Chemokine Receptor CXCR3: An Unexpected Enigma

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Volumn 68, Issue , 2005, Pages 149-181

  Liu, Liping ^a   Callahan, Melissa K ^a   Huang, DeRen ^a   Ransohoff, Richard M ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; CXC CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR 3; LIGAND;

ANIMAL; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; DISEASE MODEL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; MOLECULAR CLONING; MOUSE; MOUSE MUTANT; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; CHEMOTAXIS, LEUKOCYTE; CLONING, MOLECULAR; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; LIGANDS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 25144522765     PISSN: 00702153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0070-2153(05)68006-4     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Agace W.W., Roberts A.I., Wu L., Greineder C., Ebert E.C., and Parker C.M. Human intestinal lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes express receptors specific for chemokines induced by inflammation. Eur. J. Immunol. 30 (2000) 819-826
2. Akahira-Azuma M., Szczepanik M., Tsuji R.F., Campos R.A., Itakura A., Mobini N., McNiff J., Kawikova I., Gerard C., Pober J.S., and Askenase P.W. Early delayed-type hypersensitivity eosinophil infiltrates depend on T helper 2 cytokines and interferon-gamma via CXCR3 chemokines. Immunology 111 (2000) 306-317
3. Baggiolini M., Dewald B., and Moser B. Human chemokines: An update. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15 (1997) 675-705
4. Baker D., O'Neill J.K., Gschmeissner S.E., Wilcox C.E., Butter C., and Turk J.L. Induction of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Biozzi mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 28 (1990) 261-270
5. Baker M.S., Chen X., Rotramel A.R., Nelson J.J., Lu B., Gerard C., Kanwar Y., and Kaufman D.B. Genetic deletion of chemokine receptor CXCR3 or antibody blockade of its ligand IP-10 modulates posttransplantation graft-site lymphocytic infiltrates and prolongs functional graft survival in pancreatic islet allograft recipients. Surgery 134 (2003) 126-133
6. Balashov K.E., Rottman J.B., Weiner H.L., and Hancock W.W. CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 6873-6878
7. Baron J.L., Madri J.A., Ruddle N.H., Hashim G., and Janeway Jr. C.A. Surface expression of alpha 4 integrin by CD4 T cells is required for their entry into brain parenchyma. J. Exp. Med. 177 (1993) 57-68
8. Biber K., Dijkstra I., Trebst C., De Groot C.J., Ransohoff R.M., and Boddeke H.W. Functional expression of CXCR3 in cultured mouse and human astrocytes and microglia. Neuroscience 112 (2002) 487-497
9. Biber K., Sauter A., Brouwer N., Copray S.C., and Boddeke H.W. Ischemia-induced neuronal expression of the microglia attracting chemokine secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC). Glia 34 (2001) 121-133
10. Blinzinger K., and Kreutzberg G. Displacement of synaptic terminals from regenerating motoneurons by microglial cells. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 85 (1968) 145-157
11. Boztug K., Carson M.J., Pham-Mitchell N., Asensio V.C., DeMartino J., and Campbell I.L. Leukocyte infiltration, but not neurodegeneration, in the CNS of transgenic mice with astrocyte production of the CXC chemokine ligand 10. J. Immunol. 169 (2002) 1505-1515
12. Butcher E.C., and Picker L.J. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272 (1996) 60-66
13. Campbell J.D., Gangur V., Simons F.E., and HayGlass K.T. Allergic humans are hyporesponsive to a CXCR3 ligand-mediated Th1 immunity-promoting loop. FASEB J. 18 (2004) 329-331
14. Cella M., Jarrossay D., Facchetti F., Alebardi O., Nakajima H., Lanzavecchia A., and Colonna M. Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon. Nat. Med. 5 (1999) 919-923
15. Christensen J.E., Nansen A., Moos T., Lu B., Gerard C., Christensen J.P., and Thomsen A.R. Efficient T-cell surveillance of the CNS requires expression of the CXC chemokine receptor 3. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 4849-4858
