Cell-based therapies for disorders of the CNS

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents

Volumn 15, Issue 10, 2005, Pages 1361-1376

  Lazic, Stanley E ^a   Barker, Roger A ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cell therapy; Neural precursor cell; Neurotransplantation; Stem cell

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ERYTHROPOIETIN; ESTROGEN; FLAVONOID; HYPOPHYSIS ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE; LEVODOPA; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NOGGIN; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PROLACTIN; PURINE DERIVATIVE; SOMATOMEDIN C; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN; VIRUS VECTOR;

BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; NEURAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; REVIEW; TISSUE REPAIR;

EID: 27744538511     PISSN: 13543776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.10.1361     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. ARMSTRONG RJE, JAIN M, BARKER RA: Stem cell transplantation as an approach to brain repair. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2001) 11(10):1-19.
2. ROSAS HD, KOROSHETZ WJ, CHEN YI et al.: Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD: an MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology (2003) 60(10):1615-1620.
3. FRICKER-GATES RA, LUNDBERG C, DUNNETT SB: Neural transplantation: restoring complex circuitry in the striatum. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. (2001) 19:119-138.
4. BACHOUD-LEVI A-C, REMY P, NGUYEN J-P et al.: Motor and cognitive improvements in patients with Huntington's disease. Lancet (2000) 356:1975-1979.
5. GAURA V, BACHOUD-LEVI A-C, RIBEIRO M-J et al.: Striatal neural grafting improves cortical metabolism in Huntington's disease patients. Brain (2003) 127:65-72.
6. LAZIC SE, BARKER RA: Rapid decline in motor symptoms in HD neural transplant patients prior to surgery. Brain Res. Bull. (2004) 63:83-84.
7. SAVITZ SI, DINSMORE JH, WECHSLER LR, ROSENBAUM DM, CAPLAN LR: Cell therapy for stroke. NeuroRx(2004) 1(4):406-414.
8. SILANI V, COVA L, CORBO M, CIAMMOLA A, POLLI E: Stem-cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet (2004) 364:200-202.
9. FELDMAN RS, MEYER JS, QUENZER LF: Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA, USA (1997).
10. BRAAK H, DEL TREDICI K, RUB U, DE VOS RAI, STEUR ENHJ, BRAAK E: Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Aging (2003) 24:197-211.
11. LAZIC SE, BARKER RA: The future of cell-based transplantation therapies of neurodegenerative disorders. J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. (2004) 12(6):635-642.
12. POLGAR S, MORRIS ME, REILLY S, BILNEY B, SANBERG PR: Reconstructive neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis. Brain Res. Bull (2003) 60:1-24.
13. FREED CR, GREENE PE, BREEZE RE et al.: Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 344(10):710-719.
14. NAKAMURA T, DHAWAN V, CHALY T et al.: Blinded positron emission tomography study of dopamine cell implantation for Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. (2001) 50:181-187.
15. OLANOW CW, FREEMAN T, KORDOWER J et al.: Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:146-147.
16. DUNNETT SB, BJORKLUND A, LINDVALL O: Cell therapy in Parkinson's disease - stop or go? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. (2001) 2:365-369.
17. OLANOW CW, GOETZ CG, KORDOWER JH et al.: A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. (2003) 54:403-414.
18. PICCINI P, BROOKS DJ, BJORKLUND A et al.: Dopamine release from nigral transplants visualized in vivo in a Parkinson's patient. Nat. Neurosci. (1999) 2(12):1137-1140.
19. GLOVER DJ, LIPPS HJ, JANS DA: Towards safe, non-viral therapeutic gene expression in humans. Nat. Rev. Genet. (2005) 6:299-310.
20. BLOCH J, BACHOUD-LEVI AC, DEGLON N et al.: Neuroprotective gene therapy for Huntington's disease, using polymer-encapsulated cells engineered to secrete human ciliary neurotrophic factor: results of a Phase I study. Hum. Gene Ther. (2004) 15(10):968-75.
21. MITTOUX V, JOSEPH JM, CONDE F et al.: Restoration of cognitive and motor functions by ciliary neurotrophic factor in a primate model of Huntington's disease. Hum. Gene Ther. (2000) 11(8):1177-1187.
22. MITCHELL KE, WEISS ML, MITCHELL BM et al.: Matrix cells from Wharton's jelly form neurons and glia. Stem Cells (2003) 21:50-60.
