Information processing in the mammalian olfactory system

Physiological Reviews

Volumn 85, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 281-317

  Lledo, Pierre Marie ^a   Gheusi, Gilles ^b   Vincent, Jean Didier ^b  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN FUNCTION; CYTOLOGY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROSCIENCE; ODOR; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; MAMMALS; ODORS; OLFACTORY PATHWAYS; SMELL;

EID: 12844261708     PISSN: 00319333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2004     Document Type: Review

References (497)

1. Ache BW. Towards a common strategy for transducing olfactory information. Semin Cell Biol 5: 55-63, 1994.
2. Adrian ED. Olfactory reactions in the brain of the hedgehog. J Physiol 100: 459-473, 1942.
3. Adrian ED. The electrical activity of the olfactory bulb. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 2: 377-388, 1950.
4. Alaoui-Ismaili O, Robin O, Rada H, Dittmar A, and Vernet-Maury E. Basic emotions evoked by odorants: comparison between autonomic responses and self-evaluation. Physiol Behav 62: 713-720, 1997.
5. Alaoui-Ismaili O, Vernet-Maury E, Dittmar A, Delhomme G, and Chanel J. Odor hedonics: connection with emotional response estimated by autonomic parameters. Chem Senses 22: 237-248, 1997.
6. Allen E. The cessation of mitosis in the central nervous system of the albino rat. J Comp Neurol 22: 547-568, 1912.
7. Altman J. Are neurons formed in the brains of adult mammals? Science 135: 1127-1128, 1962.
8. Altman J. Autoradiographic investigation of cell proliferation in the brain of rats and cats. Anat Rec 145: 573-591, 1963.
9. Altman J. Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. IV. Cell proliferation and migration in the anterior forebrain, with special reference to persisting neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 137: 433-457, 1969.
10. Altman J and Das GD. Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal hippocampus neurogenesis in rats. J Comp Neurol 124: 319-336, 1965.
11. Alvarez-Buylla A. Mechanism of migration of olfactory bulb interneurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 8: 207-213, 1997.
12. Alvarez-Buylla A and Garcia-Verdugo JM. Neurogenesis in adult subventricular zone. J Neurosci 22: 629-634, 2002.
13. Alvarez-Buylla A and Lim DA. For the long run: maintaining germinal niches in the adult brain. Neuron 41: 683-686, 2004.
14. Amari S. A mathematical theory of nerve nets. Adv Biophys 6: 75-119, 1974.
15. Anderson AK, Christoff K, Stappen I, Panitz D, Ghahremani DG, Glover G, Gabrieli JD, and Sobel N. Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction. Nat Neurosci 6: 196-202, 2003.
16. Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Ennis M, and Shipley MT. Glomerular synaptic responses to olfactory nerve input in rat olfactory bulb slices. Neuroscience 79: 425-434, 1997.
17. Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Zhou FM, Priest CA, Ennis M, and Shipley MT. Tonic and synaptically evoked presynaptic inhibition of sensory input to the rat olfactory bulb via GABA(B) heteroreceptors. J Neurophysiol 84: 1194-203, 2000.
18. Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Ennis M, and Shipley MT. Dendrodendritic recurrent excitation in mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 82: 489-494, 1999.
19. Astic L and Saucier D. Ontogenesis of the functional activity of rat olfactory bulb: autoradiographic study with the 2-deoxyglucose method. Brain Res 254: 243-256, 1982.
20. Aungst JL, Heyward PM, Puche AC, Karnup SV, Szabo G, and Shipley MT. Centre-surround inhibition among olfactory bulb glomeruli. Nature 426: 623-629, 2003.
21. Baba K, Ikeda M, Houtani T, Nakagawa H, Ueyama T, Sato K, Sakuma S, Yamashita T, Tsukahara Y, and Sugimoto T. Odour exposure reveals nonuniform expression profiles of c-Jun protein in rat olfactory bulb neurones. Brain Res 774: 142-148, 1997.
22. Bardoni R, Magherini PC, and Belluzzi O. Excitatory synapses in the glomerular triad of frog olfactory bulb in vitro. Neuroreport 7: 1851-1855, 1996.
23. Barlow HB. Single units and sensation: a neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology? Perception 1: 371-394, 1972.
24. Barnea A and Nottebohm F. Recruitment and replacement of hippocampal neurons in young and adult chickadees: an addition to the theory of hippocampal learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 714-718, 1996.
25. Barnea A and Nottebohm F. Seasonal recruitment of hippocampal neuonsin adult free-ranging black-capped chickadees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 11: 11217-11221, 1994.
26. 3H-thymidine-radiographic studies of neurogenesis in the rat olfactory bulb. Exp Brain Res 50: 329-340, 1983.
27. Becker CJ and Freeman WJ. Prepiriform electrical activity after loss of peripheral or central input, or both. Physiol Behav 3: 597-599, 1968.
28. Belluscio L and Katz LC. Symmetry, stereotypy, and topography of odorant representations in mouse olfactory bulbs. J Neurosci 21: 2113-2122, 2001.
29. Belluscio L, Lodovichi C, Feinstein P, Mombaerts P, and Katz LC. Odorant receptors instruct functional circuitry in the mouse olfactory bulb. Nature 419: 296-300, 2002.
30. Belluzzi O, Puopolo M, Benedusi M, and Kratskin I. Selective neuroinhibitory effects of taurine in slices of rat main olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 124: 929-944, 2004.
31. Bensafi M, Rouby C, Farget V, Bertrand B, Vigouroux M, and Holley A. Perceptual, affective, and cognitive judgments of odors: pleasantness and handedness effects. Brain Cogn 51: 270-275, 2003.
32. Berkowicz DA, Trombley PQ, and Shepherd GM. Evidence for glutamate as the olfactory receptor cell neurotransmitter. J Neurophysiol 71: 2557-2561, 1994.
33. Betarbet R, Zigova T, Bakay RA, and Luskin MB. Dopaminergic and GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb are derived from the neonatal subventricular zone. Int J Dev Neurosci 14: 921-930, 1996.
34. Biebl M, Cooper CM, Winkler J, and Kuhn HG. Analysis of neurogenesis and programmed cell death reveals a self-renewing capacity in the adult rat brain. Neurosci Lett 291: 17-20, 2000.
35. Bischofberger J and Jonas P. Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells. J Physiol 504: 359-365, 1997.
36. Bliss TVP and Rosenberg ME. Activity-dependent changes in conduction velocity in the olfactory nerve of the tortoise. Pflügers Arch 381: 209-216, 1979.
37. Boeijinga PH and Lopes da Silva FH. Modulations of EEG activity in the entorhinal cortex and forebrain olfactory areas during odour sampling. Brain Res 478: 257-268, 1989.
38. Bokil H, Laaris N, Blinder K, Ennis M, and Keller A. Ephaptic interactions in the mammalian olfactory system. J Neurosci 21: RC173, 2001.
39. Bonfanti L, Peretto P, Merighi A, and Fasolo A. Newly-generated cells from the rostral migratory stream in the accessory olfactory bulb of the adult rat. Neuroscience 81: 489-502, 1997.
40. Bonfanti L and Theodosis DT. Expression of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule by proliferating cells in the subependymal layer of the adult rat, in its rostral extension and in the olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 62: 291-305, 1994.
41. Bozza TC and Kauer JS. Odorant response properties of convergent olfactory receptor neurons. J Neurosci 18: 4560-4569, 1998.
42. Brand G, Millot JL, Saffaux M, and Morand-Villeneuve N. Lateralization in human nasal chemoreception: differences in bilateral electrodermal responses related to olfactory and trigeminal stimuli. Behav Brain Res 133: 205-210, 2002.
43. Brauchli P, Ruegg PB, Etzweiler F, and Zeier H. Electrocortical and autonomic alteration by administration of a pleasant and an unpleasant odor. Chem Senses 20: 505-515, 1995.
44. Breer H and Shepherd GM. Implications of the NO-cGMP system for olfaction. Trends Neurosci 16: 5-9, 1993.
45. Brennan PA and Keverne EB. Neural mechanisms of mammalian olfactory learning. Prog Neurobiol 51: 457-481, 1997.
46. Brennan PA and Keverne EB. Something in the air? New insights into mammalian pheromones. Curr Biol 14: R81-R89, 2004.
47. Bressler SL. Spatial organization of EEGs from olfactory bulb and cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 57: 270-276, 1984.
48. Bressler SL. Changes in electrical activity of rabbit olfactory bulb and cortex to conditioned odor stimulation. Behav Neurosci 102: 740-747, 1988.
49. Bressler SL. Relation of olfactory bulb and cortex. I. Spatial variation of bulbocortical interdependence. Brain Res 409: 285-293, 1987.
50. Bressler SL and Freeman WJ. Frequency analysis of olfactory system EEG in cat, rabbit, and rat. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 50: 19-24, 1980.
51. Broman I. Das Organon vomero-nasale Jacobsoni-ein Wassergeruchsorgan! Ergebn Anat EntwGesch 58: 457-481, 1920.
52. Brose K, Bland KS, Wang KH, Arnott V, Henzel W, Goodman CS, Tessier-Lavigne M, and Kidd T. Slit proteins bind Robo receptors and have an evolutionarily conserved role in repulsive axon guidance. Cell 96: 795-806, 1999.
53. Bruce HM. An exteroceptive block to pregnancy in the mouse. Nature 184: 105, 1959.
54. Bruce HM. A block to pregnancy in the mouse caused by proximity of strange males. J Reprod Fertil 1: 96-103, 1960.
55. Buck LB. Information coding in the vertebrate olfactory system. Annu Rev Neurosci 19: 517-544, 1996.
56. Buck LB. The molecular architecture of odor and pheromone sensing in mammals. Cell 100: 611-618, 2000.
57. Buck LB and Axel RA. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 65: 175-187, 1991.
58. Buño W Jr and Velluti JC. Relationships of hippocampal theta cycles with bar pressing during self-stimulation. Physiol Behav 19: 615-621, 1977.
59. Buonviso N, Amat C, Litaudon P, Roux S, Royet JP, Farget V, and Sicard G. Rhythm sequence through the olfactory bulb layers during the time window of a respiratory cycle. Eur J Neurosci 17: 1811-1819, 2003.
60. Buonviso N, Chaput MA, and Berthommier F. Temporal pattern analyses in pairs of neighboring mitral cells. J Neurophysiol 68: 417-424, 1992.
