Mechanisms and consequences of methylating agent-induced SCEs and chromosomal aberrations: A long road traveled and still a far way to go

Cytogenetic and Genome Research

Volumn 104, Issue 1-4, 2004, Pages 77-86

  Kaina, B ^a,b  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b Institute of Toxicology   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

6 O METHYLGUANINE; ATM PROTEIN; BROXURIDINE; CLASTOGEN; DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; DNA POLYMERASE; HYDROXYUREA; METHOTREXATE; METHYLNITRONITROSOGUANIDINE; METHYLNITROSOUREA; PHORBOL 13 ACETATE 12 MYRISTATE; PROTEIN C FOS; PROTEIN P53;

APOPTOSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL KILLING; CELL LINE; CHO CELL; CHROMATID; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; DNA DAMAGE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA RECOMBINATION; DNA REPAIR; DNA REPLICATION; DNA SYNTHESIS; EXCISION REPAIR; GENOTOXICITY; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; METHYLATION; MISMATCH REPAIR; NONHUMAN; PAPILLOMA; PHOTOLYSIS; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION INJURY; TUMOR PROMOTION; ULTRAVIOLET C RADIATION;

ALKYLATING AGENTS; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; APOPTOSIS; BASE PAIR MISMATCH; CELL CYCLE; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; CRICETINAE; CRICETULUS; DNA; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; DNA REPLICATION; FIBROBLASTS; GUANINE; GUANOSINE; HUMANS; METHYLATION; MICE; MODELS, GENETIC; MUTAGENS; O(6)-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; POINT MUTATION; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC; SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE;

EID: 2642574948     PISSN: 14248581     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000077469     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (71)