23. JIANG Y, JAHAGIRDAR BN, REINHARDT RL et al.: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature (2002) 418:41-49.
24. ALTMAN J: Are new neurons formed in the brains of adult mammals? Science (1962) 135:1127-1128.
25. MILLER MW, NOWAKOWSKI RS: Use of bromodeoxyuridine-immunohistochemistry to examine the proliferation, migration and time of origin of cells in the central nervous system. Brain Res. (1988) 457(1):44-52.
26. COULD E, REEVES AJ, GRAZIANO MSA, GROSS CG: Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates. Science (1999) 286:548-552.
27. ZHAO M, MOMMA S, DELFANI K et al.: Evidence for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian substantia nigra. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(13):7925-7930.
28. RAKIC P: Neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex: An evaluation of the evidence. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. (2002) 3:65-71.
29. KOKETSU D, MIKAMI A, MIYAMOTO Y, HISATSUNE T: Nonrenewal of neurons in the cerebral neocortex of adult Macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci. (2003) 23(3):937-942.
30. KORNACK DR, RAKIC P: Cell proliferation without neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex. Science (2001) 294:2127-2130.
31. FRIELINGSDORF H, SCHWARZ K, BRUNDIN P, MOHAPEL P: No evidence for new dopaminergic neurons in the adult mammal substantia nigra. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(27):10177-10182.
32. BAUER S, HAY M, AMILHON B, JEAN A, MOYSE E: In vivo neurogenesis in the dorsal vagal complex of the adult rat brain stem. Neuroscience (2005) 130:75-90.
33. BERNIER PJ, BEDARD A, VINET J, LEVESQUE M, PARENT A: Newly generated neurons in the amygdala and adjoining cortex of adult primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(17):11464-11469.
34. MAGAVI SS, LEAVITT BR, MACKLIS JD: Induction of neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult mice. Nature (2000) 405:951-955.
35. KEMPERMANN G, GAST D, KRONENBERG G, YAMAGUCHI M, GAGE FH: Early determination and long-term persistence of adult-generated new neurons in the hippocampus of mice. Development (2003) 130(2):391-399.
36. DOETSCH F, GARCIA-VERDUGO JM, ALVAREZ-BUYLLA A: Cellular composition and three-dimensional organization of the subventricular germinal zone in the adult mammalian brain. J. Neurosci. (1997) 17(13):5046-5061.
37. KEMPERMANN G, JESSBERGER, STEINER B, KRONENBERG G: Milestones of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus. Trends Neurosci. (2004) 27(8):447-452.
38. PALMER TD, WILLHOITE AR, GAGE FH: Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. (2000) 452:479-494.
39. PARK J-A, CHOI K-S, KIM S-Y, KIM K-W: Coordinated interaction of the vascular and nervous systems: from molecule- to cell-based approaches. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2003) 311:247-253.
40. CARMELIET P: Blood vessels and nerves: common signals, pathways and diseases. Nat. Rev. Genet. (2003) 4:710-720.
41. VAN PRAAG H, SCHINDER AF, CHRISTIE BR, TONI N, PALMER TD, GAGE FH: Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature (2002) 415:1030-1034.
42. CARLEN M, CASSIDY MR, BRISMAR H, SMITH GA, ENQUIST LW, FRISEN J: Functional integration of adult-born neurons. Curr. Biol. (2002) 12:606-608.
43. BELLUZZI O, BENEDUSI M, ACKMAN J, LOTURCO JJ: Electrophysiological differentiation of new neurons in the olfactory bulb. J. Neurosci. (2003) 23(32):10411-10418.
44. SCHMIDT-HIEBER C, JONAS P, BISCHOFBERGER J: Enhanced synaptic plasticity in newly generated granule cells of the adult hippocampus. Nature (2004) 429:184-187.
45. WANG S, SCOTT BW, WOJTOWICZ JM: Heterogenous properties of dentate granule neurons in the adult rat. J. Neurobiol. (2000) 42(2):248-257.
46. LLEDO P-M, SAGHATELYAN A: Integrating new neurons into the adult olfactory bulb: joining the network, life-death decisions, and the effects of sensory experience. Trends Neurosci. (2005) 28(5):248-254.
47. LLEDO P-M, GHEUSI G, VINCENT J-D: Information processing in the mammalian olfactory system. Physiol. Rev. (2005) 85:281-317.