61. Buracas GT and Albright TD. Gauging sensory representations in the brain. Trends Neurosci 22: 303-309, 1999.
62. Buzsáki G, Grastyán E, Tveritskaya IN, and Czopf J. Hippocampal evoked potentials and EEG changes during classical conditioning in the rat. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 47: 64-74, 1979.
63. Caggiano M, Kauer JS, and Hunter DD. Globose basal cells are neuronal progenitors in the olfactory epithelium: a lineage analysis using a replication-incompetent retrovirus. Neuron 13: 339-352, 1994.
64. Calof AL and Chikaraishi DM. Analysis of neurogenesis in a mammalian neuroepithelium: proliferation and differentiation of an olfactory neuron precursor in vitro. Neuron 3: 115-127, 1989.
65. Calof AL, Mumm JS, Rim PC, and Shou J. The neuronal stem cell of the olfactory epithelium. J Neurobiol 36: 190-205, 1998.
66. Cang J and Isaacson JS. In vivo whole-cell recording of odor-evoked synaptic transmission in the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 23: 4108-4116, 2003.
67. Carlén M, Cassidy RM, Brismar H, Smith GA, Enquist LW, and Frisen J. Functional integration of adult-born neurons. Curr Biol 12: 606-608, 2002.
68. Carleton A, Petreanu LT, Lansford R, Alvarez-Buylla A, and Lledo PM. Becoming a new neuron in the adult olfactory bulb. Nat Neurosci 6: 507-518, 2003.
69. Carlson GC, Shipley MT, and Keller A. Long-lasting depolarizations in mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 20: 2011-2021, 2000.
70. Carmichael ST, Clugnet MC, and Price JL. Central olfactory connections in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 346: 403-434, 1994.
71. Carr VM and Farbman AI. The dynamics of cell death in the olfactory epithelium. Exp Neurol 124: 308-314, 1993.
72. Chabaud P, Ravel N, Wilson DA, Mouly AM, Vigouroux M, Farget V, and Gervais R. Exposure to behaviourally relevant odour reveals differential characteristics in rat central olfactory pathways as studied through oscillatory activities. Chem Senses 25: 561-573, 2000.
73. Chalansonnet M and Chaput MA. Olfactory bulb output cell temporal response patterns to increasing odor concentrations in freely breathing rats. Chem Senses 23: 1-9, 1998.
74. Chapman CA, Xu Y, Haykin S, and Racine RJ. Beta-frequency (15-35 Hz) electroencephalogram activities elicited by toluene and electrical stimulation in the behaving rat. Neuroscience 86: 1307-1319, 1998.
75. Chaput MA. EOG responses in anesthetized freely breathing rats. Chem Senses 25: 695-701, 2000.
76. Charpak S, Mertz J, Beaurepaire E, Moreaux L, and Delaney K. Odor-evoked calcium signals in dendrites of rat mitral cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 1230-1234, 2001.
77. Chazal G, Durbec P, Jankovski A, Rougon G, and Cremer H. Consequences of neural cell adhesion molecule deficiency on cell migration in the rostral migratory stream of the mouse. J Neurosci 20: 1446-1457, 2000.
78. Chen TY, Peng YW, Dhallan RS, Ahamed B, Reed RR, and Yau KW. A new subunit of the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel in retinal rods. Nature 362: 764-767, 1993.
79. Chen WR, Midtgaard J, and Shepherd GM. Forward and backward propagation of dendritic impulses and their synaptic control in mitral cells. Science 278: 463-467, 1997.
80. Chen WR and Shepherd GM. Membrane and synaptic properties of mitral cells in slices of rat olfactory bulb. Brain Res 745: 189-196, 1997.
81. Chess A, Simon I, Cedar H, and Axel R. Allelic inactivation regulates olfactory receptor gene expression. Cell 78: 823-834, 1994.
82. Christensen TA and Hildebrand JG. Pheromonal and host-odor processing in the insect antennal lobe: how different? Curr Opin Neurobiol 12: 393-399, 2002.
83. Christie JM and Westbrook GL. Regulation of backpropagating action potentials in mitral cell lateral dendrites by A-type potassium currents. J Neurophysiol 89: 2466-2472, 2003.
84. Cinelli AR, Hamilton KA, and Kauer JS. Salamander olfactory bulb neuronal activity observed by video rate, voltage-sensitive dye imaging. III. Spatial and temporal properties of responses evoked by odorant stimulation. J Neurophysiol 73: 205-371, 1995.
85. Ciombor KJ, Ennis M, and Shipley MT. Norepinephrine increases rat mitral cell excitatory responses to weak olfactory nerve input via alpha-1 receptors in vitro. Neuroscience 90: 595-606, 1999.
86. Cleland TA and Linster C. Concentration tuning mediated by spare receptor capacity in olfactory sensory neurons: a theoretical study. Neural Comput 11: 1673-1690, 1999.
87. Condorelli DF, Parenti R, Spinella F, Trovato Salinaro A, Belluardo N, Cardile V, and Cicirata F. Cloning of a new gap junction gene (Cx36) highly expressed in mammalian brain neurons. Eur J Neurosci 10: 1202-1208, 1998.
88. Coopersmith R and Leon M. Enhanced neural response to familiar olfactory cues. Science 225: 849-851, 1984.
89. Corotto FS, Henegar JA, and Maruniak JA. Neurogenesis persists in the subependymal layer of the adult mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 149: 111-114, 1993.
90. Costanzo RM and Morrison EE. Three-dimensional scanning electron microscopic study of the normal hamster olfactory epithelium. J Neurocytol 18: 381-391, 1989.
91. Cremer H, Lange R, Christoph A, Plomann M, Vopper G, Roes J, Brown R, Baldwin S, Kraemer P, Scheff S, Barthels D, Rajewsky K, and Wille W. Inactivation of the N-CAM gene in mice results in size reduction of the olfactory bulb and deficits in spatial learning. Nature 367: 455-459, 1994.
92. Critchley HD and Rolls ET. Olfactory neuronal responses in the primate orbitofrontal cortex: analysis in an olfactory discrimination task. J Neurophysiol 75: 1659-1672, 1996.
93. Cummings DM, Henning HE, and Brunjes PC. Olfactory bulb recovery after sensory deprivation. J Neurosci 17: 7433-7440, 1997.
94. Datson MM, Adamek GD, and Gesteland RC. Ultrastructural organization of receptor cell axons in frog olfactory nerve. Brain Res 537: 69-75, 1990.
95. Davidson RJ. Anterior electrophysiological asymmetries, emotion, and depression: conceptual and methodological conundrums. Psychophysiology 35: 607-614, 1998.
96. Davidson RJ and Irwin W. The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends Cogn Sci 3: 11-21, 1999.
97. Debarbieux F, Audinat E, and Charpak S. Action potential propagation in dendrites of rat mitral cells in vivo. J Neurosci 23: 5553-5560, 2003.
98. DeCharms RC and Merzenich MM. Primary cortical representation of sounds by the coordination of action-potential timing. Nature 381: 610-613, 1996.
99. Delaney KR and Hall BJ. An in vitro preparation of frog nose and brain for the study of odour-evoked oscillatory activity. J Neurosci Methods 68: 193-202, 1996.
100. Desmaisons D, Vincent JD, and Lledo PM. Control of action potential timing by intrinsic subthreshold oscillations in olfactory bulb output neurons. J Neurosci 19: 10727-10737, 1999.
101. Didier A, Carleton A, Bjaalie JG, Vincent JD, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J, and Lledo PM. A dendrodendritic reciprocal synapse provides a recurrent excitatory connection in the olfactory bulb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 6441-6446, 2001.
102. Dijksterhuis GB, Moller P, Bredie WL, Rasmussen G, and Martens M. Gender and handedness effects on hedonicity of laterally presented odours. Brain Cogn 50: 272-281, 2002.
103. Di Frisco GV and Freeman WJ. Odor-related bulbar EEG spatial pattern analysis during appetitive conditioning in rabbits. Behav Neurosci 99: 964-978, 1985.
104. Doetsch F, Caille I, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, and Alvarez-Buylla A. Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Cell 97: 703-716, 1999.
105. Doetsch F, Garcia-Verdugo JM, and Alvarez-Buylla A. Cellular composition and three-dimensional organization of the subventricular germinal zone in the adult mammalian brain. J Neurosci 17: 5046-5061, 1997.
106. Doetsch F, Garcia-Verdugo JM, and Alvarez-Buylla A. Regeneration of a germinal layer in the adult mammalian brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 11619-11624, 1999.
107. Doetsch FA. A niche for adult neural stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 13: 543-550, 2003.
108. Dorries KM. Olfactory coding: time in a model. Neuron 20: 7-10, 1998.
109. Dorries KM, Adkins-Regan E, and Halpern BP. Sensitivity and behavioral responses to the pheromone androstenone are not mediated by the vomeronasal organ in domestic pigs. Brain Behav Evol 49: 53-62, 1997.
110. Doucette JR. The glial cells in the nerve fiber layer of the rat olfactory bulb. Anat Rec 210: 385-391, 1984.
111. Doving KB and Trotier D. Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ. J Exp Biol 201: 2913-2925, 1998.
112. Dryer L and Graziadei PPC. Mitral cell dendrites: a comparative approach. Anat Embryol 189: 91-106, 1994.
113. Duchamp-Viret P, Chaput M, and Duchamp A. Odor response properties of rat olfactory receptor neurons. Science 284: 2171-2174, 1999.
114. Dulac C. How does the brain smell? Neuron 19: 477-480, 1997.
115. Dulac C and Torello AT. Molecular detection of pheromone signals in mammals: from genes to behaviour. Nature Rev Neurosci 4: 551-562, 2003.
116. Ebrahimi FA and Chess A. The specification of olfactory neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 8: 453-457, 1998.
117. Eeckman FH and Freeman WJ. Correlations between unit firing and EEG in the rat olfactory system. Brain Res 528: 238-244, 1990.
118. Egger V, Svoboda K, and Mainen ZF. Mechanisms of lateral inhibition in the olfactory bulb: efficiency and modulation of spike-evoked calcium influx into granule cells. J Neurosci 23: 7551-7558, 2003.
119. Ehrlichman H, Brown S, Zhu J, and Warrenburg S. Startle reflex modulation during exposure to pleasant and unpleasant odors. Psychophysiology 32: 150-154, 1995.
