Neurobiology of early psychosis

British Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 187, Issue SUPPL. 48, 2005, Pages

  Keshavan, Matcheri S ^a   Berger, Gregor ^b   Zipursky, Robert B ^c   Wood, Stephen J ^b   Pantelis, Christos ^b  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN MALFORMATION; COGNITION; CONFERENCE PAPER; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TEMPORAL LOBE; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW;

BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS;

EID: 23744439185     PISSN: 00071250     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.187.48.s8     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (158)

1. Albus, M., Hubmann, W., Ehrenberg, C., et al (1996) Neuropsychological impairment in first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 246, 249-255.
2. Aleman, A., Hijman, R., de Haan, E. H., et al (1999) Memory impairment in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1358-1366.
3. Allin, M. & Murray, R. M. (2002) Schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorder? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 9-15.
4. Andersen, S. L. (2003) Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity? Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 27, 3-18.
5. Baare, W. F., van Oel, C. J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., et al (2001) Volumes of brain structures in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 33-40.
6. Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., et al (2001) Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 280-288.
7. Bartha, R., Williamson, P. C., Drost, D. J., et al (1997) Measurement of glutamate and glutamine in the medial prefrontal cortex of never-treated schizophrenic patients and healthy controls by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 959-965.
8. Bartha, R., Al-Semaan, Y. M., Williamson, P. C., et al (1999) A short echo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of the left mesial-temporal lobe in first-onset schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1403-1411.
9. Baslow, M. H. (2000) Functions of N-acetyl-L-aspartate and N-acetyl-L-aspartylglutamate in the vertebrate brain: role in glial cell-specific signaling. Journal of Neurochemistry, 75, 453-459.
10. Bayer, T. A., Falkai, P. & Maier, W. (1999) Genetic and non-genetic vulnerability factors in schizophrenia: the basis of the 'two hit hypothesis', Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33, 543-548.
11. Begre, S., Federspiel, A., Kiefer, C., et al (2003) Reduced hippocampal anisotropy related to anteriorization of alpha EEG in schizophrenia. Neuroreport, 14, 739-742.
12. Berger, G. E., Wood, S. J., Pantelis, C., et al (2002) Implications of lipid biology for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 355-366.
13. Bertolino, A., Esposito, G., Callicott, J. H., et al (2000) Specific relationship between prefrontal neuronal N-acetylaspartate and activation of the working memory cortical network in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 26-33.
14. Bertolino, A., Callicott, J. H., Mattay, V. S., et al (2001) The effect of treatment with antipsychotic drugs on brain N-acetylaspartate measures in patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 39-46.
15. Bhakoo, K. K.,Craig, T. J. & Styles, P. (2001) Developmental and regional distribution of aspartoacylase in rat brain tissue. Journal of Neurochemistry, 79, 211-220.
16. Bilder, R. M., Goldman, R. S., Robinson, D., et al (2000) Neuropsychology of first-episode schizophrenia: initial characterization and clinical correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 549-559.
17. Bilder, R. M., Goldman, R. S., Volavka, J., et al (2002) Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1018-1028.
18. Blackwood, D. H., St Clair, D. M., Muir, W. J., et al (1991) Auditory P300 and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenic pedigrees. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 899-909.
19. Brewer, W. J., Pantelis, C., Anderson, V., et al (2001) Stability of olfactory identification deficits in neuroleptic-naive patients with first-episode psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 107-115.
20. Brewer, W. J., Wood, S. J., McGorry, P. D., et al (2003) Olfactory identification ability is impaired in individuals at ultra high-risk for psychosis who later develop schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1790-1794.
21. Buhler, B., Hambrecht, M., Loffler, W., et al (2002) Precipitation and determination of the onset and course of schizophrenia by substance abuse - a retrospective and prospective study of 232 population-based first illness episodes. Schizophrenia Research, 54, 243-251.
22. Byrne, M., Hodges, A., Grant, E., et al (1999) Neuropsychological assessment of young people at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia compared with controls: preliminary findings of the Edinburgh High Risk Study (EHRS). Psychological Medicine, 29, 1161-1173.
23. Cahn, W., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Lems, E. B.T. E., et al (2002) Brain volume changes in first-episode schizophrenia: a 1-year follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 1002-1010.
