Definitions and facts. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorder, 8, 71-82.
41. Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K., & Pardo, C. (1992). Children in danger: Coping with the consequences of community violence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
42. Gleit, H. J. (1999, May 24). Survey: 43% of youth bully classmates. The Jerusalem Post.
43. Griffith, J. (1995). An empirical examination of a model of school climate in elementary schools. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 97-117.
44. Harel, Y., Kenny, D., & Rahav, G. (1997). Youth in Israel: Social welfare, health and risk behaviors from an international perspectives. Jerusalem: JDC.
45. Hawkins, J. D., Farrington, D. P., & Catalano, R. F. (1998). Reducing violence through the schools. In D. S. Elliot, B. A. Hamburg, & K. R. Williams (Eds.), Violence in American schools: A new perspective (pp. 127-155). New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Hayduk, L. A. (1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
47. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
48. Hyman, I. A., & Perone, D. C. (1998a). Introduction to the special theme section on school violence: The ecology of school violence. Journal of School Psychology, 36(1), 3-5.
49. Hyman, I. A., & Perone, D. C. (1998b). The other side of school violence: Educator policies and practices that may contribute to student misbehavior. Journal of School Psychology, 36(1), 7-27.
50. Hyman, I. A., & Snook, P. A. (2000). Dangerous schools and what you can do about them. Phi Delta Kappan, 81, 488-501.
51. Hyman, I. A., & Wise, J. I. (1979). Corporal punishment in American education. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
52. Kaufman, P., Chen, X., Choy, S., Chandler, K., Chapman, C., Rand, M., & Ringel, C. (1999). Indicators of school crime and safety, 1999 (NCES 99-251/NCJ-172215). Washington, DC: US Departments of Education and Justice.
53. Kaufman, P., Chen, X., Choy, S., Ruddy, S., Miller, A., Fleury, J., Chandler, K., Rand, M., Klause, P., & Planty, M. (2000). Indicators of school crime and safely, 2000 (NCES 2001-017/NCJ-184176). Washington, DC: US Departments of Education and Justice.
54. Khoury-Kassabri, M. (2002). The relationship between school ecology and students victimization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
55. Kingery, P. M., Coggeshall, M. B., & Alford, A. A. (1998). Violence at school: Recent evidence from four national surveys. Psychology in the Schools, 35(3), 247-258.
56. Lee, V. E. (2000). Using hierarchical linear modeling to study social contexts: The case of school effects. Educational Psychologist, 35(2), 125-141.
57. Lee, V. E., & Croninger R. G. (1995, December). The social organization of safe high schools. Paper presented at the Goals 2000, Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the School-to-Work Opportunities Act Conference, Palm Beach, FL.
58. Lee, V. E., & Croninger, R., & Linn, E. (1996). The culture of sexual harassment in secondary schools. American Educational Research Journal, 33, 383-417.
59. Lockwood, D. (1997). Violence among middle school and high school students: An analysis of implications for prevention. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute for Justice.
60. Lorion, R. P. (1998). Exposure to urban violence: Contamination of the school environment. In D. S. Elliott, B. A. Hamburg & K. R. Williams (Eds.), Violence in American schools: A new perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
61. Mayer, M. J., & Leone, P. E. (1999). A structural analysis of school violence and disruption: Implications for creating safer schools. Education and Treatment of Children, 22, 333-356.
62. Meyer, H. A., & Astor, R. A. (2002). Child and parent perspectives on routes to and from school in high crime neighborhoods. Journal of School Violence. 1(4), 101-128
63. Meyer, H. A., Astor, R. A., & Behre, W. J. (2002). Teachers' reasoning about school violence: The role of gender and location. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27, 499-528.
64. Morrison, G. M., & Skiba, R. (2001). Predicting violence from school misbehavior: Promises and perils. Psychology in the Schools, 38, 173-184.
65. Mulvey, E. P., & Cauffman, E. (2001). The inherent limits of predicting school violence. American Psychologist, 56, 797-802.
66. Nansel, T., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R., Ruan, W., Simons-Moiton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.
67. Naylor, P., & Cowie, H. (1999). The effectiveness of peer support systems in challenging school bullying: The perspectives and experiences of teachers and pupils. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 467-479.