120. Eisthen HL. Evolution of vertebrate olfactory systems. Brain Behav Evol 50: 222-233, 1997.
121. Eisthen HL. Why are olfactory systems of different animals so similar? Brain Behav Evol 59: 273-293, 2002.
122. Engel AK, Fries P, and Singer W. Dynamic predictions: oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 2: 704-716, 2001.
123. Ennis M, Zhou FM, Ciombor KJ, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Hayar A, Borrelli E, Zimmer LE, Margolis F, and Shipley MT. Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of olfactory nerve terminals. J Neurophysiol 86: 2986-2997, 2001.
124. Ennis M, Zimmer LA, and Shipley MT. Olfactory nerve stimulation activates rat mitral cells via NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in vitro. Neuroreport 7: 989-992, 1996.
125. Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, and Gage FH. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 4: 1313-1317, 1998.
126. Firestein S. Olfaction: scents and sensibility. Curr Biol 6: 666-667, 1996.
127. Firestein S. How the olfactory system makes sense of scents. Nature 413: 211-218, 2001.
128. Firestein S, Picco C, and Menini A. The relation between stimulus and response in olfactory receptor cells of the tiger salamander. J Physiol 468: 1-10, 1993.
129. Firestein S and Werblin F. Odor-induced membrane currents in vertebrate-olfactory receptor neurons. Science 244: 79-82, 1989.
130. Firestein S, Zufall F, and Shepherd GM. Single odor-sensitive channels in olfactory receptor neurons are also gated by cyclic nucleotides. J Neurosci 11: 3565-3572, 1991.
131. Fontanini A, Spano P, and Bower JM. Ketamine-xylazine-induced slow (<1.5 Hz) oscillations in the rat piriform (olfactory) cortex are functionally correlated with respiration. J Neurosci 23: 7993-8001, 2003.
132. Fowler CD, Liu Y, Ouimet C, and Wang Z. The effects of social environment on adult neurogenesis in the female prairie vole. J Neurobiol 51: 115-128, 2002.
133. Frazier-Cierpial L and Brunjes PC. Early postnatal cellular proliferation and survival in the olfactory bulb and rostral migratory stream of normal and unilaterally odor-deprived rats. J Comp Neurol 289: 481-492, 1989.
134. Freeman WJ. Mass Action in the Nervous System. New York: Academic, 1975.
135. Freeman WJ. Models of the dynamics of neural populations. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 34: 9-18, 1978.
136. Freeman WJ. Spatial properties of an EEG event in the olfactory bulb and cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 44: 586-605, 1978.
137. Freeman WJ. Neurodynamics: An Exploration in Mesoscopic Brain Dynamics. London: Springer, 2000, p. 397.
138. Freeman WJ and Schneider W. Changes in spatial patterns of rabbit olfactory EEG with conditioning to odors. Psychophysiology 19: 44-56, 1982.
139. Freeman WJ and Skarda CA. Spatial EEG patterns, non-linear dynamics and perception: the neo-Sherringtonian view. Brain Res 357: 147-175, 1985.
140. Freeman WJ and Viana Di Frisco G. Relation of olfactory EEG to behavior: time series analysis. Behav Neurosci 100: 753-763, 1986.
141. Friedman D and Strowbridge BW. Both electrical and chemical synapses mediate fast network oscillations in the olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 89: 2601-2610, 2003.
142. Friedman D and Strowbridge BW. Functional role of NMDA autoreceptors in olfactory mitral cells. J Neurophysiol 84: 39-50, 2000.
143. Friedrich RW. Real time odor representations. Trends Neurosci 25: 487-489, 2002.
144. Friedrich RW and Korsching SI. Combinatorial and chemotopic odorant coding in the zebrafish olfactory bulb visualized by optical imaging. Neuron 18: 737-752, 1997.
145. Friedrich RW and Laurent G. Dynamic optimization of odor representations by slow temporal patterning of mitral cell activity. Science 291: 889-894, 2001.
146. Friedrich RW and Stopfer M. Recent dynamics in olfactory population coding. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11: 468-474, 2001.
147. Fuchs PA, Glowatzki E, and Moser T. The afferent synapse of cochlear hair cells. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13: 452-458, 2003.
148. Furman GG. Comparison of models for subtractive and shunting lateral inhibition in receptor-neuron fields. Kyb 2: 257-274, 1965.
149. Gage FH. Mammalian neural stem cells. Science 287: 1433-1438, 2000.
150. Getchell TV. Functional properties of vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons. Physiol Rev 66: 772-818, 1986.
151. Getchell TV and Shepherd GM. Responses of olfactory receptor cells to step pulses of odour at different concentrations in the salamander. J Physiol 282: 521-540, 1978.
152. Gheusi G, Cremer H, McLean H, Chazal G, Vincent JD, and Lledo PM. Importance of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb for odor discrimination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 1823-1828, 2000.
153. Gilad Y, Man O, Pääbo S, and Lancet D. Human specific loss of olfactory receptor genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 3324-3327, 2003.
154. Gilad Y, Wiebe V, Przeworski M, Lancet D, and Paabo S. Loss of olfactory receptor genes coincides with the acquisition of full trichromatic vision in primates. PLoS Biol 2: 120-125, 2004.
155. Gilbert CD, Sigman M, and Grist RE. The neural basis of perceptual learning. Neuron 31: 681-697, 2001.
156. Givens B. Stimulus-evoked resetting of the dentate theta rhythm: relation to working memory. Neuroreport 8: 159-163, 1996.
157. Glusman G, Yanai I, Rubin I, and Lancet D. The complete human olfactory subgenome. Genome Res 11: 685-702, 2001.
158. Godfrey PA, Malnic B, and Buck LB. The mouse olfactory receptor gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 2156-2161, 2004.
159. Gold GH. Controversial issues in vertebrate olfactory transduction. Annu Rev Physiol 61: 857-871, 1999.
160. Goldman SA and Luskin MB. Strategies utilized by migrating neurons of the postnatal vertebrate forebrain. Trends Neurosci 21: 107-114, 1998.
161. Goldman SA and Nottebohm F. Neuronal production, migration and differentiation in a vocal control nucleus of the adult female canary brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 2390-2394, 1983.
162. Gottfried JA, Deichmann R, Winston JS, and Dolan BJ. Functional heterogeneity in human olfactory cortex: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 22: 10819-10828, 2002.
163. Gould E, Reeves AJ, Graziano MS, and Gross CG. Neurogenesis in the neocortex of the adult primates. Science 286: 548-552, 1999.
164. Gray C, Freeman WJ, and Skinner JE. Chemical dependencies of learning in the rabbit olfactory bulb: acquisition of the transient spatial pattern change depends on norepinephrine. Behav Neurosci 100: 585-596, 1986.
165. Gray CM. Synchronous oscillations in neuronal systems: mechanisms and functions. J Comput Neurosci 1: 11-38, 1994.
166. Gray CM, Konig P, Engel AK, and Singer W. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 338: 334-337, 1989.
167. Gray CM and Singer W. Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1698-1702, 1989.
168. Gray CM and Skinner JE. Centrifugal regulation of neuronal activity in the olfactory bulb of the waking rabbit as revealed by reversible cryogenic blockade. Exp Brain Res 69: 378-386, 1988.
169. Gray CM and Skinner JE. Field potential response changes in the rabbit olfactory bulb accompany behavioral habituation during the repeated presentation of unreinforced odors. Exp Brain Res 73: 189-197, 1988.
170. Graziadei PP. Cell dynamics in the olfactory mucosa. Tissue Cell 5: 113-131, 1973.
171. Graziadei PP and DeHan RS. Neuronal regeneration in frog olfactory system. J Cell Biol 59: 525-530, 1973.
172. Graziadei PP, Levine RR, and Graziadei GA. Regeneration of olfactory axons and synapse formation in the forebrain after bulbectomy in neonatal mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 5230-5234, 1978.
173. Graziadei PP and Metcalf JF. Autoradiographic and ultrastructural observations on the frog's olfactory mucosa. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 116: 305-318, 1971.
174. Graziadei PP and Monti-Graziadei GA. Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. III. Deafferentation and reinnervation of the olfactory bulb following section of the fila olfactoria in rat. J Neurocytol 9: 145-162, 1980.
175. Griff ER, Greer CA, Margolis F, Ennis M, and Shipley MT. Ultrastructural characteristics and conduction velocity of olfactory receptor neuron axons in the olfactory marker protein-null mouse. Brain Res 866: 227-236, 2000.
176. Gritti A, Parati EA, Cova L, Frolichsthal P, Galli R, Wanke E, Faravelli L, Morassutti DJ, Roisen F, Nickel DD, and Vescovi AL. Multipotential stem cells from the adult mouse brain proliferate and self-renew in response to basic fibroblast growth factor. J Neurosci 16: 1091-1100, 1996.
177. Guthrie KM, Anderson AJ, Leon M, and Gall C. Odor-induced increases in c-fos messenger-RNA expression reveal an anatomical unit for odor processing in olfactory-bulb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 3329-3333, 1993.
178. Guthrie KM and Gall C. Functional mapping of odor-activated neurons in the olfactory bulb. Chem Senses 20: 271-282, 1995.
179. Guthrie KM, Rayhanabad J, Kuhl D, and Gall C. Odors regulate Arc expression in neuronal ensembles engaged in odor processing. Neuroreport 11: 1809-1813, 2000.
180. Haberly LB and Bower JM. Olfactory cortex: model circuit for study of associative memory? Trends Neurosci 12: 258-264, 1989.
181. Haberly LB and Price JL. Association and commissural fiber systems of the olfactory cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol 178: 711-740, 1978.
182. Haberly LB. Parallel-distributed processing in olfactory cortex: new insights from morphological and physiological analysis of neuronal circuitry. Chem Senses 26: 551-576, 2001.
183. Hack I, Bancila M, Loulier K, Carroll P, and Cremer H. Reelin is a detachment signal in tangential chain-migration during postnatal neurogenesis. Nat Neurosci 10: 939-945, 2002.
184. Halasz N and Greer CA. Terminal arborizations of olfactory nerve fibers in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 337: 307-316, 1993.
185. Halasz N and Shepherd GM. Neurochemistry of the vertebrate olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 10: 579-619, 1983.