1. 6-methylguanine. Biochim biophys Acta 562:51-61 (1979).
2. Armstrong MJ, Galloway SM: Mismatch repair provokes chromosome aberrations in hamster cells treated with methylating agents or 6-thioguanine, but not with ethylating agents. Mutat Res 373:167-178 (1996).
3. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in transgenic mice protects against tumor initiation in two-stage skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 56:3244-3249 (1996).
4. Becker K, Gregel C, Fricke C, Komitowski D, Dosch J, Kaina B: DNA repair protein MGMT protects against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced conversion of benign into malignant tumors. Carcinogenesis 24:541-546 (2003).
5. Branch P, Hampson R, Karran P: DNA mismatch binding defects, DNA damage tolerance, and mutator phenotypes in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 55:2304-2309 (1995).
6. Christmann M, Kaina B: Nuclear translocation of mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH6 as a response of cells to alkylating agents. J Biol Chem 275:36256-36262 (2000).
7. Christmann M, Tomicic MT, Roos WP, Kaina B: Mechanisms of human DNA repair: an update. Toxicology 193:3-34 (2003).
8. Coquerelle T, Dosch J, Kaina B: Overexpression of Nmethylpurine-DNA glycosylase in Chinese hamster ovary cells renders them more sensitive to the production of chromosomal aberrations by methylating agents - a case of imbalanced DNA repair. Mutat Res 336:9-17 (1995).
9. 6-methylguanine triggered apoptosis, SCEs and chromosomal aberrations. DNA Repair 3:359-368 (2004).
10. De Weerd-Kastelein EA, Keijzer W, Rainaldi G, Bootsma D: Induction of sister chromatid exchange in xeroderma pigmentosum cells after exposure to ultraviolet light. Mutat Res 45:253-261 (1977).
11. 4-methylthymine, or the cisplatin-d(GpG) adduct. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:6443-6447 (1996).
12. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Science 259:219-222 (1993).
13. Dunkern TR, Roos WP, Kaina B: Apoptosis induced by MNNG in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells is p53 and Fas/CD95/Apo-1 related. Mutat Res 544:167-172 (2003).
14. Elder RH, Jansen JG, Weeks JR, Willington MA, Deans B, Watson AJ, Mynett KJ, Bailey JA, Cooper DP, Rafferty JA, Heeran MC, Wijnhoven SW, van Zeeland AA, Margison GP: Alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase knockout mice show increased susceptibility to induction of mutations by methyl methanesulfonate. Mol Cell Biol 18:5828-5837 (1998).
15. Engelward BP, Dreslin A, Christensen J, Huszar D, Kurahara C, Samson L: Repair-deficient 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase homozygous mutant mouse cells have increased sensitivity to alkylation-induced chromosome damage and cell killing. EMBO J 15:945-952 (1996).
16. Evans HJ, Scott D: The induction of chromosome aberrations by nitrogen mustard and its dependence on DNA synthesis. Proc R Soc B 173:491-512 (1969).
17. Fürstenberger G, Berry DL, Sorg B, Marks F: Skin tumor promotion by phorbol esters is a two-stage process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:7722-7726 (1981).
18. Fürstenberger G, Schurich B, Kaina B, Marks F: Possible involvement of chromosomal damage in tumor induction in initiated mouse skin. Cancer Res Clin Oncol 115:57 (1989a).
19. Fürstenberger G, Schurich B, Kaina B, Petrusevska RT, Fusenig NE, Marks F: Tumor induction in initiated mouse skin by phorbol esters and methyl methanesulfonate: correlation between chromosomal damage and conversion (stage I of tumor promotion) in vivo. Carcinogenesis 10:749-752 (1989b).
20. Galloway SM, Greenwood SK, Hill RB, Bradt CI, Bean CL: A role for mismatch repair in production of chromosome aberrations by methylating agents in human cells. Mutat Res 346:231-245 (1995).
21. Greenwood SK, Armstrong ML, Hill RB, Brandt CI, Johnson TE, Hilliard CA, Galloway SM: Fewer chromosome aberrations and earlier apoptosis induced by DNA synthesis inhibitors, a topoisomerase II inhibitor or alkylating agents in human cells with normal compared with mutant p53. Mutat Res 401:39-53 (1998).
22. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) by DNA damaging agents. Oncogene 17:845-851 (1998).
23. Haas S, Kaina B: c-Fos is involved in the cellular defence against the genotoxic effect of UV radiation. Carcinogenesis 16:985-991 (1995).
24. Ibeanu G, Hartenstein B, Dunn WC, Chang LY, Hofmann E, Coquerelle T, Mitra S, Kaina B: Overexpression of human DNA repair protein N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase results in the increased removal of N-methylpurines in DNA without a concomitant increase in resistance to alkylating agents in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Carcinogenesis 13:1989-1995 (1992).