68. Noguera, P. A. (1995). Preventing and producing violence: A critical analysis of responses to school violence. Harvard Educational Review, 65(2), 189-212.
69. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
70. Olweus, D. (1999a). Norway. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 28-48). London: Routledge.
71. Olweus, D. (1999b). Sweden. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 7-27). London: Routledge.
72. Olweus, D., Limber, S., & Mihalic, S. (1999). Blueprints for violence prevention, book nine: Bullying prevention program. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.
73. Owens, L., Slee, P., & Shute, R. (2000). It hurts a hell of a lot . . . The effects of indirect aggression on teenage girls. School Psychology International, 21, 359-376.
74. Pellegrini, A., & Bartini, M. (2000). A longitudinal study of bullying, victimization, and peer affiliation during the transition from primary school to middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 699-725.
75. Potter, C. (1999). Violence and aggression in girls. In J. Jenson & M. Howard (Eds.), Youth violence: Current research and recent innovations (pp. 113-138). Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.
76. Price, J. H., & Everett, S. A. (1997). Teacher's perceptions of violence in the public schools: The Metlife survey. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21(3), 178-186.
77. Raykov, T., Tomer, A., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1991). Reporting structural equation modeling results in psychology and aging: Some proposed guidelines. Psychology and Aging, 6(4), 499-503.
78. Rigby, K. (1996). Bullying in schools: And what to do about it. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.
79. Rose, L., & Gallup, A. (2000). The 32nd annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 82, 41-66.
80. Rosenblatt, J. A., & Furlong, M. J. (1997). Assessing the reliability and validity of student self-reports of campus violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(2), 187-202.
81. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
82. Sherer, M. (1991). Peer group norms among Jewish and Arab juveniles in Israel. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 18(3), 267-286.
83. Slee, P T. (1995). Bullying in the playground: The impact of inter-personal violence on Australian children's perceptions of their play environment. Children's Environments, 12(3), 320-327.
84. Smith, P. K. (2003). Violence in schools: The response in Europe. London: Routledge Falmer.
85. Smith, P. K., Monta, Y., Junger-Tas, J., Olweus, D., Catalano, R., & Slee, P. (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. New York: Routledge.
86. Smith, P., & Sharp, S. (1994). School bullying. London: Routledge.
87. Sorenson, S. B., & Bowie, P. (1994). Girls and young women. In L. D. Eron, J. H. Gentry, & P. Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence and youth (pp. 167-176). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
88. Stanko, E. (1990). Everyday violence: How women and men experience sexual and physical danger. London: Pandora Press.
89. Stein, N. (1995). Sexual harassment in school: The public performance of gendered violence. Harvard Educational Review, 65(2), 145-162.
90. Stein, N. (1999). Classrooms and courtrooms: Facing sexual harassment in K-12 schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
91. Sullivan, K. (2000). The anti-bullying handbook. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
92. Sutton, S. (1995). Creating landscapes of safety with those we fear. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
93. Turiel, E. (1987). Potential relationships between the development of social reasoning and childhood aggression. In D. H. Crowell, I. M. Evens, & C. R. O'Donnell (Eds.), Childhood aggression and violence: Sources of influence, prevention and control (pp. 95-114). New York: Plenum Press.
94. Turiel, E. (1998). The development of morality. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 863-932). New York: Wiley.
95. Turiel, E., Hildebrandt, C., &Wainryb, C. (1991). Judging social issues: Difficulties, inconsistencies and consistencies. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 56(2), 1-116.
96. Wainryb, C., & Turiel, E. (1993). Conceptual and informational features in moral decision making. Educational Psychologist, 28, 205-218.
97. Youssef, R., Attia, M., & Kamel, M. (1998). Children experiencing violence II: Prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 975-985.
98. Zeira, A., Astor, R. A., & Benbenishty, R. (2002). Sexual harassment in Jewish and Arab public schools in Israel. Child Abuse and Neglect, 26, 149-166.
99. Zeira, A., Astor, R. A., & Benbenishty, R. (2003). School violence in Israel: Findings of national survey. Social Work, 48(4), 471-483.