186. Halpern M. The organization and function of the vomeronasal system. Annu Rev Neurosci 10: 325-362, 1987.
187. Hartline HK. Visual receptors and retinal interaction. Science 164: 270-278, 1969.
188. Hayar A, Karnup S, Shipley MT, and Ennis M. Olfactory bulb glomeruli: external tufted cells intrinsically burst at theta frequency and are entrained by patterned olfactory input. J Neurosci 24: 1190-1199, 2004.
189. Hayes LD. To nest communally or not to nest communally: a review of rodent communal nesting and nursing. Anim Behav 59: 677-688, 2000.
190. Healy SD, Clayton NS, and Krebs JR. Development of hippocampal specialisation in two species of tit (Parus spp.). Behav Brain Res 61: 23-28, 1994.
191. Healy SD and Krebs JR. Development of hippocampal specialisation in a food-storing bird. Behav Brain Res 53: 127-131, 1993.
192. Herz RS, McCall C, and Cahill L. Hemispheric lateralization in the processing of odor pleasantness versus odor names. Chem Senses 24: 691-695, 1999.
193. Heyward P, Ennis M, Keller A, and Shipley MT. Membrane bistability in olfactory bulb mitral cells. J Neurosci 21: 5311-5320, 2001.
194. Hildebrand JG and Shepherd GM. Mechanisms of olfactory discrimination: converging evidence for common principles across phyla. Annu Rev Neurosci 20: 595-631, 1997.
195. Hinds JW. Autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the mouse olfactory bulb. II. Cell proliferation and migration. J Comp Neurol 134: 305-322, 1968.
196. Hinds JW, Hinds PL, and McNelly NA. An autoradiographic study of the mouse olfactory epithelium: evidence for long-lived receptors. Anal Rec 210: 375-383, 1984.
197. Holmes GP, Negus K, Burridge L, Raman S, Algar E, Yamada T, and Little MH. Distinct but overlapping expression patterns of two vertebrate slit homologs implies functional roles in CNS development and organogenesis. Mech Dev 79: 57-72, 1998.
198. Hopfield JJ. Pattern recognition computation using action potential timing for stimulus representation. Nature 376: 33-36, 1995.
199. Hormuzdi SG, Pais I, LeBeau FE, Towers SK, Rozov A, Buhl EH, Whittington MA, and Monyer H. Impaired electrical signaling disrupts gamma frequency oscillations in connexin 36-deficient mice. Neuron 31: 487-495, 2001.
200. Hsia AY, Vincent JD, and Lledo PM. Dopamine depresses synaptic inputs into the olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 82: 1082-1085, 1999.
201. Hu H. Chemorepulsion of neuronal migration by Slit2 in the developing mammalian forebrain. Neuron 23: 703-711, 1999.
202. Hu H and Rutishauser U. A septum-derived chemorepulsive factor for migrating olfactory interneuron precursors. Neuron 16: 933-940, 1996.
203. Hu H, Tomasiewicz H, Magnuson T, and Rutishauser U. The role of polysialic acid in migration of olfactory bulb interneuron precursors in the subventricular zone. Neuron 16: 735-743, 1996.
204. Hudson R and Distel H. Pheromonal release of suckling in rabbits does not depend on the vomeronasal organ. Physiol Behav 37: 123-128, 1986.
205. Imamura K, Mataga N, and Mori K. Coding of odor molecules by mitral/tufted cells in rabbit olfactory bulb. I. Aliphatic compounds. J Neurophysiol 68: 1986-2002, 1992.
206. Inaki K, Takahashi YK, Nagayama S, and Mori K. Molecular-feature domains with posterodorsal-anteroventral polarity in the symmetrical sensory maps of the mouse olfactory bulb: mapping of odourant-induced Zif268 expression. Eur J Neurosci 15: 1563-1574, 2002.
207. Isaacson JS. Glutamate spillover mediates excitatory transmission in the rat olfactory bulb. Neuron 23: 377-384, 1999.
208. Isaacson JS and Strowbridge BW. Olfactory reciprocal synapses: dendritic signaling in the CNS. Neuron 20: 749-761, 1998.
209. Itoh A, Miyabayashi T, Ohno M, and Sakano S. Cloning and expressions of three mammalian homologues of Drosophila Slit suggest possible roles for Slit in
210. Jahr CE and Nicoll RA. An intracellular analysis of dendrodendritic inhibition in the turtle in vitro olfactory bulb. J Physiol 326: 213-234, 1982.
211. Johansson CB, Svensson M, Wallstedt L, Janson AM, and Frisen J. Neural stem cells in the adult human brain. Exp Cell Res 253: 733-736, 1999.
212. Johnson BA and Leon M. Modular glomerular representations of odorants in the rat olfactory bulb and the effects of stimulus concentration. J Comp Neurol 422: 496-509, 2000.
213. Johnson BA and Leon M. Odorant molecular length: one aspect of the olfactory code. J Comp Neurol 426: 330-338, 2000.
214. Johnson BA, Woo CC, and Leon M. Spatial coding of odorant features in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 393: 457-471, 1998.
215. Johnson BA, Woo CC, Duong H, Nguyen V, and Leon M. A learned odor evokes an enhanced Fos-like glomerular response in the olfactory bulb of young rats. Brain Res 699: 192-200, 1995.
216. Johnson BA, Woo CC, Hingco EE, Pham KL, and Leon M. Multidimensional chemotopic responses to n-aliphatic acid odorants in the rat olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 409: 529-548, 1999.
217. Johnston RE. Pheromones, the vomeronasal system, and communication. From hormonal responses to individual recognition. Ann NY Acad Sci 855: 333-348, 1998.
218. Jones-Gotman M and Zatorre RJ. Odor recognition memory in humans: role of right temporal and orbitofrontal regions. Brain Cogn 22: 182-198, 1993.
219. 14C 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the olfactory bulbs of rats stimulated with two different odours. Brain Res 188: 139-154, 1980.
220. Kaba H and Keverne EB. The effect of microinfusions of drugs into the accessory olfactory bulb on the olfactory block to pregnancy. Neuroscience 25: 1007-1011, 1988.
221. Kaba H and Nakanishi S. Synaptic mechanisms of olfactory recognition memory. Rev Neurosci 6: 125-141, 1995.
222. Kang J and Caprio J. In vivo responses of single olfactory receptor neurons in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J Neurophysiol 73: 172-177, 1995.
223. Kant I. Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht. Königsberg, Germany: Nicolovius, 1800.
224. A blockade. J Neurosci 13: 2477-2482, 1993.
225. Kanter ED and Haberly LB. NMDA-dependent induction of long-term potentiation in afferent and association fiber systems of piriform cortex in vitro. Brain Res 525: 175-179, 1990.
226. Kaplan MS. Proliferation of subependymal cells in the adult primate CNS: differential uptake of DNA labelled precursors. J Hirnforsch 24: 23-33, 1983.
227. Karlson P and Lüscher M. "Pheromones": a new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature 183: 55-56, 1959.
228. Kashiwadani H, Sasaki YF, Uchida N, and Mori K. Synchronized oscillatory discharges of mitral/tufted cells with different molecular receptive ranges in the rabbit olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 82: 1786-1792, 1999.
229. Kasowski HJ, Kim H, and Greer CA. Compartmental organization of the olfactory bulb glomerulus. J Comp Neurol 407: 261-274, 1999.
230. Kauer JS. On the scents of smell in the salamander. Nature 417: 336-342, 2002.
231. Kauer JS and Moulton DG. Responses of olfactory bulb neurones to odour stimulation of small nasal areas in the salamander. J Physiol 24: 717-737, 1974.
232. Kauer JS and White J. Imaging and coding in the olfactory system. Annu Rev Neurosci 24: 963-979, 2001.
233. Kay L and Freeman WJ. Bidirectional processing in the olfactory-limbic axis during olfactory behavior. Behav Neurosci 112: 541-553, 1998.
234. Kay L and Laurent G. Odor- and context-dependent modulation of mitral cell activity in behaving rats. Nat Neurosci 2: 1003-1009, 1999.
235. Keller A, Yagodin S, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Zimmer LA, Ennis M, Sheppard NF, and Shipley MT. Functional organization of rat olfactory bulb glomeruli revealed by optical imaging. J Neurosci 18: 2602-2612, 1998.
236. Kendrick KM. Neurobiological correlates of visual and olfactory recognition in sheep. Behav Proc 33: 89-111, 1994.
237. Ketchum KL and Haberly LB. Synaptic events that generate fast oscillations in piriform cortex. J Neurosci 13: 3980-3985, 1993.
238. Keverne EB. The vomeronasal organ. Science 286: 716-720, 1999.
239. Kidd T, Bland KS, and Goodman CS. Slit is the midline repellent for the robo receptor in Drosophila. Cell 96: 785-794, 1999.
240. Kirschenbaum B, Doetsch F, Lois C, and Alvarez-Buylla A. Adult subventricular zone neuronal precursors continue to proliferate and migrate in the absence of the olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 19: 2171-2180, 1999.
241. Kishi K. Golgi studies on the development of granule cells of the rat olfactory bulb with reference to migration in the subependymal layer. J Comp Neurol 258: 112-124, 1987.
242. Klenoff JR and Greer CA. Postnatal development of olfactory receptor cell axonal arbors. J Comp Neurol 390: 256-267, 1998.
243. Kobal G and Hummel T. Olfactory evoked potentials in human. In: Smell and Taste in Health and Disease, edited by T. V. Getchell. New York: Raven, 1991, p. 255-275.
244. König B. Components of lifetime reproduction success in communally and solitarily nursing house mice: a laboratory study. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 34: 275-283, 1994.
245. König B. Cooperative care of young in mammals. Naturwissenschaften 84: 95-104, 1997.
246. Kornack DR and Rakic P. Cell proliferation without neurogenesis in the adult primate neocortex. Science 294: 2127-2130, 2001.
247. Korsching SI. Olfactory maps and odor images. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12: 387-392, 2002.
248. Korsching SI. Odor maps in the brain: spatial aspects of odor representation in sensory surface and olfactory bulb. Cell Mol Life Sci 58: 520-530, 2001.
249. Kosaka K, Toida K, Margolis FL, and Kosaka T. Chemically defined neuron groups and their subpopulations in the glomerular layer of the rat main olfactory bulb. II. Prominent differences in the intraglomerular dendritic arborization and their relationship to olfactory nerve terminals. Neuroscience 76: 775-786, 1997.
250. Kratskin I and Belluzzi O. Anatomy and neurochemistry of the olfactory bulb. In: Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation, edited by R. L. Doty. New York: Dekker, 2003, p. 139-164.