25. Kaina B: The interrelationship between SCE induction, cell survival, mutagenesis, aberration formation and DNA synthesis inhibition in V79 cells treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-methyl-N′-nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine. Mutat Res 142:49-54 (1985).
26. Kaina B: Chromosomal aberrations as a contributing factor for tumor promotion in the mouse skin. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 9:331-348 (1989).
27. Kaina B: Critical steps in alkylation-induced aberration formation. Mutat Res 404:119-124 (1998).
28. Kaina B: DNA damage-triggered apoptosis: critical role of DNA repair, double-strand breaks, cell proliferation and signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 66:1547-1554 (2003).
29. Kaina B, Aurich O: Dependency of the yield of sisterchromatid exchanges induced by alkylating agents on fixation time. Possible involvement of secondary lesions in sister-chromatid exchange induction. Mutat Res 149:451-461 (1985).
30. 6- alkylguanine and N-alkylpurines to the formation of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal aberrations, and gene mutations: new insights gained from studies of genetically engineered mammalian cell lines. Environ Mol Mutagen 22:283-292 (1993).
31. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) cDNA in Chinese hamster cells: the role of MGMT in protection against the genotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Carcinogenesis 12:1857-1867 (1991).
32. Kaina B, Fritz G, Ochs K, Haas S, Grombacher T, Dosch J, Christmann M, Lund P, Gregel CM, Becker K: Transgenic systems in studies on genotoxicity of alkylating agents: critical lesions, thresholds and defense mechanisms. Mutat Res 405:179-191 (1998).
33. Kaina B, Waller H, Waller M, Rieger R: The action of N-methyl-N- nitrosourea on non-established human cell lines in vitro. I. Cell cycle inhibition and aberration induction in diploid and Down's fibroblast. Mutat Res 43:387-400 (1977).
34. 6-methylguanine in Mex-, Mex+ and methylation-tolerant mismatch repair compromised cells: facts and models. Mutat Res 381:227-241 (1997).
35. Karran P, Stephenson C: Mismatch binding proteins and tolerance to alkylating agents in human cells. Mutat Res 236:269-275 (1990).
36. Kawate H, Sakumi K, Tsuzuki T, Nakatsuru Y, Ishikawa T, Takahashi S, Takano H, Noda T, Sekiguchi M: Separation of killing and tumorigenic effects of an alkylating agent in mice defective in two of the DNA repair genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:5116-5120 (1998).
37. Kihlman BA: Caffeine and Chromosomes (Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam 1977).
38. Lackinger D, Eichhorn U, Kaina B: Effect of ultraviolet light, methyl methanesulfonate and ionizing radiation on the genotoxic response and apoptosis of mouse fibroblasts lacking c-Fos, p53 or both. Mutagenesis 16:233-241 (2001).
39. Lackinger D, Kaina B: Primary mouse fibroblasts deficient for c-Fos, p53 or for both proteins are hypersensitive to UV light and alkylating agent-induced chromosomal breakage and apoptosis. Mutat Res 9042:1-11 (2000).
40. Lehman AR: Replication of damaged DNA in mammalian cells: new solutions to an old problem. Mutat Res 509:23-34 (2002).
41. 6-alkylation of deoxyguanosine to the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitrosamines and nitrosamides. Nature 223:206-207 (1969).
42. Margison GP, O'Conner PJ: Biological consequences of reactions with DNA: Role of specific lesions, in Cooper CS, Grover PL (eds): Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 9, p 547 (Springer Verlag, Berlin 1990).
43. Marks F, Fürstenberger G: The conversion stage of skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 11:2085-2092 (1990).
44. 6-alkylguanine DNA lesions trigger apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 19:369-372 (1998).
45. Morris SM, Heflich RH, Beranek DT, Kodell RL: Alkylation-induced sister-chromatid exchanges correlate with reduced cell survival, not mutations. Mutat Res 105:163-168 (1982).
46. Morris SM, Beranek DT, Heflich RH: The relationship between sister-chromatid exchange induction and the formation of specific methylated DNA adducts in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res 121:261-266 (1983).
47. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase protects against nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:6468-6472 (1993).
48. Natarajan AT, Obe G: Molecular mechanisms involved in the production of chromosomal aberrations. I. Utilization of Neurospora endonuclease for the study of aberration production in G2 stage of the cell cycle. Mutat Res 52:137-149 (1978).