24. Callicott, J. H. (2003) An expanded role for functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 13, 256-260.
25. Callicott, J. H., Bertolino, A., Mattay, V. S., et al (2000) Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 1078-1092.
26. Cannon, T. D., van Erp, T. G., Huttunen, M., et al (1998) Regional gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid distributions in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1084-1091.
27. Cannon, M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., et al (2002) Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 449-456.
28. 2O PET study during single-trial Stroop task performance. American Journal of Psychiatry. 154, 1670-1675.
29. Catts, S. V., Shelley, A. M., Ward, P. B., et al (1995) Brain potential evidence for an auditory sensory memory deficit in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 213-219.
30. Censits, D. M., Ragland, J. D., Gur, R. C., et al (1997) Neuropsychological evidence supporting a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research, 24, 289-298.
31. Copolov, D., Velakoulis, D., McGorry, P., et al (2000) Neurobiological findings in early phase schizophrenia. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews, 31, 157-165.
32. Cornblatt, B. A. (2002) The New York high risk project to the Hillside recognition and prevention (RAP) program. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 956-966.
33. Cosway, R., Byrne, M., Clafferty, R., et al (2002) Sustained attention in young people at high risk for schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 32, 277-286.
34. Davidson, L. L. & Heinrichs, R.W. (2003) Quantification of frontal and temporal lobe brain-imaging findings in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 122, 69-87.
35. Edwards, J. & McGorry, P. D. (2002) Implementing Early Intervention in Psychosis: A Guide to Establishing Early Psychosis Services. London: Martin Dunitz.
36. Ende, G., Braus, D. F., Walter, S., et al (2000) Effects of age, medication, and illness duration on the N-acetyl aspartate signal of the anterior cingulate region in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 41, 389-395.
37. Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., Rock, D., Roberts, S. A., et al (2000) Attention, memory, and motor skills as childhood predictors of schizophrenia-related psychoses: The New York high-risk project. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1416-1422.
38. Faux, S. F., McCarley, R. W., Nestor, P. G., et al (1993) P300 topographic asymmetries are present in unmedicated schizophrenics. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 88, 32-41.
39. Feinberg, I. (1982) Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 319-334.
40. Feinberg, I. (1990) Cortical pruning and the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 567-570.
41. Fletcher, P., McKenna, P. J., Friston, K. J., et al (1999) Abnormal cingulate modulation of fronto-temporal connectivity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 9, 337-342.
42. Ford, J. M., White, P. M., Csernansky, J. G., et al (1994) ERPs in schizophrenia: effects of antipsychotic medication. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 153-170.
43. Frangou, S., Sharma, T., Alarcon, G., et al (1997) Maudsley Family Study: II. Endogenous event-related potentials in familial schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 23, 45-53.
44. Friedman, D. & Squires-Wheeler, E. (1994) Event-related potentials (ERPs) as indicators of risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 63-74.
45. Fukuzako, H., Fukuzako, T., Hashiguchi, T., et al (1999) Changes in levels of phosphorous metabolites in temporal lobes of drug-naive schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1205-1208.
46. Carver, D. L. (1987) Methodological issues facing the interpretation of high-risk studies: biological heterogeneity. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 525-529.
47. Gold, S., Arndt, S., Nopoulos, P., et al (1999) Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1342-1348.
48. Gur, R. E., Cowell, P., Turetsky, B. I., et al (1998) A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia. Relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioral measures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 145-152.
49. Hambrecht, M., Lammertink, M., Klosterkotter, J., et al (2002) Subjective and objective neuropsychological abnormalities in a psychosis prodrome clinic. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181 (suppl. 43), s30-s37.
50. Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., et al (1987) The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness: II. Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 727-735.
51. Haznedar, M. M., Buchsbaum, M. S., Luu, C., et al (1997) Decreased anterior cingulate gyrus metabolic rate in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 682-684.
52. Heinrichs, R.W. & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998) Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426-445.
53. Hirayasu, Y., Asato, N., Ohta, H., et al (1998) Abnormalities of auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia prior to treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 244-253.
54. Ho, B. C., Alicata, D., Ward, J., et al (2003) Untreated initial psychosis: relation to cognitive deficits and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 142-148.
55. Hoff, A. L., Riordan, H., O'Donnell, D.W., et al (1992) Neuropsychological functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 898-903.