16. Chu C.Q., Wittmer S., and Dalton D.K. Failure to suppress the expansion of the activated CD4 T cell population in interferon gamma-deficient mice leads to exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 192 (2000) 123-128
17. Cole K.E., Strick C.A., Paradis T.J., Ogborne K.T., Loetscher M., Gladue R.P., Lin W., Boyd J.G., Moser B., Wood D.E., Sahagan B.G., and Neote K. Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC): A novel non-ELR CXC chemokine with potent activity on activated T cells through selective high affinity binding to CXCR3. J. Exp. Med. 187 (1998) 2009-2021
18. Coughlan C.M., McManus C.M., Sharron M., Gao Z., Murphy D., Jaffer S., Choe W., Chen W., Hesselgesser J., Gaylord H., Kalyuzhny A., Lee V.M., Wolf B., Doms R.W., and Kolson D.L. Expression of multiple functional chemokine receptors and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human neurons. Neuroscience 97 (2000) 591-600
19. Dal Canto M.C., Kim B.S., Miller S.D., and Melvold R.W. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelination: A model for human multiple sclerosis. Methods 10 (1996) 453-461
20. Dijkstra I.M., Hulshof S., van d., V B., H.W., and Biber K. Cutting edge: Activity of human adult microglia in response to CC chemokine ligand 21. J. Immunol. 172 (2004) 2744-2747
21. Doherty P.C., Allan W., Eichelberger M., and Carding S.R. Roles of alpha beta and gamma delta T cell subsets in viral immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10 (1992) 123-151
22. Duffner U., Lu B., Hildebrandt G.C., Teshima T., Williams D.L., Reddy P., Ordemann R., Clouthier S.G., Lowler K., Liu C., Gerard C., Cooke K.R., and Ferrara J.L. Role of CXCR3-induced donor T-cell migration in acute GVHD. Exp. Hematol. 31 (2003) 897-902
23. Dufour J.H., Dziejman M., Liu M.T., Leung J.H., Lane T.E., and Luster A.D. IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10; CXCL10)-deficient mice reveal a role for IP-10 in effector T cell generation and trafficking. J. Immunol. 168 (2002) 3195-3204
24. Farber J.M. A macrophage mRNA selectively induced by gamma-interferon encodes a member of the platelet factor 4 family of cytokines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (1990) 5238-5242
25. Farber J.M. HuMig: A new human member of the chemokine family of cytokines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192 (1993) 223-230
26. Fife B.T., Kennedy K.J., Paniagua M.C., Lukacs N.W., Kunkel S.L., Luster A.D., and Karpus W.J. CXCL10 (IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10) control of encephalitogenic CD4+ T cell accumulation in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 166 (2001) 7617-7624
27. Frigerio S., Junt T., Lu B., Gerard C., Zumsteg U., Hollander G.A., and Piali L. Beta cells are responsible for CXCR3-mediated T-cell infiltration in insulitis. Nat. Med. 8 (2002) 1414-1420
28. Gangur V., Simons F.E., and Hay Glass K.T. Human IP-10 selectively promotes dominance of polyclonally activated and environmental antigen-driven IFN-gamma over IL-4 responses. Faseb J. 12 (1998) 705-713
29. Garcia-Lopez M.A., Sanchez-Madrid F., Rodriguez-Frade J.M., Mellado M., Acevedo A., Garcia M.I., Albar J.P., Martinez C., and Marazuela M. CXCR3 chemokine receptor distribution in normal and inflamed tissues: Expression on activated lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and dendritic cells. Lab. Invest. 81 (2001) 409-418
30. Ghersa P., Gelati M., Colinge J., Feger G., Power C., Ghersa P., Gelati M., Colinge J., Feger G., Power C., Papoian R., and Salmaggi A. MIG-differential gene expression in mouse brain endothelial cells. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 9-14
31. Glabinski A.R., Tani M., Strieter R.M., Tuohy V.K., and Ransohoff R.M. Synchronous synthesis of alpha- and beta-chemokines by cells of diverse lineage in the central nervous system of mice with relapses of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am. J. Pathol. 150 (1997) 617-630
32. Godiska R., Chantry D., Dietsch G.N., and Gray P.W. Chemokine expression in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 58 (1995) 167-176