251. Kukekov VG, Laywell ED, Suslov O, Davies K, Scheffler B, Thomas LB, O'Brien TF, Kusakabe M, and Steindler DA. Multipotent stem/progenitor cells with similar properties arise from two neurogenic regions of adult human brain. Exp Neurol 156: 333-344, 1999.
252. Kunze WA, Shafton AD, Kem RE, and McKenzie JS. Intracellular responses of olfactory bulb granule cells to stimulating the horizontal diagonal band nucleus. Neuroscience 48: 363-369, 1992.
253. Laberge F and Hara TJ. Neurobiology of fish olfaction: a review. Brain Res 36: 46-59, 2001.
254. Lagier S, Carleton A, and Lledo PM. Interplay between local GABAergic interneurons and relay neurons generates gamma oscillations in the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 24: 4382-4392, 2004.
255. Lam YW, Cohen LB, Wachowiak M, and Zochowski MR. Odors elicit three different oscillations in the turtle olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 20: 749-762, 2000.
256. Landis DM, Reese TS, and Raviola E. Differences in membrane structure between excitatory and inhibitory components of the reciprocal synapse in the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 155: 67-91, 1974.
257. Laurent G. Dynamical representation of odors by oscillating and evolving neural assemblies. Trends Neurosci 19: 489-496, 1996.
258. Laurent G. A systems perspective on early olfactory coding. Science 286: 723-728, 1999.
259. Laurent G. Olfactory network dynamics and the coding of multidimensional signals. Nat Neurosci Rev 3: 884-895, 2002.
260. Laurent G, Stopfer M, Friedrich RW, Rabinovich MI, Volkovskii A, and Abarbanel HD. Odor encoding as an active, dynamical process: experiments, computation, and theory. Annu Rev Neurosci 24: 263-297, 2001.
261. Leon M and Johnson BA. Olfactory coding in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Brain Res 42: 23-32, 2003.
262. Levy F, Gervais R, Kindermann U, Orgeur P, and Piketty V. Importance of beta-noradrenergic receptors in the olfactory bulb of sheep for recognition of lambs. Behav Neurosci 104: 464-469, 1990.
263. Lewis PD. Mitotic activity in the primate subependymal layer, and the genesis of gliomas. Nature 217: 974-975, 1968.
264. Li HS, Chen JH, Wu W, Fagaly T, Zhou L, Yuan W, Dupuis S, Jiang ZH, Nash W, Gick C, Ornitz DM, Wu JY, and Rao Y. Vertebrate Slit, a secreted ligand for the transmembrane protein roundabout, is a repellent for olfactory bulb axons. Cell 96: 807-818, 1999.
265. Liman ER and Buck LB. A second subunit of the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel confers high sensitivity to cAMP. Neuron 13: 611-621, 1994.
266. Linster C and Cleland T. Cholinergic modulation of sensory representations in the olfactory bulb. Neural Network 15: 709-717, 2002.
267. Linster C and Gervais R. Investigation of the role of interneurons and their modulation by centrifugal fibers in a neural model of the olfactory bulb. J Comput Neurosci 3: 225-246, 1996.
268. Linster C, Johnson BA, Morse A, Yue E, Xu Z, Hingco EE, Choi Y, Choi M, Messina A, and Leon M. Perceptual correlates of neural representations evoked by odorant enantiomers. J Neurosci 21: 9837-9843, 2001.
269. Lisman JE and Idiart MA. Storage of 7 ± 2 short-term memories in oscillatory subcycles. Science 267: 1512-1515, 1995.
270. Liu G and Rao Y. Neuronal migration from the forebrain to the olfactory bulb requires a new attractant persistent in the olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 23: 6651-6659, 2003.
271. Liu WL and Shipley MT. Intrabulbar associational system in the rat olfactory bulb comprises cholecystokinin-containing tufted cells that synapse onto the dendrites of GABAergic granule cells. J Comp Neurol 346: 541-558, 1994.
272. Lledo PM and Gheusi G. Olfactory processing in a changing brain. Neuroreport 14: 1655-1663, 2003.
273. Llinás RR. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science 242: 1654-1664, 1988.
274. Lodovichi C, Belluscio L, and Katz LC. Functional topography of connections linking mirror-symmetric maps in the mouse olfactory bulb. Neuron 38: 265-276, 2003.
275. Lois C and Alvarez-Buylla A. Long-distance neuronal migration in the adult mammalian brain. Science 264: 1145-1148, 1994.
276. Lois C, Garcia-Verdugo JM, and Alvarez-Buylla A. Chain migration of neuronal precursors. Science 271: 978-981, 1996.
277. Lowe G. Electrical signaling in the olfactory bulb. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13: 476-481, 2003.
278. Lowe G. Inhibition of backpropagating action potentials in mitral cell secondary dendrites. J Neurophysiol 88: 64-85, 2002.
279. Lu XC and Slotnick BM. Olfaction in rats with extensive lesions of the olfactory bulbs: implications for odor coding. Neuroscience 84: 849-866, 1998.
280. Luo M, Fee MS, and Katz LC. Encoding pheromonal signals in the accessory olfactory bulb of behaving mice. Science 299: 1196-1201, 2003.
281. Luo M and Katz LC. Response correlation maps of neurons in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Neuron 32: 1165-1179, 2001.
282. Luskin MB. Restricted proliferation and migration of postnatally generated neurons derived from the forebrain subventricular zone. Neuron 11: 173-189, 1993.
283. Luskin MB and Price JL. The topographic organization of associational fibers of the olfactory system in the rat, including centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 216:264-291, 1983.
284. Lynch G and Granger R. Serial steps in memory processing: possible clues from studies of plasticity in the olfactory-hippocampal circuit. In: Olfaction, edited by Davis JL and Eichenbaum H. Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1991, p. 141-165.
285. Ma M and Shepherd GM. Functional mosaic organization of mouse olfactory receptor neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 12869-12874, 2000.
286. Mackay-Sim A and Kittel PW. On the life span of olfactory receptor neurons. Eur J Neurosci 3: 209-215, 1991.
287. MacLeod K, Backer A, and Laurent G. Who reads temporal information contained across synchronized and oscillatory spike trains? Nature 395: 693-698, 1998.
288. MacLeod K and Laurent G. Distinct mechanisms for synchronization and temporal patterning of odor-encoding neural assemblies. Science 274: 976-979, 1996.
289. Macrides F and Chorover SL. Olfactory bulb units: activity correlated with inhalation cycles and odor quality. Science 185: 84-87, 1972.
290. Macrides F, Davis BJ, Youngs WM, Nadi NS, and Margolis FL. Cholinergic and catecholaminergic afferents to the olfactory bulb in the hamster: a neuroanatomical, biochemical, and histochemical investigation. J Comp Neurol 203: 495-514, 1981.
291. Malnic B, Godfrey PA, and Buck LB. The human olfactory receptor gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 2584-2589, 2004.
292. Malnic B, Hirono J, Sato T, and Buck L. Combinatorial receptor codes for odors. Cell 96: 713-723, 1999.
293. Manning CJ, Dewsbury DA, Wakeland EK, and Potts WK. Communal nesting and nursing in house mice, Mus musculus domesticus. Anim Behav 50: 741-751, 1995.
294. Manning CJ, Wakeland EK, and Potts WK. Communal nesting patterns in mice implicate MHC genes in kin recognition. Nature 360: 581-583, 1992.
295. Margrie TW, Sakmann B, and Urban NN. Action potential propagation in mitral cell lateral dendrites is decremental and controls recurrent and lateral inhibition in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 319-324, 2001.
296. Margrie TW and Schaefer AT. Theta oscillation coupled spike latencies yield computational vigour in a mammalian sensory system. J Physiol 546: 363-374, 2003.
297. Marín-Padilla M and Amieva MR. Early neurogenesis of mouse olfactory nerve: Golgi and electron microscopic studies. J Comp Neurol 288: 339-352, 1989.
298. Martin C, Gervais R, Hugues E, Messaoudi B, and Ravel N. Learning modulation of odor-induced oscillatory responses in the rat olfactory bulb: a correlate of odor recognition? J Neurosci 24: 389-397, 2004.
299. McBain CJ and Fisahn A. Interneurons unbound. Nat Rev Neurosci 2: 11-23, 2001.
300. McDermott KW and Lantos PL. Cell proliferation in the subependymal layer of the postnatal marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. Brain Res 57: 269-277, 1990.
301. McLean JH and Shipley MT. Postmitotic, postmigrational expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in olfactory bulb dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 8: 3658-3669, 1988.
302. McQuiston AR and Katz LC. Electrophysiology of interneurons in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 86: 1899-1907, 2001.
303. Meister M and Bonhöeffer T. Tuning and topography in an odor map on the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 21: 1351-1360, 2001.
304. Menezes JR, Smith CM, Nelson KC, and Luskin MB. The division of neuronal progenitor cells during migration in the neonatal mammalian forebrain. Mol Cell Neurosci 6: 496-508, 1995.
305. Mercier F, Kitasako JT, and Hatto GI. Anatomy of the brain neurogenic zones revisited: fractones and the fibroblast/macrophage network. J Comp Neurol 451: 170-188, 2002.
306. Meredith M. Patterned response to odor in mammalian olfactory bulb: the influence of intensity. J Neurophysiol 56: 572-597, 1986.
307. Meredith M. Vomeronasal, olfactory, hormonal convergence in the brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 855: 349-354, 1998.
308. Meredith M. Human vomeronasal organ function: a critical review of best and worst cases. Chem Senses 26: 433-435, 2001.
309. Miragall F, Simburger E, and Dermietzel R. Mitral and tufted cells of the mouse olfactory bulb possess gap junctions and express connexin43 mRNA. Neurosci Lett 216: 199-202, 1996.
310. Mombaerts P. Targeting olfaction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6: 481-486, 1996.
311. Mombaerts P. Seven-transmembrane proteins as odorant and chemosensory receptors. Science 286: 707-711, 1999.
312. Mombaerts P. How smell develops. Nat Neurosci 4: 1192-1198, 2001.
313. Mombaerts P. Genes and ligands for odorant, vomeronasal and taste receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 5: 263-278, 2004.
314. Mombaerts P. Odorant receptor gene choice in olfactory sensory neurons: the one receptor-one neuron hypothesis revisited. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14: 31-36, 2004.
