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Volumn 127, Issue 36, 2005, Pages 12583-12594

Thermodynamic and strain effects in the competition between 5-exo-dig and 6-endo-dig cyclizations of vinyl and aryl radicals

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATION ENERGY; DATA REDUCTION; STRUCTURE (COMPOSITION);

EID: 24744453294     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja052677y     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (89)

References (179)
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    • note
    • a in the IUPAC nomenclature.
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    • The "near-attack" conformation was taken as the reactant to facilitate the comparison with conjugated radicals discussed in the rest of the article. As a result, the experimentally observed barriers for these flexible systems will be different from the computed values.
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    • Experimental precedents for analogues of 1 will be discussed in detail in the following sections. Cyclizations of analogues of radical 2 show strong 5-exo-selectivity: (a) Journet, M.; Malacria, M. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6885.
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    • The Z-fulvene radical obtained from 5 is 0.1 kcal/mol more stable than the E-isomer formed from 6.
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    • note
    • These interactions lead to increased bond order between the radical carbon and adjacent atoms and decreased bonding in the vicinal bonds. Interestingly, the elongation of vicinal C-C bond is more pronounced in the fulvene radical where the only C-C bond is available to delocalize the spin density in contrast to the naphthyl radical where two C-C bonds are involved.
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    • note
    • Moreover, Olivella and Sole had shown that 5-exo product can rearrange in the 6-endo product under conditions when the former radical is not trapped by H-abstraction. Even though the TS for the rearrangement is rather high in energy relative to the 5-exo product, it is still lower in energy than the barrier for direct 6-endo cyclization.
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    • Interestingly, 5-endo-dig cyclization of an isomeric hex-1,3-diene-5-yne- 2-yl radical is also highly sensitive to strain effects. Alabugin, I. V.; Manoharan, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9534.
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    • For a rare example of 6-endo-dig selectivity in reactions of alkyl radicals in polycyclic systems, see: (a) Breithor, M.; Herden, U.; Hoffmann, H. M. R. Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 8401.
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    • The 6-endo-dig cyclizations of vinyl radicals have also been enforced in some cascade reactions where polycyclic strain slowed the alternative 5-exo-dig mode. (c) Albrecht, U.; Wartchow, R.; Hoffmann, H. M. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 910.
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    • This observation is not limited to dig cyclizations. For selected examples of similar strain effects on the competition between radical 6-endo-trig and 5-exo-trig cyclizations, see: (a) Kametani, T.; Honda, T. Heterocycles 1982, 19, 1861.
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    • note
    • Note, however, that the systematic error caused by the first factor can be decreased by limiting the discussion to the relative trends in similar reactions as it is done in this article.
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    • note
    • Note that these barriers are likely to be different from those determined experimentally due to the presence of other conformers of the conformationally flexible reactants. However, the relative barriers for the 5-exo and 6-endo processes can be directly compared with experimental differences because both cyclizations proceed from the same "near-attack" conformer.
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    • note
    • The lower yield in the case of the bis-TFP (tetrafluoropyridinyl) enediyne is due to the formation of acyclic products rather than the competition with 6-endo cyclization.
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    • note
    • Formation of products resulting from addition of the initiating Sn radicals to one of the triple bonds is also possible.


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