49. Natarajan AT, Obe G: Molecular mechanisms involved in the production of chromosomal aberrations. III. Restriction endonucleases. Chromosoma 90:120-127 (1984).
50. Natarajan AT, Simons JWIM, Vogel EW, van Zeeland AA: Relationship between cell killing, chromosomal aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges and point mutations induced by monofunctional alkylating agents in Chinese hamster cells. A correlation with different ethylation products in DNA. Mutat Res 128:31-40 (1984).
51. 6- methylguanine is Bcl-2 and caspase-9/-3 regulated and Fas/caspase-8 independent. Cancer Res 60:5815-5824 (2000).
52. Ochs K, Sobol RW, Wilson SH, Kaina B: Cells deficient in DNA polymerase beta are hypersensitive to alkylating agent-induced apoptosis and chromosomal breakage. Cancer Res 59:1544-1551 (1999).
53. Ono Y, Furuta T, Ohmoto T, Akiyama K, Seki S: Stable expression in rat glioma cells of sense and antisense nucleic acids to a human multifunctional DNA repair enzyme, APEX nuclease. Mutat Res 315:55-63 (1994).
54. Painter RB, Howard R: The HeLa DNA-synthesis inhibition test as a rapid screen for mutagenic carcinogens. Mutat Res 92:427-437 (1982).
55. 6-position of guanine in DNA is the most likely initiating event in carcinogenesis by methylating agents. Cancer Invest 2: 223-231 (1984).
56. 6-alkylguanine necessary for initiation of carcinogenesis by alkylating agents? Cancer Invest 2:221-238 (1984).
57. Petrusevska RT, Fürstenberger G, Marks F, Fusenig NE: Cytogenetic effects caused by phorbol ester tumor promoters in primary mouse keratinocyte cultures: correlation with the convertogenic activity of TPA in multistage skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 9:1207-1215 (1988).
58. 6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase in response to ionizing radiation is p53 gene dose dependent. Oncogene 12:693-697 (1996).
59. Rasouli-Nia A, Sibghat-Ullah L, Mirzayans R, Paterson MC, Day III RS: On the quantitative relationship between O6-methylguanine residues in genomic DNA and production of sister-chromatid exchanges, mutations and lethal events in a Mer-human tumor cell line. Mutat Res 314:99-113 (1994).
60. 6-methylguanine in human lymphocytes required DNA replication and is mediated by p53 and Fas/CD95/Apo-1. Oncogene 23:359-367 (2004).
61. Shiloh Y: ATM and ATR: networking cellular responses to DNA damage. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11:71-77 (2001).
62. 6-methylguanine:T base mismatches in DNA by human cell extracts. Nucleic Acids Res 29:2409-2417 (2001).
63. Smith ML, Ford JM, Hollander C, Bortnick RA, Amundson SA, Seo YR, Deng CX, Hanawalt PC, Fornace AJ: p53-mediated DNA repair responses to UV radiation: studies of mouse cells lacking p53, p21, and/or gadd45 genes. Mol Cell Biol 20:3705-3714 (2001).
64. Thust R, Mendel J, Schwarz H, Warzok R: Nitrosated urea pesticide metabolites and other nitrosamides. Activity in clastogenicity and SCE assays, and aberration kinetics in Chinese hamster V79E cells. Mutat Res 79:239-248 (1980).
65. Tomicic M, Eschbach E, Kaina B: Expression of yeast but not human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease renders Chinese hamster cells more resistant to DNA damaging agents. Mutat Res 383:155-165 (1997).
66. Tomicic MT, Bey E, Wutzler P, Thust R, Kaina B: Comparative analysis of DNA breakage, chromosomal aberrations and apoptosis induced by the anti-herpes purine nucleoside analogues aciclovir, ganciclovir and penciclovir. Mutat Res 505:1-11 (2002).
67. Tominaga Y, Tsuzuki T, Shiraishi A, Kawate H, Sekiguchi M: Alkylation-induced apoptosis of embryonic stem cells in which the gene for DNA-repair, methyltransferase, had been disrupted by gene targeting. Carcinogenesis 18:889-896 (1997).
68. van Zeeland AA, Mohn GR, Aaron CS, Glickman BW, Brendel M, de Serres FJ, Hung CY, Brockman HE: Molecular dosimetry of the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate. Quantitative comparison of the mutagenic potency in Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res 119:45-54 (1983).
69. Vogel E, Natarajan AT: The relation between reaction kinetics and mutagenic action of mono-functional alkylating agents in higher eukaryotic systems. I. Recessive lethal mutations and translocations in Drosophila. Mutat Res 62:51-100 (1979).
70. Wojcik A, Bruckmann E, Obe G: Insights into the mechanisms of sister chromatid exchange formation. Cytogent Genome Res 104:304-309 (2004).
71. Zhou J, Ahn J, Wilson SH, Prives C: A role for p53 in base excision repair. EMBO J 15:914-923 (2001).