33. Goldberg S.H., van der M.P., Hesselgesser J., Jaffer S., Kolson D.L., Albright A.V., Gonzalez-Scarano F., and Lavi E. CXCR3 expression in human central nervous system diseases. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 27 (2001) 127-138
34. Hamilton N.H., Banyer J.L., Hapel A.J., Mahalingam S., Ramsay A.J., Ramshaw I.A., and Thomson S.A. IFN-gamma regulates murine interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemokine (I-TAC) expression in dendritic cell lines and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Scand. J. Immunol. 55 (2002) 171-177
35. Hancock W.W., Gao W., Csizmadia V., Faia K.L., Shemmeri N., and Luster A.D. Donor-derived IP-10 initiates development of acute allograft rejection. J. Exp. Med. 193 (2001) 975-980
36. Hancock W.W., Lu B., Gao W., Csizmadia V., Faia K., King J.A., Smiley S.T., Ling M., Gerard N.P., and Gerard C. Requirement of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 for acute allograft rejection. J. Exp. Med. 192 (2000) 1515-1520
37. Haring J., and Perlman S. Mouse hepatitis virus. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 4 (2001) 462-466
38. Hausmann J., Sauder C., Wasmer M., Lu B., and Staeheli P. Neurological disorder after Borna disease virus infection in the absence of either interferon-gamma, Fas, inducible NO synthase, or chemokine receptor CXCR3. Viral Immunol. 17 (2004) 79-85
39. Hedrick J.A., and Zlotnik A. Identification and characterization of a novel beta chemokine containing six conserved cysteines. J. Immunol. 159 (1997) 1589-1593
40. Hickey W.F. Leukocyte traffic in the central nervous system: The participants and their roles. Semin. Immunol. 11 (1999) 125-137
41. Hildebrandt G.C., Corrion L.A., Olkiewiez K.M., Lu B., Lowler K., Duffner U.A., Moore B.B., Kuziel W.A., Liu C., and Cooke K.R. Blockade of CXCR3 receptor: Ligand interactions reduces leukocyte recruitment to the lung and the severity of experimental idiopathic pneumonia syndrome. Eur. J. Immunol. 173 (2004) 2050-2059
42. Huber T.B., Reinhardt H.C., Exner M., Burger J.A., Kerjaschki D., Saleem M.A., and Pavenstadt H. Expression of functional CCR and CXCR chemokine receptors in podocytes. J. Immunol. 168 (2002) 6244-6252
43. Janatpour M.J., Hudak S., Sathe M., Sedgwick J.D., and McEvoy L.M. Tumor necrosis factor-dependent segmental control of MIG expression by high endothelial venules in inflamed lymph nodes regulates monocyte recruitment. J. Exp. Med. 194 (2001) 1375-1384
44. Jenh C.H., Cox M.A., Kaminski H., Zhang M., Byrnes H., Fine J., Lundell D., Chou C.C., Narula S.K., and Zavodny P.J. Cutting edge: Species specificity of the CC chemokine 6Ckine signaling through the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR3: Human 6Ckine is not a ligand for the human or mouse CXCR3 receptors. J. Immunol. 162 (1999) 3765-3769
45. Jiang D., Liang J., Hodge J., Lu B., Zhu Z., Yu S., Fan J., Gao Y., Yin Z., Homer R., Gerard C., and Noble P.W. Regulation of pulmonary fibrosis by chemokine receptor CXCR3. J. Clin. Invest. 114 (2004) 291-299
46. Jinquan T., Jing C., Jacobi H.H., Reimert C.M., Millner A., Quan S., Hansen J.B., Dissing S., Malling H.J., Skov P.S., and Poulsen L.K. CXCR3 expression and activation of eosinophils: Role of IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 and monokine induced by IFN-gamma. J. Immunol. 165 (2000) 1548-1556
47. Jones D., Benjamin R.J., Shahsafaei A., and Dorfman D.M. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is expressed in a subset of B-cell lymphomas and is a marker of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 95 (2000) 627-632
48. Kagi D., Vignaux F., Ledermann B., Burki K., Depraetere V., Nagata S., Hengartner H., and Golstein P. Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Science 265 (1994) 528-530
49. Katschke Jr. K.J., Rottman J.B., Ruth J.H., Qin S., Wu L., LaRosa G., Ponath P., Park C.C., Pope R.M., and Koch A.E. Differential expression of chemokine receptors on peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue monocytes/macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 44 (2001) 1022-1032