56. Hoff, A. L., Sakuma, M., Wieneke, M., et al (1999) Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1336-1341.
57. Honey, G. D., Bullmore, E. T., Soni, W., et al (1999) Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, 13432-13437.
58. Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Schnack, H. G., Bertens, M. G., et al (2002) Volume changes in gray matter in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 244-250.
59. Hutton, S. B., Puri, B. K., Duncan, L. J., et al (1998) Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 28, 463-473.
60. Javitt, D. C., Shelley, A. & Ritter, W. (2000a) Associated deficits in mismatch negativity generation and tone matching in schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology, III, 1733-1737.
61. Javitt, D. C., Shelley, A. M., Silipo, G., et al (2000b) Deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in schizophrenia: defining the pattern. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 1131-1137.
62. Jeon, Y.W. & Polich, J. (2001) P300 asymmetry in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 104, 61-74.
63. Jessen, F., Fries, T., Kucharski, C., et al (2001) Amplitude reduction of the mismatch negativity in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letters, 309, 185-188.
64. Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, D. C., et al (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Lancet, 2, 924-926.
65. Kato, T., Shioiri, T., Inubushi, T., et al (1993) Brain lithium concentrations measured with lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with affective disorders: relationship to erythrocyte and serum concentrations. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 147-152.
66. Keshavan, M. S. & Schooler, N. R. (1992) First-episode studies of schizophrenia: criteria and characterization. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18, 491-513.
67. Keshavan, M. S. & Hogarty, G. E. (1999) Brain maturational processes and delayed onset in schizophrenia. Developmental Psychopathology, II, 525-543.
68. Keshavan, M. S., Bagwell, W. W. & Haas, G. L. (1994) Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment (letter). Lancet, 344, 1434.
69. Keshavan, M. S., Stanley, J. A. & Pettegrew, J. W. (2000) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia: Methodological issues and findings, Part II. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 369-380.
70. Keshavan, M. S., Dick, E., Mankowski, I., et al (2002a) Decreased left amygdala and hippocampal volumes in young offspring at risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 58, 173-183.
71. Keshavan, M. S., Diwadkar, V. A., Spencer, S. M., et al (2002b) A preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study coffspring of schizophrenic parents. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 26, 1143-1149.
72. Keshavan, M. S., Haas, G., Miewald, J., et al (2003a) Prolonged untreated illness duration from prodromal onset predicts outcome in first episode psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 757-769.
73. Keshavan, M. S., Stanley, J. A., Montrose, D. M., et al (2003b) Prefrontal membrane phospholipid metabolism of child and adolescent offspring at risk for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: an in vivo (3I)P MRS study. Molecular Psychiatry, 8, 316-323.
74. Kimble, M., Lyons, M., O'Donnell, B., et al (2000) The effect of family status and schizotypy on electrophysiologic measures of attention and semantic processing. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 402-412.
75. Kindermann, S. S., Karimi, A., Symonds, L., et al (1997) Review of functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 27, 143-156.
76. Kirkpatrick, B., Buchanan, R. W., Ross, D. E., et al (2001) A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 165-171.
77. Klemm, S., Rzanny, R., Riehemann, S., et al (2001) Cerebral phosphate metabolism in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 958-960.
78. Lawrie, S. M. & Abukmeil, S. S. (1998) Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 110-120.
79. Lawrie, S. M., Whalley, H. C., Abukmeil, S. S., et al (2001) Brain structure, genetic liability, and psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 811-823.
80. Liddle, P. F., Lane, C. J. & Ngan, E.T. (2000) Immediate effects of risperidone on cortico-striatothalamic loops and the hippocampus. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 402-407.
81. Lieberman, J. A., Perkins, D., Belger, A., et al (2001) The early stages of schizophrenia: speculations on pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 884-897.
82. Lieberman, J., Charles, H. C., Sharma, T., et al (2003) Antipsychotic treatment effects on progression of brain pathomorphology in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 293.
83. Lim, K. O., Tew, W., Kushner, M., et al (1996) Cortical gray matter deficit is present in first episode schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1548-1553.
84. Manoach, D. S., Press, D. Z., Thangaraj, V., et al (1999) Schizophrenic subjects activate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task, as measured by fMRI. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1128-1137.