48. VAN PRAAG H, CHRISTIE BR, SEJNOWSKI TJ, GAGE FH: Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96(23):13427-13431.
49. FARMER J, ZHAO X, VAN PRAAG H: WODTKE K, GAGE FH, CHRISTIE BR: Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the dentate gyrus of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Neuroscience (2004) 124(1):71-79.
50. LU L, BAO G, CHEN H et al.: Modification of hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroplasticity by social environments. Exp. Neurol. (2003) 183(2):600-609.
51. KEMPERMANN G, GAGE FH: Genetic influence on phenotypic differentiation in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Devel. Brain Res. (2002) 134:1-12.
52. KEMPERMANN G, GAGE FH: Genetic determinants of adult hippocampal neurogenesis correlate with acquisition, but not probe trial performance, in the water maze task. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2002) 16:129-136.
53. SHORS TJ, MIESEGAES G, BEYLIN A, ZHAO M, RYDEL T, GOULD E: Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories. Nature (2001) 410:372-376.
54. DRAPEAU E, MAYO W, AUROUSSEAU C, LE MOAL M, PIAZZA P-V, ABROUS DN: Spatial memory performances of aged rats in the water maze predict levels of hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(24):14385-14390.
55. GOULD E, BEYLIN A, TANAPAT P, REEVES A, SHORS TJ: Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. Nat. Neurosci. (1999) 2(3):260-265.
56. ABROUS DN, KOEHL M, LE MOAL M: Adult neurogenesis: from precursors to network and physiology. Physiol. Rev. (2005) 85:523-569.
57. KIM JS, CHANG M-Y, YU IT et al.: Lithium selectively increases neuronal differentiation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells both in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurochem. (2004) 89:324-336.
58. SANTARELLI L, SAXE M, GROSS C et al.: Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science (2003) 301:805-809.
59. OWENS MJ, NEMEROFF CB: Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin. Chem. (1994) 40(2):288-295.
60. BREZUN JM, DASZUTA A: Depletion in serotonin decreases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of adult rats. Neuroscience (1999) 89(4):999-1002.
61. BREZUN JM, DASZUTA A: Serotonin may stimulate granule cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, as observed in rats grafted with foetal raphe neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2000) 12(1):391-396.
62. BREZUN JM, DASZUTA A: Serotonergic reinnervation reverses lesion-induced decreases in PSA-NCAM labeling and proliferation of hippocampal cells in adult rats. Hippocampus (2000) 10(1):37-46.
63. MADSEN TM, TRESCHOW A, BENGZON J, BOLWIG TG, LINDVALL O, TINGSTROM A: Increased neurogenesis in a model of electroconvulsive therapy. Biol. Psychiatry (2000) 47(12):1043-1049.
64. BABYAK M, BLUMENTHAL JA, HERMAN S et al.: Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom. Med. (2000) 62(5):633-638.
65. WONG M-L, LICINIO J: Research and treatment approaches to depression. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. (2001) 2:343-351.
66. LUSKIN MB: Neuroblasts of the postnatal mammalian forebrain: their phenotype and fate. J. Neurobiol (1998) 36:221-233.
67. HU H, TOMASIEWICZ H, MAGNUSON T, RUTISHAUSER U: The role of polysialic acid in migration of olfactory bulb interneuron precursors in the subventricular zone. Neuron (1996) 16:735-743.
68. GHEUSI G, CREMER H, MCLEAN H, CHAZAL G, VINCENT J-D, LLEDO P-M: Importance of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb for odor discrimination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(4):1823-1828.
69. ENWERE E, SHINGO T, GREGG C, FUJIKAWA H, OHTA S, WEISS S: Aging results in reduced epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, diminished olfactory neurogenesis, and deficits in fine olfactory discrimination. J. Neurosci. (2004) 24(38):8354-8365.
70. ROCHEFORT C, GHEUSI G, VINCENT JD, LLEDO PM: Enriched odor exposure increases the number of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb and improves odor memory. J. Neurosci. (2002) 22(7):2679-2689.
71. LAZIC SE, GROTE H, ARMSTRONG RJE et al.: Decreased hippocampal cell proliferation in R6/1 Huntingtons mice. Neuroreport(2004) 15(5):811-813.