50. Khan I.A., MacLean J.A., Lee F.S., Casciotti L., DeHaan E., Schwartzman J.D., and Luster A.D. IP-10 is critical for effector T cell trafficking and host survival in Toxoplasma gondii infection. Immunity 12 (2000) 483-494
51. Khoury S.J., Hancock W.W., and Weiner H.L. Oral tolerance to myelin basic protein and natural recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are associated with downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and differential upregulation of transforming growth factor beta, interleukin 4, and prostaglandin E expression in the brain. J. Exp. Med. 176 (1992) 1355-1364
52. Kivisakk P., Trebst C., Lee J.C., Tucky B.H., Rudick R.A., Campbell J.J., and Ransohoff R.M. Expression of CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 by CD4+ T cells is stable during a 2-year longitudinal study but varies widely between individuals. J. Neurovirol. 9 (2003) 291-299
53. Kivisakk P., Trebst C., Liu Z., Tucky B.H., Sorensen T.L., Rudick R.A., Mack M., and Ransohoff R.M. T-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid express a similar repertoire of inflammatory chemokine receptors in the absence or presence of CNS inflammation: Implications for CNS trafficking. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 129 (2002) 510-518
54. Klein R.S., Izikson L., Means T., Gibson H.D., Lin E., Sobel R.A., Weiner H.L., and Luster A.D. IFN-inducible protein 10/CXC chemokine ligand 10-independent induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 172 (2004) 550-559
55. Kuchroo V.K., Martin C.A., Greer J.M., Ju S.T., Sobel R.A., and Dorf M.E. Cytokines and adhesion molecules contribute to the ability of myelin proteolipid protein-specific T cell clones to mediate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 151 (1993) 4371-4382
56. Laich A., Meyer M., Werner E.R., and Werner-Felmayer G. Structure and expression of the human small cytokine B subfamily member 11 (SCYB11/formerly SCYB9B, alias I-TAC) gene cloned from IFN-gamma-treated human monocytes (THP-1). J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 19 (1999) 505-513
57. Lasagni L., Francalanci M., Annunziato F., Lazzeri E., Giannini S., Cosmi L., Sagrinati C., Mazzinghi B., Orlando C., Maggi E., Marra F., Romagnani S., Serio M., and Romagnani P. An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4. J. Exp. Med. 197 (2003) 1537-1549
58. Lassmann H., and Ransohoff R.M. The CD4-Th1 model for multiple sclerosis: A crucial re-appraisal. Trends Immunol. 25 (2004) 132-137
59. Liu M.T., Chen B.P., Oertel P., Buchmeier M.J., Armstrong D., Hamilton T.A., and Lane T.E. The T cell chemoattractant IFN-inducible protein 10 is essential in host defense against viral-induced neurologic disease. J. Immunol. 165 (2000) 2327-2330
60. Loetscher M., Gerber B., Loetscher P., Jones S.A., Piali L., Clark-Lewis I., Baggiolini M., and Moser B. Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: Structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 184 (1996) 963-969
61. Loetscher M., Loetscher P., Brass N., Meese E., and Moser B. Lymphocyte-specific chemokine receptor CXCR3: Regulation, chemokine binding and gene localization. Eur. J. Immunol. 28 (1998) 3696-3705
62. Lu B., Humbles A., Bota D., Gerard C., Moser B., Soler D., Luster A.D., and Gerard N.P. Structure and function of the murine chemokine receptor CXCR3. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (1999) 3804-3812
63. Luo Y., Kim R., Gabuzda D., Mi S., Collins-Racie L.A., Lu Z., Jacobs K.A., and Dorf M.E. The CXC-chemokine, H174: Expression in the central nervous system. J. Neurovirol. 4 (1998) 575-585
64. Luster A.D., Unkeless J.C., and Ravetch J.V. Gamma-interferon transcriptionally regulates an early-response gene containing homology to platelet proteins. Nature 315 (1985) 672-676
65. Lynch G., Gall C., Rose G., and Cotman C. Changes in the distribution of the dentate gyrus associational system following unilateral or bilateral entorhinal lesions in the adult rat. Brain Res. 110 (1976) 57-71