315. Mombaerts P, Wang F, Dulac C, Chao SK, Nemes A, Mendelsohn M, Edmonson J, and Axel R. Visualizing an olfactory sensory map. Cell 87: 675-686, 1996.
316. Montague AA and Greer CA. Differential distribution of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the rat olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 405: 233-246, 1999.
317. Moran DT, Rowley JC, Jafek BW, and Lovell MA. The fine structure of the olfactory mucosa in man. J Neurocytol 11: 721-746, 1982.
318. Mori K, Kishi K, and Ojima H. Distribution of dendrites of mitral, displaced mitral, tufted, and granule cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 219: 339-355, 1983.
319. Mori K, Kogure S, and Takagi S. Alternating responses of olfactory bulb neurons to repetitive lateral olfactory tract stimulation. Brain Res 133: 150-155, 1977.
320. Mori K, Mataga N, and Imamura K. Differential specificities of single mitral cells in rabbit olfactory bulb for a homologous series of fatty acid odor molecules. J Neurophysiol 67: 786-789, 1992.
321. Mori K, Nagao H, and Yoshihara Y. The olfactory bulb: coding and processing of odor molecule information. Science 286: 711-715, 1999.
322. Mori K and Yoshihara Y. Molecular recognition and olfactory processing in the mammalian olfactory system. Prog Neurobiol 45: 585-619, 1995.
323. Morshead CM, Reynolds BA, Craig CG, McBurney MW, Staines WA, Morassutti DJ, Weiss S, and van der Kooy D. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: a relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells. Neuron 13: 1071-1082, 1994.
324. Motokizawa F. Odor representation and discrimination in mitral/tufted cells of the rat olfactory bulb. Exp Brain Res 112: 24-34, 1996.
325. Moulton DG. Dynamics of cell populations in the olfactory epithelium. Ann NY Acad Sci 237: 52-61, 1974.
326. Moulton DG and Beidler LM. Structure and function in the peripheral olfactory system. Physiol Rev 47: 1-52, 1967.
327. Murphy GJ, Glickfeld LL, Balsen Z, and Isaacson JS. Sensory neuron signaling to the brain: properties of transmitter release from olfactory nerve terminals. J Neurosci 24: 3023-3030, 2004.
328. Murphy GJ and Isaacson JS. Presynaptic cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels modulate neurotransmission in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Neuron 37: 639-647, 2003.
329. Murthy VN and Fetz EE. Oscillatory activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys: synchronization of local field potentials and relation to behavior. J Neurophysiol 76: 3949-3967, 1996.
330. Nakamura T. Cellular and molecular constituents of olfactory sensation in vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 126: 17-32, 2000.
331. Nakamura T and Gold GH. A cyclic nucleotide-gated conductance in olfactory receptor cilia. Nature 325: 442-444, 1987.
332. Nakashima M, Mori K, and Takagi SF. Centrifugal influence on olfactory bulb activity in the rabbit. Brain Res 154: 301-306, 1978.
333. Neuenschwander S and Singer W. Long-range synchronization of oscillatory light responses in the cat retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 379: 728-732, 1996.
334. Neville KR and Haberly LB. Beta and gamma oscillations in the olfactory system of the urethane-anesthetized rat. J Neurophysiol. 90: 3921-3930, 2003.
335. Ngai J, Chess A, Dowling MM, Necles N, Macagno ER, and Axel R. Coding of olfactory information: topography of odorant receptor expression in the catfish olfactory epithelium. Cell 72: 667-680, 1993.
336. Nguyen-Ba-Charvet KT, Picard-Riera N, Tessier-Lavigne M, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Sotelo C, and Chedotal A. Multiple roles for Slits in the control of cell migration in the rostral migratory stream. J Neurosci 24: 1497-1506, 2004.
337. Nicoll RA and Jahr CE. Self-excitation of olfactory bulb neurones. Nature 296: 441-444, 1982.
338. Nottebohm F. A brain for all seasons: cyclical anatomical changes in song control nuclei of the canary brain. Science 214: 1368-1370, 1981.
339. Nowycky MC, Mori K, and Shepherd GM. GABAergic mechanisms of dendrodendritic synapses in isolated turtle olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 46: 639-648, 1981.
340. Nusser Z. Release-independent short-term facilitation at GABAergic synapses in the olfactory bulb. Neuropharmacology 43: 573-583, 2002.
341. Nusser Z, Kay LM, Laurent G, Homanics GE, and Mody I. Disruption of GABA(A) receptors on GABAergic interneurons leads to increased oscillatory power in the olfactory bulb network. J Neurophysiol 86: 2823-2833, 2001.
342. O'Doherty J, Kringelbach ML, Rolls ET, Hornak J, and Andrews C. Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 4: 95-102, 2001.
343. Öngur D, An X, and Price JL. Prefrontral cortical projections to the hypothalamus in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 401: 480-505, 1998.
344. Ono K, Tomasiewicz H, Magnuson T, and Rutishauser U. N-CAM mutation inhibits tangential neuronal migration and is phenocopied by enzymatic removal of polysialic acid. Neuron 13: 595-609, 1994.
345. Oram MW, Foldiak P, Perrett DI, and Sengpiel F. The "Ideal Homunculus": decoding neural population signals. Trends Neurosci 21: 259-265, 1998.
346. Orona E, Rainer EC, and Scott JW. Dendritic and axonal organization of mitral and tufted cells in the rat olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 226: 346-356, 1984.
347. Ottoson D. Comparison of slow potentials evoked in the frog's nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb by natural stimulation. Acta Physiol Scand 47: 149-159, 1959.
348. Pace U, Hanski E, Salomon Y, and Lancet D. Odorant-sensitive adenylate cyclase may mediate olfactory reception. Nature 316: 255-258, 1985.
349. Pager J. Unit responses changing with behavioral outcome in the olfactory bulb of unrestrained rats. Brain Res 289: 87-98, 1983.
350. Parsons TD and Sterling P. Synaptic ribbon. Conveyor belt or safety belt? Neuron 37: 379-382, 2003.
351. Paternostro MA, Reyher K, and Brunjes PC. Intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow into lightly fixed mitral cells reveal neuronal dye-coupling in the developing rat olfactory bulb. Brain Res 84: 1-10, 1995.
352. Pencea V, Bingaman KD, Freedman LJ, and Luskin MB. Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the neonatal and adult primate forebrain. Exp Neurol 172: 1-16, 2001.
353. Peretto P, Merighi A, Fasolo A, and Bonfanti L. The subependymal layer in rodents: a site of structural plasticity and cell migration in the adult mammalian brain. Brain Res Bull 49: 221-243, 1999.
354. Perez-Orive J, Mazor O, Turner C, Cassenaer S, Wilson RI, and Laurent G. Oscillations and sparsening of odor representations in the mushroom body. Science 297: 359-365, 2002.
355. Petreanu L and Alvarez-Buylla A. Maturation and death of adult-born olfactory bulb granule neurons: role of olfaction. J Neurosci 22: 6106-6113, 2002.
356. Philpot BD, Lyders EM, and Brunjes PC. The NMDA receptor participates in respiration-related mitral cell synchrony. Exp Brain Res 118: 205-209, 1998.
357. Pinching AJ and Powell TPS. The neuropil of the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. J Cell Sci 9: 347-377, 1971.
358. Pincus DW, Harrison-Restelli C, Barry J, Goodman RR, Fraser RA, Nedergaard M, and Goldman SA. In vitro neurogenesis by adult human epileptic temporal neocortex. Clin Neurosurg 44: 17-25, 1997.
359. Price JL and Powell TPS. An electron-microscopic study of the termination of the afferent fibres to the olfactory bulb from the cerebral hemisphere. J Cell Sci 7: 157-187, 1970.
360. Price JL and Powell TPS. The afferent connexions of the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band. J Anat 107: 239-256, 1970.
361. Price JL and Powell TPS. The synaptology of the granule cells of the olfactory bulb. J Cell Sci 7: 125-155, 1970.
362. Puopolo M and Belluzzi O. Inhibitory synapses among interneurons in the glomerular layer of rat and frog olfactory bulbs. J Neurophysiol 80: 344-349, 1998.
363. 2+ in rat olfactory bulb neurons. Eur J Neurosci 13: 92-102, 2001.
364. Rall W and Shepherd GM. Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodrendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 31: 884-915, 1968.
365. Rall W, Shepherd GM, Reese TS, and Brightman MW. Dendrodendritic synaptic pathway for inhibition in the olfactory bulb. Exp Neurol 14: 44-56, 1966.
366. Ravel N, Chabaud P, Martin C, Gaveau V, Hugues E, Tallon-Baudry C, Bertrand O, and Gervais R. Olfactory learning modifies the expression of odour-induced oscillatory responses in the gamma (60-90 Hz) and beta (15-40 Hz) bands in the rat olfactory bulb. Eur J Neurosci 17: 350-358, 2003.
367. Ravel N, Vigoureux M, Elaagouby A, and Gervais R. Scopolamine impairs delayed matching in an olfactory task in rats. Psychopharmacology 109:439-443, 1992.
368. Reed RR. Signaling pathways in odorant detection. Neuron 8: 205-209, 1992.
369. Reed RR. The contribution of signaling pathways to olfactory organization and development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13: 482-486, 2003.
370. Reisert J and Matthews HR. Response properties of isolated mouse olfactory receptor cells. J Physiol 530: 113-122, 2001.
371. Reyher CK, Lubke J, Larsen WJ, Hendrix GM, Shipley MT, and Baumgarten HG. Olfactory bulb granule cell aggregates: morphological evidence for interperikaryal electrotonic coupling via gap junctions. J Neurosci 11: 1485-1495, 1991.
372. Reynolds BA and Weiss S. Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science 255: 1707-1710, 1992.
373. Richards LJ, Kilpatrick TJ, and Bartlett PF. De novo generation of neuronal cells from the adult mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 8591-8595, 1992.
374. Rochefort C, Gheusi G, Vincent JD, and Lledo PM. Enriched odor exposure increases the number of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb and improves odor memory. J Neurosci 22: 2679-2689, 2002.
375. Rodriguez I. Nosing into pheromone detectors. Nature Neurosci 6: 438-440, 2003.
376. Rolls ET. Precis of the brain and emotion. Behav Brain Sci 23: 177-191, 2000.
377. Rolls ET. The rules of formation of the olfactory representations found in the orbitofrontal cortex olfactory areas in primates. Chem Senses 26: 595-604, 2001.