72. GIL JMAC, LEIST M, POPOVIC N, BRUNDIN P, PETERSEN A: Asialoerythropoetin is not effective in the R6/2 line of Huntington's disease mice. BMC Neurosci. (2004) 5:17.
73. CURTIS MA, PENNEY EB, PEARSON AG et al.: Increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult human Huntington's disease brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(15):9023-9027.
74. CURTIS MA, PENNEY EB, PEARSON J, DRAGUNOW M, CONNOR B, FAULL RLM: The distribution of progenitor cells in the subependymal layer of the lateral ventricle in the normal and Huntington's disease human brain. Neuroscience (2005) 132:777-788.
75. WINNER B, LIE DC, ROCKENSTEIN E et al.: Human wild-type α-synuclein impairs neurogenesis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (2004) 63(11):1155-1166.
76. HOGLINGER GU, RIZK P, MURIEL MP et al.: Dopamine depletion impairs precursor cell proliferation in Parkinson's disease. Nat. Neurosci. (2004) 7(7):726-735.
77. YOSHIMI K, REN YR, SEKI T et al.: Possibility for neurogenesis in substantia nigra of parkinsonian brain. Ann. Neurol. (2005) 58(1):31-40.
78. HAUGHEY NJ, LIU D, NATH A, BORCHARD AC, MATTSON MP: Disruption of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of adult mice, and human cortical neuronal precursor cells in culture, by amyloid β-peptide. Neuromolecular Med. (2002) 1:125-135.
79. HAUGHEY NJ, NATH A, CHAN SL, BORCHARD AC, RAO MS, MATTSON MP: Disruption of neurogenesis by amyloid β-peptide, and perturbed neural progenitor cell homeostasis, in models of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. (2002) 83(6):1509-1524.
80. DONG H, GOICO B, MARTIN M, CSERNANSKY CA, BERTCHUME A, CSERNANSKY JG: Modulation of hippocampal cell proliferation, memory, and amyloid plaque deposition in APPsw (Tg2576) mutant mice by isolation stress. Neuroscience (2004) 127:601-609.
81. JIN K, GALVAN V, XIE L et al.: Enhanced neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease transgenic (PDGF-APPSw, Ind) mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(36):13363-13367.
82. WEN PH, HOF PR, CHEN X et al.: The presenilin-1 familial Alzheimer's disease mutant P117L impairs neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult mice. Exp. Neurol. (2004) 188:224-237.
83. WEN PH, SHAO X, SHAO Z et al.: Overexpression of wild type but not an FAD mutant presenilin-1 promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult mice. Neurobiol. Dis. (2002) 10(1):8-19.
84. CHEVALLIER NL, SORIANO S, KANG DE, MASLIAH E, HU G, KOO EH: Perturbed neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus associated with presenilin-1 A246E mutation. Am.J. Pathol. (2005) 167(1):151-159.
85. JIN K, PEEL AL, MAO XO et al.: Increased hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(1):343-347.
86. ARVIDSSON A, COLLIN T, KIRIK D, KOKAIA Z, LINDVALL O: Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat. Med. (2002) 8(9):963-970.
87. NIXON K, CREWS FT: Binge ethanol exposure decreases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J. Neurochem. (2002) 83(5):1087-1093.
88. HERRERA DG, YAGUE AG, JOHNSON-SORIANO S et al.: Selective impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis by chronic alcoholism: protective effects of an antioxidant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(13):7919-7924.
89. CHEN J, ZHANG ZG, LI Y et al.: Statins induce angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis after stroke. Ann. Neurol. (2003) 53:743-751.
90. MONJE ML, MIZUMATSU S, FIKE JR, PALMER TD: Irradiation induces neural precursor-cell dysfunction. Nat. Med. (2002) 8(9):955-962.
91. ROLA R, RABER J, RIZK A et al.: Radiation-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with cognitive defects in young mice. Exp. Neurol. (2004) 188:316-330.
92. MONJE ML, TODA H, PALMER TD: Inflammatory blockade restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Science (2003) 302:1760-1765.
93. EKDAHL CT, CLASSEN J-H, BONDE S, KOKAIA Z, LINDVALL O: Inflamation is deterimental for neurogenesis in adult brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(23):13632-13637.
94. ZHANG R, WANG Y, ZHANG L et al.: Sildenafil (Viagra) induces neurogenesis and promotes functional recovery after stroke in rats. Stroke (2002) 33:2675-2680.