66. Martin-Fontecha A., Thomsen L.L., Brett S., Gerard C., Lipp M., Lanzavecchia A., and Sallusto F. Induced recruitment of NK cells to lymph nodes provides IFN-gamma for T(H)1 priming. Nat. Immunol 5 (2004) 1260-1265
67. McDonald W.I. Relapse, remission, and progression in multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (2000) 1486-1487
68. Mendel I., Kerlero d.R., and Ben Nun A. A myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide induces typical chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in H-2b mice: Fine specificity and T cell receptor V beta expression of encephalitogenic T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 25 (1995) 1951-1959
69. Meyer M., Erdel M., Duba H.C., Werner E.R., and Werner-Felmayer G. Cloning, genomic sequence, and chromosome mapping of Scyb11, the murine homologue of SCYB11 (alias betaR1/H174/SCYB9B/I-TAC/IP-9/CXCL11). Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 88 (2000) 278-282
70. Murdoch C., and Finn A. Chemokine receptors and their role in vascular biology. J. Vasc. Res. 37 (2000) 1-7
71. Murphy P.M., Baggiolini M., Charo I.F., Hebert C.A., Horuk R., Matsushima K., Miller L.H., Oppenheim J.J., and Power C.A. International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 52 (2000) 145-176
72. Nagira M., Imai T., Hieshima K., Kusuda J., Ridanpaa M., Takagi S., Nishimura M., Kakizaki M., Nomiyama H., and Yoshie O. Molecular cloning of a novel human CC chemokine secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine that is a potent chemoattractant for lymphocytes and mapped to chromosome 9p13. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 19518-19524
73. Nakajima C., Mukai T., Yamaguchi N., Morimoto Y., Park W.R., Iwasaki M., Gao P., Ono S., Fujiwara H., and Hamaoka T. Induction of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on TCR-stimulated T cells: Dependence on the release from persistent TCR-triggering and requirement for IFN-gamma stimulation. Eur. J. Immunol. 32 (2002) 1792-1801
74. Narumi S., Kaburaki T., Yoneyama H., Iwamura H., Kobayashi Y., and Matsushima K. Neutralization of IFN-inducible protein 10/CXCL10 exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur. J. Immunol. 32 (2002) 1784-1791
75. Nelson T.E., and Gruol D.L. The chemokine CXCL10 modulates excitatory activity and intracellular calcium signaling in cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Neuroimmunol. 156 (2004) 74-87
76. Pan Y., Lloyd C., Zhou H., Dolich S., Deeds J., Gonzalo J.A., Vath J., Gosselin M., Ma J., Dussault B., Woolf E., Alperin G., Culpepper J., Gutierrez-Ramos J.C., and Gearing D. Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 387 (1997) 611-617
77. Penna G., Vulcano M., Sozzani S., and Adorini L. Differential migration behavior and chemokine production by myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Hum. Immunol. 63 (2002) 1164-1171
78. Qin S., Rottman J.B., Myers P., Kassam N., Weinblatt M., Loetscher M., Koch A.E., Moser B., and Mackay C.R. The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions. J. Clin. Invest. 101 (1998) 746-754
79. Rabin R.L., Alston M.A., Sircus J.C., Knollmann-Ritschel B., Moratz C., Ngo D., and Farber J.M. CXCR3 is induced early on the pathway of CD4+ T cell differentiation and bridges central and peripheral functions. J. Immunol. 171 (2003) 2812-2824
80. Rani M.R., Foster G.R., Leung S., Leaman D., Stark G.R., and Ransohoff R.M. Characterization of beta-R1, a gene that is selectively induced by interferon beta (IFN-beta) compared with IFN-alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 22878-22884
81. Ransohoff R.M., Hamilton T.A., Tani M., Stoler M.H., Shick H.E., Major J.A., Estes M.L., Thomas D.M., and Tuohy V.K. Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Faseb J. 7 (1993) 592-600
82. Ransohoff R.M., Wei T., Pavelko K.D., Lee J.C., Murray P.D., and Rodriguez M. Chemokine expression in the central nervous system of mice with a viral disease resembling multiple sclerosis: Roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and viral persistence. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 2217-2224