378. Rolls ET, Critchley HD, Mason R, and Wakeman EA. Orbitofrontal cortex neurons: role in olfactory and visual association learning. J Neurophysiol 75: 1970-1981, 1996.
379. Rolls ET, Critchley HD, and Treves A. Representation of olfactory information in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 75: 1982-1996, 1996.
380. Rolls ET, Kringelbach ML, and De Aranjo ET. Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odors in the human brain. Eur J Neurosci 18: 695-703, 2003.
381. Ronnett GV, Cho H, Hester LD, Wood SF, and Snyder SH. Odorants differentially enhance phosphoinositide turnover and adenylyl cyclase in olfactory receptor neuronal cultures. J Neurosci 13: 1751-1758, 1993.
382. Ronnett GV and Moon C. G proteins and olfactory signal transduction. Annu Rev Physiol 64: 189-222, 2002.
383. Rouquier S, Blancher A, and Giorgi D. The olfactory receptor gene repertoire in primates and mouse: evidence for reduction of the functional fraction in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 2870-2874, 2000.
384. Rouquier S, Taviaux S, Trask BJ, Brand-Arpon V, van den Engh G, Demaille J, and Giorgi D. Distribution of olfactory receptor genes in the human genome. Nat Genet 18: 243-250, 1998.
385. Rousselot P, Lois C, and Alvarez-Buylla A. Embryonic (PSA) N-CAM reveals chains of migrating neuroblasts between the lateral ventricle and the olfactory bulb of adult mice. J Comp Neurol 351: 51-61, 1995.
386. Royet JP, Koenig O, Gregoire MC, Cinotti L, Lavenne F, Le Bars D, Costes N, Vigouroux M, Farget V, Sicard G, Holley A, Mauguiere F, Comar D, and Froment JC. Functional anatomy of perceptual and semantic processing for odors. J Cogn Neurosci 11: 94-109, 1999.
387. Royet JP, Sicard G, Souchier C, and Jourdan F. Specificity of spatial patterns of glomerular activation in the mouse olfactory bulb: computer-assisted image analysis of 2-deoxyglucose autoradiograms. Brain Res 417: 1-11, 1987.
388. Royet JP, Zald D, Versace R, Costes N, Lavenne F, Koenig O, and Gervais R. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant olfactory, visual and auditory stimuli: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci 20: 7752-7759, 2000.
389. Rubin BD and Katz LC. Optical imaging of odorant representations in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Neuron 23: 499-511, 1999.
390. Rubin BD and Katz LC. Spatial coding of enantiomers in the rat olfactory bulb. Nat Neurosci 4: 355-356, 2001.
391. Saghatelyan A, De Chevigny A, Schachner M, and Lledo PM. Tenascin-R mediates activity-dependent recruitment of neuroblasts in the adult mouse forebrain. Nat Neurosci 7: 347-356, 2004.
392. Sakurai Y. How do cell assemblies encode information in the brain? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23: 785-796, 1999.
393. Salin PA, Lledo PM, Vincent JD, and Charpak S. Dendritic glutamate autoreceptors modulate signal processing in rat mitral cells. J Neurophysiol 85: 1275-1282, 2001.
394. Sanai N, Tramontin AD, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Barbaro NM, Gupta N, Kunwar S, Lawton MT, McDermott MW, Parsa AT, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Berger MS, and Alvarez-Buylla A. Unique astrocyte ribbon in adult human brain contains neural stem cells but lacks chain migration. Nature 427: 740-744, 2004.
395. Sassoe-Pognetto M and Ottersen OP. Organization of ionotropic glutamate receptors at dendrodendritic synapses in the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 20: 2192-2201, 2000.
396. Satou M. Synaptic organization, local neuronal circuitry, and functional segregation of the teleost olfactory bulb. Prog Neurobiol 34: 115-142, 1990.
397. Savic I. Imaging of brain activation by odorants in humans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12: 455-461, 2002.
398. Savic I and Berlung H. Right-nostril dominance in discrimination of unfamiliar, but not familiar odours. Chem Senses 25: 517-523, 2000.
399. Saylor A and Salmon M. An ethologial analysis of communal nursing of the house mouse (Mus musculus). Behaviour 40: 62-85, 1971.
400. Schaefer ML, Finger TE, and Restrepo D. Variability of position of the P2 glomerulus within a map of the mouse olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 436: 351-362, 2001.
401. Schild D and Restrepo D. Transduction mechanisms in vertebrate olfactory receptor cells. Physiol Rev 78: 429-466, 1998.
402. Schoppa NE, Kinzie JM, Sahara Y, Segerson TP, and Westbrook GL. Dendrodendritic inhibition in the olfactory bulb is driven by NMDA receptors. J Neurosci 18: 6790-6802, 1998.
403. Schoppa NE and Urban NN. Dendritic processing within olfactory bulb circuits. Trends Neurosci 26: 501-506, 2003.
404. Schoppa NE and Westbrook GL. Regulation of synaptic timing in the olfactory bulb by an A-type potassium current. Nat Neurosci 2: 1106-1113, 1999.
405. Schoppa NE and Westbrook GL. Glomerulus-specific synchronization of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Neuron 31: 639-651, 2001.
406. Schoppa NE and Westbrook GL. AMPA autoreceptors drive correlated spiking in olfactory bulb glomeruli. Nat Neurosci 11: 1194-1202, 2002.
407. Scott JW, Wellis DP, Riggott MJ, and Buonviso N. Functional organization of the main olfactory bulb. Microsc Res Tech 24: 142-156, 1993.
408. Semba K and Komisaruk BR. Phase of the theta wave in relation to different limb movements in awake rats. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 44: 61-71, 1978.
409. Senseman DM. High-speed optical imaging of afferent flow through rat olfactory bulb slices: voltage-sensitive dye signals reveal periglomerular cell activity. J Neurosci 16: 313-324, 1996.
410. Shadlen MN and Movshon JA. Synchrony unbound: a critical evaluation of the temporal binding hypothesis. Neuron 24: 67-77, 1999.
411. Shepherd GM. Synaptic organization of the mammalian olfactory bulb. Physiol Rev 52: 864-917, 1972.
412. Shepherd GM. Discrimination of molecular signals by the olfactory receptor neuron. Neuron 13: 771-790, 1994.
413. Sherry DF and Vaccarino AL. Hippocampus and memory for food caches in black-capped chickadees. Behav Neurosci 103: 308-318, 1989.
414. Shingo T, Gregg C, Enwere E, Fujikawa H, Hassam R, Geary C, Cross J, and Weiss S. Pregnancy-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult female forebrain mediated by prolactin. Science 299: 117-120, 2003.
415. Shipley MT and Ennis M. Functional organization of olfactory system. J Neurobiol 30: 123-176, 1996.
416. Shipley MT, McLean JH, and Ennis M. Olfactory system. In: The Rat Nervous System, edited by G. Paxinos. New York: Academic, 1995, p. 899-926.
417. Sicard G, Royet JP, and Jourdan F. A comparative study of 2-deoxyglucose patterns of glomerular activation in the olfactory bulbs of C57 BL/6J and AKR/J mice. Brain Res 481: 325-334, 1989.
418. Singer AG. A chemistry of mammalian pheromones. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 39: 627-632, 1991.
419. Singer W. Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code for the definition of relations? Neuron 24: 49-65, 1999.
420. Singer W and Gray CM. Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annu Rev Neurosci 18: 555-586, 1995.
421. Sjöström PJ and Nelson SB. Spike timing, calcium signals and synaptic plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12: 305-314, 2002.
422. Skeen LC. Odor-induced patterns of deoxyglucose consumption in the olfactory bulb of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. Brain Res 124: 147-153, 1977.
423. Sklar PB, Anholt RR, and Snyder SH. The odorant-sensitive adenylate cyclase of olfactory receptor cells. Differential stimulation by distinct classes of odorants. J Biol Chem 261: 15538-15543, 1986.
424. Smith MT, Pencea V, Wang L, Luskin MB, and Insel TR. Increased number of BrdU-labeled neurons in the rostral migratory stream of the estrous prairie vole. Horm Behav 39: 11-21, 2001.
425. Smith TC and Jahr CE. Self-inhibition of olfactory bulb neurons. Nat Neurosci 5: 760-766, 2002.
426. Sobel EC and Tank DW. Timing of odor stimulation does not alter patterning of olfactory bulb unit activity in freely breathing rats. J Neurophysiol 69: 1331-1337, 1993.
427. Sobel N, Prabhakaran V, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Sullivan EV, and Gabrieli JD. A method for functional magnetic resonance imaging of olfaction. J Neurosci Methods 78: 115-123, 1997.
428. Spors H and Grinvald A. Spatio-temporal dynamics of odor representations in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Neuron 34: 301-315, 2002.
429. Stewart WB, Kauer JS, and Shepherd GM. Functional organization of rat olfactory bulb analyzed by the 2-deoxyglucose method. J Comp Neurol 185: 715-734, 1979.
430. Stopfer M, Bhagavan S, Smith BH, and Laurent G. Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour-encoding neural assemblies. Nature 390: 70-74, 1997.
431. Strausfeld NJ and Hildebrand JG. Olfactory systems: common design, uncommon origins? Curr Opin Neurobiol 9: 634-639, 1999.
432. Sullivan RM, Wilson DA, and Leon M. Norepinephrine and learning-induced plasticity in infant rat olfactory system. J Neurosci 9: 3998-4006, 1989.
433. Takagi SF. The olfactory nervous system of the old world monkey. Jpn J Physiol 34: 561-573, 1984.
434. Takagi SF and Shibuya T. Potential oscillations in the lower olfactory pathway of the toad. Nature 186: 724, 1960.
435. Tanabe T, Iino M, and Takagi SF. Discrimination of odors in olfactory bulb, piriform-amygdala areas, and orbital cortex of the monkey. J Neurophysiol 38: 1284-1296, 1975.
436. Teicher MH, Stewart WB, Kauer JS, and Shepherd GM. Suckling pheromone stimulation of a modified glomerular region in the developing rat olfactory bulb revealed by the 2-deoxyglucose method. Brain Res 194: 530-535, 1980.
437. Temple S. The development of neural stem cells. Nature 414: 112-117, 2001.
438. Temple S and Alvarez-Buylla A. Stem cells in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9: 135-141, 1999.
439. Tesche CD and Karhu J. Theta oscillations index human hippocampal activation during a working memory task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 919-924, 2000.