95. QIAO CX, DEN R, KUDO K et al.: Ginseng enhances contextual fear conditioning and neurogenesis in rats. Neurosci. Res. (2005) 51:31-38.
96. KUHN HG, DICKINSON-ANSON H, GAGE FH: Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: Age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation. J. Neurosci. (1996) 16(6):2027-2033.
97. HEINE VM, MASLAM S, JOELS M, LUCASSEN PJ: Prominent decline of newborn cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in the aging dentate gyrus, in absence of and age-related hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. Neurobiol. Aging (2004) 25:361-375.
98. TREJO JL, CARRO E, TORRES-ALEMAN I: Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21(5):1628-1634.
99. FABEL K, FABEL K, TAM B: VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2003) 18:2803-2812.
100. VAYNMAN S, YING Z, GOMEZ-PINILLA F: Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2004) 20:2580-2590.
101. JIN K, MINAMI M, LAN JQ et al.: Neurogenesis in dentate subgranular zone and rostral subventricular zone after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(8):4710-4715.
102. JIN K, MINAMI M, XIE L et al.: Ischemia-induced neurogenesis is preserved but reduced in the aged rodent brain. Aging Cell (2004) 3:373-377.
103. ZHANG R, ZHANG Z, ZHANGE C et al.: Stroke transiently increases subventricular zone cell division from asymmetric to symmetric and increases neuronal differentiation in the adult rat. J. Neurosci. (2004) 24(25):5810-5815.
104. ZHU DY, LAU L, LIU SH, WEI JS, LU YM: Activation of cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) after focal cerebral ischemia stimulates neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(25):9453-9457.
105. PARENT JM, VALENTIN VV, LOWENSTEIN DH: Prolonged seizures increase proliferating neuroblasts in the adult rat subventricular zone-olfactory bulb pathway. J. Neurosci. (2002) 22(8):3174-3188.
106. CALZA L, GIARDINO L, POZZA M, BETTELLI C, MICERA A, ALOE L: Proliferation and phenotype regulation in the subventricular zone during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: in vivo evidence of a role for nerve growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:3209-3214.
107. NAIT-OUMESMAR B, DECKER L, LACHAPLLE F, AVELLANA-ADALID V, BACHELIN C, VAN EVERCOOREN AB: Progenitor cells of the adult mouse subventricular zone proliferate, migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes after demyelination. Eur. J. Neurosci. (1999) 11:4357-4366.
108. DASH PK, MACH SA, MOORE AN: Enhanced neurogenesis in the rodent hippocampus following traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosci. Res. (2001) 63(4):313H319.
109. RICE AC, KHALDI A, HARVEY HB et al.: Proliferation and neuronal differentiation of mitotically active cells following traumatic brain injury. Exp. Neurol. (2003) 183(2):406-417.
110. ABERG MAI, ABERG ND, HEDBACKER H, OSCARSSON J, ERIKSSON PS: Peripheral infusion of IGF-I selectively induces neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus.J. Neurosci. (2000) 20(8):2896-2903.
111. O'KUSKY JR, PING Y, D'ERCOLE AJ: Insulin-like growth factor-I promotes neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus during postnatal development. J. Neurosci. (2000) 20(22):8435-8442.
112. LICHTENWALNER RJ, FORBES ME, BENNETT SA, LYNCH CD, SONNTAG WE, RIDDLE DR: Intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin-like growth factor-I ameliorates the age-related decline in hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuroscience (2001) 107(4):603-613.
113. JIN K, ZHU Y, SUN Y, MAO XO, GREENBERG DA: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(18):11946-11950.
114. CAO L, JIAO X, ZUZGA DS et al.: VEGF links hippocampal activity with neurogenesis, learning and memory. Nat. Genet. (2004) 36(8):827-835.
115. LEE J, DUAN W, MATTSON MP: Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J. Neurochem. (2002) 82(6):1367-1375.
116. PENCEA V, BINGAMAN KD, WIEGAND SJ, LUSKIN MB: Infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor into the lateral ventricle of the adult rat leads to new neurons in the parenchyma of the striatum, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21(17):6706-6717.
117. BENRAISS A, CHMIELNICKI E, LERNER K, ROH D, GOLDMAN SA: Adenoviral brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces both neostriatal and olfactory neuronal recruitment from endogenous progenitor cells in the adult forebrain. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21(17):6718-6731.