83. Rappert A., Bechmann I., Pivneva T., Mahlo J., Biber K., Nolte C., Kovac A.D., Gerard C., Boddeke H.W., Nitsch R., and Kettenmann H. CXCR3-dependent microglial recruitment is essential for dendrite loss after brain lesion. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 8500-8509
84. Rappert A., Biber K., Nolte C., Lipp M., Schubel A., Lu B., Gerard N.P., Gerard C., Boddeke H.W., and Kettenmann H. Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (CCL21) activates CXCR3 to trigger a Cl-current and chemotaxis in murine microglia. J. Immunol. 168 (2002) 3221-3226
85. Refaeli Y., Van Parijs L., Alexander S.I., and Abbas A.K. Interferon gamma is required for activation-induced death of T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 196 (2002) 999-1005
86. Robledo M.M., Bartolome R.A., Longo N., Rodriguez-Frade J.M., Mellado M., Longo I., van Muijen G.N., Sanchez-Mateos P., and Teixido J. Expression of functional chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4 on human melanoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 45098-45105
87. Rollins B.J. Chemokines. Blood 90 (1997) 909-928
88. Romagnani P., Annunziato F., Lazzeri E., Cosmi L., Beltrame C., Lasagni L., Galli G., Francalanci M., Manetti R., Marra F., Vanini V., Maggi E., and Romagnani S. Interferon-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by interferon gamma, and interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant are produced by thymic epithelial cells and attract T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta+ CD8+ single-positive T cells, TCRgammadelta+ T cells, and natural killer-type cells in human thymus. Blood 97 (2001) 601-607
89. Ruschpler P., Lorenz P., Eichler W., Koczan D., Hanel C., Scholz R., Melzer C., Thiesen H.J., and Stiehl P. High CXCR3 expression in synovial mast cells associated with CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression in inflammatory synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 5 (2003) R241-R252
90. Sallusto F., Lenig D., Mackay C.R., and Lanzavecchia A. Flexible programs of chemokine receptor expression on human polarized T helper 1 and 2 lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 187 (1998) 875-883
91. Sarris A.H., Broxmeyer H.E., Wirthmueller U., Karasavvas N., Cooper S., Lu L., Krueger J., and Ravetch J.V. Human interferon-inducible protein 10: Expression and purification of recombinant protein demonstrate inhibition of early human hematopoietic progenitors. J. Exp. Med. 178 (1993) 1127-1132
92. Shields P.L., Morland C.M., Salmon M., Qin S., Hubscher S.G., and Adams D.H. Chemokine and chemokine receptor interactions provide a mechanism for selective T cell recruitment to specific liver compartments within hepatitis C-infected liver. J. Immunol. 163 (1999) 6236-6243
93. Smit M.J., Verdijk P., van der Raaij-Helmer E.M., Navis M., Hensbergen P.J., Leurs R., and Tensen C.P. CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis of human T cells is regulated by a Gi- and phospholipase C-dependent pathway and not via activation of MEK/p44/p42 MAPK nor Akt/PI-3 kinase. Blood 102 (2003) 1959-1965
94. Sorensen T.L., Tani M., Jensen J., Pierce V., Lucchinetti C., Folcik V.A., Qin S., Rottman J., Sellebjerg F., Strieter R.M., Frederiksen J.L., and Ransohoff R.M. Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients. J. Clin. Invest. 103 (1999) 807-815
95. Sorensen T.L., Trebst C., Kivisakk P., Klaege K.L., Majmudar A., Ravid R., Lassmann H., Olsen D.B., Strieter R.M., Ransohoff R.M., and Sellebjerg F. Multiple sclerosis: A study of CXCL10 and CXCR3 co-localization in the inflamed central nervous system. J. Neuroimmunol. 127 (2002) 59-68
96. Soto H., Wang W., Strieter R.M., Copeland N.G., Gilbert D.J., Jenkins N.A., Hedrick J., and Zlotnik A. The CC chemokine 6Ckine binds the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 8205-8210
97. Taub D.D., Turcovski-Corrales S.M., Key M.L., Longo D.L., and Murphy W.J. Chemokines and T lymphocyte activation: I. Beta chemokines costimulate human T lymphocyte activation in vitro. J. Immunol. 156 (1996) 2095-2103