440. Tomasiewicz H, Ono K, Yee D, Thompson C, Goridis C, Rutishauser U, and Magnuson T. Genetic deletion of a neural cell adhesion molecule variant (N-CAM-180) produces distinct defects in the central nervous system. Neuron 11: 1163-1174, 1993.
441. Traub RD, Spruston N, Soltesz I, Konnerth A, Whittington MA, and Jefferys GR. Gamma-frequency oscillations: a neuronal population phenomenon, regulated by synaptic and intrinsic cellular processes, and inducing synaptic plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 55: 563-575, 1998.
442. Treloar HB, Bartolomei JC, Lipscomb BW, and Greer CA. Mechanisms of axonal plasticity: lessons from the olfactory pathway. Neuroscientist 7: 55-63, 2001.
443. Trinh K and Storm DR. Vomeronasal organ detects odorants in absence of signaling through main olfactory epithelium. Nature Neurosci 6: 519-525, 2003.
444. Trombley PQ and Shepherd GM. Synaptic transmission and modulation in the olfactory bulb. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3: 540-547, 1993.
445. Trotier D. Intensity coding in olfactory receptor cells. Semin Cell Biol 5: 47-54, 1994.
446. Uchida N, Takahashi YK, Tanifuji M, and Mori K. Odor maps in the mammalian olfactory bulb: domain organization and odorant structural features. Nat Neurosci 10: 1035-1043, 2000.
447. Urban NN. Lateral inhibition in the olfactory bulb and in olfaction. Physiol Behav 77: 607-612, 2002.
448. Urban NN and Sakmann B. Reciprocal intraglomerular excitation and intra- and interglomerular lateral inhibition between mouse olfactory bulb mitral cells. J Physiol 542: 355-367, 2002.
449. Vanderwolf CH. Hippocampal activity, olfaction, and sniffing: an olfactory input to the dentate gyrus. Brain Res 593: 197-208, 1992.
450. Varela F, Lachaux JP, Rodriguez E, and Martinerie J. The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat Rev Neurosci 2: 229-239, 2001.
451. Varjú D. Vergleich zweier Modelle für laterale Inhibition. Kyb 2: 200-208, 1962.
452. Vassar R, Chao SK, Sitcheran R, Nunez JM, Vosshall LB, and Axel R. Topographic organization of sensory projections to the olfactory bulb. Cell 79: 981-991, 1994.
453. Von Seelen W. Informationsverarbeitung in homogenen Netzen von Neuronenmodellen. Kyb 5: 133-148, 1968.
454. Vosshall LB. Putting smell on the map. Trends Neurosci 26: 169-170, 2003.
455. Vosshall LB, Amrein H, Morozov PS, Rzhetsky A, and Axel R. A spatial map of olfactory receptor expression in the Drosophila antenna Cell 96: 725-736, 1999.
456. Wachowiak M and Cohen LB. Representation of odorants by receptor neuron input to the mouse olfactory bulb. Neuron 32: 723-735, 2001.
457. Wachowiak M, Zochowski M, Cohen LB, and Falk CX. The spatial representation of odors by olfactory receptor neuron input to the olfactory bulb is concentration invariant. Biol Bull 199: 162-163, 2000.
458. Wallenstein GV and Hasselmo ME. GABAergic modulation of hippocampal population activity: sequence learning, place field development, and the phase precession effect. J Neurophysiol 78: 393-408, 1997.
459. Weickert CS, Webster MJ, Colvin SM, Herman MM, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, and Kleinmain JE. Localization of epidermal growth factor receptors and putative neuroblasts in human subependymal zone. J Comp Neurol 423: 359-372, 2000.
460. Weiss S, Reynolds BA, Vescovi AL, Morshead C, Craig CG, and van der Kooy D. Is there a neural stem cell in the mammalian forebrain? Trends Neurosci 19: 387-393, 1996.
461. Wellis DP, Scott JW, and Harrison TA. Discrimination among odorants by single neurons of the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 61: 1161-1177, 1989.
462. Weth F, Nadler W, and Korsching S. Nested expression domains for odorant receptors in zebrafish olfactory epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 13321-13326, 1996.
463. Wichterle H, Garcia-Verdugo JM, and Alvarez-Buylla A. Direct evidence of homotypic, glia-independent neuronal migration. Neuron 18: 779-791, 1997.
464. Wichterle H, Turnbull DH, Nery S, Fishell G, and Alvarez-Buylla A. In utero fate mapping reveals distinct migratory pathways and fates of neurons born in the mammalian basal forebrain. Development 128: 3759-3771, 2001.
465. Wickelgren WA. Webs, cell assemblies, and chunking in neural nets: introduction. Can J Exp Psychol 53: 118-131, 1999.
466. Wilkinson GS and Baker AEM. Communal nesting among genetically similar house mice. Ethology 77: 103-114, 1988.
467. Wilson DA. Synaptic correlates of odor habituation in the rat anterior piriform cortex. J Neurophysiol 80: 998-1001, 1998.
468. Wilson DA. Habituation of odor responses in the rat anterior piriform cortex. J Neurophysiol 79: 1425-1440, 1998.
469. Wilson DA. Receptive fields in the rat piriform cortex. Chem Senses 26: 577-584, 2001.
470. Wilson DA, Fletcher ML, and Sullivan RM. Acetylcholine and olfactory perceptual learning. Learn Mem 11: 28-34, 2004.
471. Wilson DA and Leon M. Noradrenergic modulation of olfactory bulb excitability in the postnatal rat. Brain Res 470: 69-75, 1988.
472. Wilson M and Bower JM. Cortical oscillations and temporal interactions in a computer simulation of piriform cortex. J Neurophysiol 67: 981-995, 1992.
473. Winner B, Cooper-Kuhn CM, Aigner R, Winkler J, and Kuhn HG. Long term survival and cell death of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. Eur J Neurosci 16: 1681-1689, 2002.
474. Wong K, Park HT, Wu JY, and Rao Y. Slit proteins: molecular guidance cues for cells ranging from neurons to leukocytes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12: 583-591, 2002.
475. Wu W, Wong K, Chen JH, Jiang ZH, Dupuis S, Wu J, and Rao Y. Directional guidance of neuronal migration in the olfactory system by the protein Slit. Nature 400: 331-336, 1999.
476. Wysocki CJ, Wellington JL, and Beauchamp GK. Access of urinary nonvolatiles to the mammalian vomeronasal organ. Science 207: 781-783, 1980.
477. Xiong W and Chen W. Dynamic gating of spike propagation in the mitral cell lateral dendrites. Neuron 34: 115-126, 2002.
478. Xu F, Greer CA, and Shepherd GM. Odor maps in the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 422: 489-495, 2000.
479. Xu F, Liu N, Kida I, Rothman DL, Hyder F, and Shepherd GM. Odor maps of aldehydes and esters revealed by functional MRI in the glomerular layer of the mouse olfactory bulb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 11029-11034, 2003.
480. Yang X, Renken R, Hyder F, Siddeek M, Greer CA, Shepherd GM, and Shulman RG. Dynamic mapping at the laminar level of odor-elicited responses in rat olfactory bulb by functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7715-7720, 1998.
481. Yokoi M, Mori K, and Nakanishi S. Refinement of odor molecule tuning by dendrodendritic synaptic inhibition in the olfactory bulb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 3371-3375, 1995.
482. Young JM, Friedman C, Williams EM, Ross JA, Tonnes-Priddy L, and Trask BJ. Different evolutionary processes shaped the mouse and human olfactory receptor gene families. Hum Mol Genet 11: 535-546, 2002.
483. Yu CR, Power J, Barnea G, O'Donnell S, Brown HE, Osborne J, Axel R, and Gogos JA. Spontaneous neural activity is required for the establishment and maintenance of the olfactory sensory map. Neuron 42: 553-566, 2004.
484. Yuan SS, Cox LA, Dasika GK, and Lee EY. Cloning and functional studies of a novel gene aberrantly expressed in RB-deficient embryos. Dev Biol 207: 62-75, 1999.
485. Yuan W, Zhou L, Chen JH, Wu JY, Rao Y, and Ornitz DM. The mouse Slit family: secreted ligands for Robo expressed in patterns that suggest a role in morphogenesis and axon guidance. Dev Biol 212: 290-306, 1999.
486. Zald DH and Pardo JV. Emotion, olfaction and the human amygdala: amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 4119-4124, 1997.
487. Zatorre RJ, Jones-Gotman M, Evans AC, and Meyer E. Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex. Nature 360: 339-340, 1992.
488. Zhang C, Finger TE, and Restrepo D. Mature olfactory receptor neurons express connexin 43. J Comp Neurol 426: 1-12, 2000.
489. Zhang C and Restrepo D. Expression of connexin 45 in the olfactory system. Brain Res 929: 37-47, 2002.
490. Zhang X and Firestein S. The olfactory receptor gene superfamily of the mouse. Nat Neurosci 5: 124-133, 2002.
491. Zhang X, Rodriguez I, Mombaerts P, and Firestein S. Odorant and vomeronasal receptor genes in two mouse genome assemblies. Genomics 83: 802-811, 2004.
492. Zhao H and Reed RR. X inactivation of the OCNC1 channel gene reveals a role for activity-dependent competition in the olfactory system. Cell 104: 651-660, 2001.
493. Zhu Y, Li H, Zhou L, Wu JY, and Rao Y. Cellular and molecular guidance of GABAergic neuronal migration from an extracortical origin to the neocortex. Neuron 23: 473-485, 1999.
494. Zibrowski EM and Vanderwolf CH. Oscillatory fast wave activity in the rat piriform cortex: relations to olfaction and behavior. Brain Res 766: 39-49, 1997.
495. Zou DJ, Feinstein P, Rivers AL, Mathews GA, Kim A, Greer CA, Mombaerts P, and Firestein S. Postnatal refinement of peripheral olfactory projections. Science 304: 1976-1979, 2004.
496. Zou Z, Horowitz LF, Montmayeur JP, Snapper S, and Buck LB. Genetic tracing reveals a stereotyped sensory map in the olfactory cortex. Nature 414: 173-179, 2001.
497. Zufall F, Firestein S, and Shepherd GM. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels and sensory transduction in olfactory receptor neurons. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 23: 577-607, 1994.