118. KUHN HG, WINKLER J, KEMPERMANN G, THAL LJ, GAGE FH: Epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 have different effects on neural progenitors in the adult rat brain. J. Neurosci. (1997) 17(15):5820-5829.
119. EMSLEY JG, HAGG T: Endogenous and exogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor enhances forebrain neurogenesis in adult mice. Exp. Neurol. (2003) 183:298-310.
120. MOHAPEL P, FRIELINGSDORF H, HAGGBLAD J, ZACHRISSON O, BRUNDIN P: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induce striatal neurogenesis in adult rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Neuroscience (2005) 132(3):767-776.
121. SHINGO T, SOROKAN ST, SHIMAZAKI T, WEISS S: Erythropoietin regulates the in vitro and in vivo production of neuronal progenitors by mammalian forebrain neural stem cells. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21(24):9733-9743.
122. MALBERG JE, EISCH AJ, NESTLER EJ, DUMAN RS: Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci. (2000) 20(24):9104-9110.
123. HAO Y, CRESON T, ZHANG L et al.: Mood stabilizer Valproate promotes ERK pathway-dependent cortical neuronal growth and neurogenesis. J. Neurosci. (2002) 24(29):6590-6599.
124. SHINGO T, GREGG C, ENWERE E et al.: Pregnancy-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult female forebrain mediated by prolactin. Science (2003) 299:117-120.
125. TANAPAT P, HASTINGS NB, REEVES AJ, GOULD E: Estrogen stimulates a transient increase in the number of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the adult female rat. J. Neurosci. (1999) 19(14):5792-5801.
126. KARISHMA KK, HERBERT J: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) stimulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the rat, promotes survival of newly formed neurons and prevents corticosterone-induced suppression. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2002) 16:445-453.
127. BRANNVALL K, BOGDANOVIC N, KORHÔNEN L, LINDHOLM D: 19-Nortestosterone influences neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2005) 21:871-878.
128. WONG EYH, HERBERT J: The corticoid environment: a determining factor for neural progenitors' survival in the adult hippocampus. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2004) 20:2491-2498.
129. VAN KAMPEN JM, HAGG T, ROBERTSON HA: Induction of neurogenesis in the adult rat subventricular zone and neostriatum following dopamine D3 receptor stimulation. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2004) 19:2377-2387.
130. BAKER SA, BAKER KA, HAGG T: Dopaminergic nigrostriatal projections regulate neural precursor proliferation in the adult mouse subventricular zone. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2004) 20:575-579.
131. MOHAPEL P, LEANZA G, KOKAIA M, LINDVALL O: Forebrain acetylcholine regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and learning. Neurobiol. Aging (2005) 26(6):939-946.
132. CAMERON HA, MCEWEN BS, GOULD E: Regulation of adult neurogenesis by excitatory input and NMDA receptor activation in the dentate gyrus. J. Neurosci. (1995) 15(6):4687-4692.
133. YOSHIMIZU T, CHAKI S: Increased cell proliferation in the adult mouse hippocampus following chronic administration of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, MGS0039. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2004) 315:493-496.
134. KULKARNI VA, JHA S, VAIDYA VA: Depletion of norepinephrine decreases the proliferation, but does not influence the survival and differentiation, of granule cell progenitors in the adult rat hippocampus Eur. J. Neurosci. (2002) 16:2008-2012.
135. PACKER MA, STASIV Y, BENRAISS A et al.: Nitric oxide negatively regulates mammalian adult neurogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(16):9566-9571.
136. HOWELL OW, DOYLE K, GOODMAN JH et al.: Neuropeptide Y stimulates neuronal precursor proliferation in the post-natal and adult dentate gyrus. J. Neurochem. (2005) 93(3):560-570.
137. NYBERG J, ANDERSON MF, MEISTER B et al.: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is expressed in adult hippocampus and induces progenitor cell proliferation. J. Neurosci. (2005) 25(7):1816-1825.
138. MERCER A, RONNHOLM H, HOLMBERG J et al.: PACAP promotes neural stem cell proliferation in adult mouse brain. J. Neurosci. Res. (2004) 76:205-215.
139. VAN PRAAG H, KEMPERMANN G, GAGE FH: Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat. Neurosci. (1999) 2(3):266-270.