98. Tensen C.P., Flier J., van der Raaij-Helmer E.M., Sampat-Sardjoepersad S., van der Schors R.C., Leurs R., Scheper R.J., Boorsma D.M., and Willemze R. Human IP-9: A keratinocyte-derived high affinity CXC-chemokine ligand for the IP-10/Mig receptor (CXCR3). J. Invest. Dermatol. 112 (1999) 716-722
99. Tran E.H., Prince E.N., and Owens T. IFN-gamma shapes immune invasion of the central nervous system via regulation of chemokines. J. Immunol. 164 (2000) 2759-2768
100. Trapp B.D., Bo L., Mork S., and Chang A. Pathogenesis of tissue injury in MS lesions. J. Neuroimmunol. 98 (1999) 49-56
101. Trebst C., Sorensen T.L., Kivisakk P., Cathcart M.K., Hesselgesser J., Horuk R., Sellebjerg F., Lassmann H., and Ransohoff R.M. CCR1+/CCR5+ mononuclear phagocytes accumulate in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. 159 (2001) 1701-1710
102. Trebst C., Staugaitis S.M., Kivisakk P., Mahad D., Cathcart M.K., Tucky B., Wei T., Rani M.R., Horuk R., Aldape K.D., Pardo C.A., Lucchinetti C.F., Lassmann H., and Ransohoff R.M. CC chemokine receptor 8 in the central nervous system is associated with phagocytic macrophages. Am. J. Pathol. 162 (2003) 427-438
103. Trentin L., Agostini C., Facco M., Piazza F., Perin A., Siviero M., Gurrieri C., Galvan S., Adami F., Zambello R., and Semenzato G. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is expressed on malignant B cells and mediates chemotaxis. J. Clin. Invest. 104 (1999) 115-121
104. Tsunoda I., and Fujinami R.S. Two models for multiple sclerosis: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55 (1996) 673-686
105. Tsunoda I., Lane T.E., Blackett J., and Fujinami R.S. Distinct roles for IP-10/CXCL10 in three animal models, Theiler's virus infection, EAE, and MHV infection, for multiple sclerosis: Implication of differing roles for IP-10. Mult. Scler. 10 (2004) 26-34
106. Tuohy V.K., Yu M., Yin L., Kawczak J.A., Johnson J.M., Mathisen P.M., Weinstock-Guttman B., and Kinkel R.P. The epitope spreading cascade during progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Immunol. Rev. 164 (1998) 93-100
107. Wang X., Li X., Schmidt D.B., Foley J.J., Barone F.C., Ames R.S., and Sarau H.M. Identification and molecular characterization of rat CXCR3: Receptor expression and interferon-inducible protein-10 binding are increased in focal stroke. Mol. Pharmacol. 57 (2000) 1190-1198
108. Wareing M.D., Lyon A.B., Lu B., Gerard C., and Sarawar S.R. Chemokine expression during the development and resolution of a pulmonary leukocyte response to influenza A virus infection in mice. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76 (2004) 886-895
109. Wildbaum G., Netzer N., and Karin N. Plasmid DNA encoding IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 redirects antigen-specific T cell polarization and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 168 (2002) 5885-5892
110. Willimann K., Legler D.F., Loetscher M., Roos R.S., Delgado M.B., Clark-Lewis I., Baggiolini M., and Moser B. The chemokine SLC is expressed in T cell areas of lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissues and attracts activated T cells via CCR7. Eur. J. Immunol. 28 (1998) 2025-2034
111. Wojcik W.J., Swoveland P., Zhang X., and Vanguri P. Chronic intrathecal infusion of phosphorothioate or phosphodiester antisense oligonucleotides against cytokine responsive gene-2/IP-10 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis of lewis rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278 (1996) 404-410
112. Xia M.Q., Bacskai B.J., Knowles R.B., Qin S.X., and Hyman B.T. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on neurons and the elevated expression of its ligand IP-10 in reactive astrocytes: In vitro ERK1/2 activation and role in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 108 (2000) 227-235
113. Zhang Z., Kaptanoglu L., Tang Y., Ivancic D., Rao S.M., Luster A., Barrett T.A., and Fryer J. IP-10-induced recruitment of CXCR3 host T cells is required for small bowel allograft rejection. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 809-818
114. Zlotnik A., and Yoshie O. Chemokines: A new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 12 (2000) 121-127