140. RA S-M, KIM H, JANG M-H et al.: Treadmill running and swimming increase cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats. Neurosci. Lett. (2002) 333:123-126.
141. HOLMES MM, GALEA LAM, MISTLBERGER RE, KEMPERMANN G: Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and voluntary running activity: circadian and dose-dependent effects. J. Neurosci. Res. (2004) 76:216-222.
142. KEMPERMANN G, KUHN HG, GAGE FH: Experience-induced neurogenesis in the senescent dentate gyrus. J. Neurosci. (1998) 18(9):3206-3212.
143. KEMPERMANN G, GAST D, GAGE FH: Neuroplasticity in old age: sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by long-term environmental enrichment. Ann. Neurol. (2002) 52:135-143.
144. BROWN J, COOPER-KUHN CM, KEMPERMANN G et al.: Enriched environment and physical activity stimulate hippocampal but not olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2003) 17:2042-2046.
145. LEE J, SEROOGY KB, MATTSON MP: Dietary restriction enhances neurotrophin expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult mice. J. Neurochem. (2002) 80:539-547.
146. GOULD E, MCEWEN BS, TANAPAT P, GALEA LA, FUCHS E: Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation. J. Neurosci. (1997) 17(7):2492-2498.
147. TANAPAT P, GALEA LA, GOULD E: Stress inhibits the proliferation of granule cell precursors in the developing dentate gyrus. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. (1998) 16:235-239.
148. MALBERG JE, DUMAN RS: Cell proliferation in adult hippocampus is decreased by inescapable stress: reversal by fluoxetine treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28:1562-1571.
149. DONG H, GOICO B, MARTIN M, CSERNANSKY CA, BERTCHUME A, CSERNANSKY JG: Modulation of hippocampal cell proliferation, memory, and amyloid plaque deposition in APPsw (Tg2576) mutant mice by isolation stress. Neuroscience (2004) 127:601-609.
150. ERIKSSON PS, PERFILIEVA E, BJORK-ERIKSSON T et al.: Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat. Med. (1998) 4(11):1313-1317.
151. ROY NS, WANG S, JIANG L et al.: In vitro neurogenesis by progenitor cells isolated from the adult human hippocampus. Nat. Med. (2000) 6(3):271-277.
152. NUNES MC, ROY NS, KEYOUNG HM et al.: Identification and isolation of multipotential neural progenitor cells from the subcortical white matter of the adult human brain. Nat. Med (2003) 9(4):439-447.
153. MIZUMATSU S, MONJE ML, MORHARDT DR, ROLA R, PALMER TD, FIKE JR: Extreme sensitivity of adult neurogenesis to low doses of X-irradiation. Cancer Res. (2003) 63(14):4021-4027.
154. SANAI N, TRAMONTIN AD, QUINONES-HINOJOSA A et al.: Unique astrocyte ribbon in adult human brain contains neural stem cells but lacks chain migration. Nature (2004) 427:740-744.
155. BEDARD A, PARENT A: Evidence of newly generated neurons in the human olfactory bulb. Dev. Brain. Res. (2004) 151:159-168.
156. KIPPIN TE, KAPUR S, VAN DER KOOY D: Dopamine specifically inhibits forebrain neural stem cell proliferation, suggesting a novel effect of antipsychotic drugs. J. Neurosci. (2005) 25(24):5815-5823.
157. FALLON J, REID S, KINYAMU R et al.: In vivo induction of massive proliferation, directed migration, and differentiation of neural cells in the adult mammalian brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(26):14686-14691.
158. COOPER O, ISACSON O: Intrastriatal transforming growth factor α delivery to a model of Parkinson's disease induces proliferation and migration of endogenous adult neural progenitor cells without differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurosci. (2004) 24(41):8924-8931.
159. CHMIELNICKI E, BENRAISS A, ECONOMIDES AN, GOLDMAN SA: Adenovirally expressed noggin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor cooperate to induce new medium spiny neurons from resident progenitor cells in the adult striatal ventricular zone. J. Neurosci. (2004) 24(9):2133-2142.
160. NAKATOMI H, KURIU T, OKABE S et al.: Regeneration of hippocampal pyramidal neurons after ischemic brain injury by recruitment of endogenous neural progenitors. Cell (2002) 110:429-441.
161. PARENT JM: The role of seizure-induced neurogenesis in epileptogenesis and brain repair. Epilepsy Res. (2002) 50:179-189.