85. Marsh, L., Suddath, R. L., Higgins, N., et al (1994) Medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia: relationship of size to duration of illness. Schizophrenia Research, II, 225-238.
86. Mathalon, D. H., Ford, J. M. & Pfefferbaum, A. (2000) Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: a retrospective longitudinal study. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 434-449.
87. McCarley, R. W., Shenton, M. E., O'Donnell, B. F., et al (1993) Auditory P300 abnormalities and left posterior superior temporal gyrus volume reduction in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 190-197.
88. McCarley, R. W., Salisbury, D. F., Hirayasu, Y., et al (2002) Association between smaller left posterior superior temporal gyrus volume on magnetic resonance imaging and smaller left temporal P300 amplitude in first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 321-331.
89. McCreadie, R. G., Thara, R., Padmavati, R., et al (2002) Structural brain differences between never-treated patients with schizophrenia, with and without dyskinesia, and normal control subjects: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 332-336.
90. McGlashan, T. H. (1996) Early detection and intervention in schizophrenia: research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 327-345.
91. McGorry, P. D. & McConville, S. B. (2000) Insight in psychosis. Harvard Mental Health Letters. 17, 3-5.
92. McGorry, P. D., Harrigan, S. M., Amminger, P., et al (2001) Untreated initial psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 158, 1161-1163.
93. McGorry, P. D., Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., et al (2002) Randomised controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry. 59, 921-928.
94. Meltzer, H. Y. & McGurk, S. R. (1999) The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 233-255.
95. Michie, P. T., Innes-Brown, H., Todd, J., et al (2002) Duration mismatch negativity in biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 52, 749-758.
96. Miller, D. D., Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S., et al (2001) Comparison of the effects of risperidone and haloperidol on regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 704-715.
97. Miller, P., Byrne, M., Hodges, A., et al (2002) Schizotypal components in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia: early findings from the Edinburgh High-Risk Study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 179-184.
98. Mirsky, A. F., Ingraham, L. J. & Kugelmass, S. (1995) Neuropsychological assessment of attention and its pathology in the Israeli cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21, 193-204.
99. Mohamed, S., Paulsen, J. S., O'Leary, D., et al (1999) Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A study of first episode patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 749-754.
100. Moller, H. J. & Von Zerssen, D. (1995) Course and outcome of schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia (eds S. R. Hirsch & D. L. Weinberger). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
101. Murray, R. M. & Lewis, S.W. (1987) Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? (editorial) BMJ, 295, 681-682.
102. Niznikiewkz, M. A., Voglmaier, M. M., Shenton, M. E., et al (2000) Lateralized P3 deficit in schizotypal personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 702-705.
103. Olney, J. W., Newcomer, J. W. & Farber, N. B. (1999) NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33, 523-533.
104. Pantelis, C., Wood, S. J. & Maruff, P. (2002) Schizophrenia. In Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders (ed. A. M. Owen), pp. 217-248. London: Martin Dunitz.
105. Pantelis, C., Velakoulis, D., McGorry, P. D., et al (2003a) Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet, 341, 281-288.
106. Pantelis, C., Wood, S. J., Tarnawski, A., et al (2003b) Verbal paired associate learning in schizophrenia, schizophreniform psychosis and 'at risk' mental state. Schizophrenia Research, 60 (suppl. I), s151-s152.
107. Pantelis, C., Yucel, M., Wood, S. J., et al (2003e) Early and fate neurodevelopmental disturbances in schizophrenia and their functional consequences. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 399-406.
108. Parellada, E., Catafau, A. M., Bernardo, M., et al (1998) The resting and activation issue of hypofrontality: a single photon emission computed tomography study in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-free schizophrenic female patients. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 787-790.
109. Passani, L., Elkabes, S. & Coyle, J. T. (1998) Evidence for the presence of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in cultured oligodendrocytes and UPS activated microglia. Brain Research, 794, 143-145.
110. Pettegrew, J. W., Kashavan, M. S., Panchalingam, K., et al (1991) Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenics. A pilot study of the dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 563-568.
111. Pfefferbaum, A., Zipursky, R. B., Lim, K. O., et al (1988) Computed tomographic evidence for generalized sulcal and ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 633-440.
112. Phillips, L. J., Yung, A. R., Yuen, H. P., et al (2002) Prediction and prevention of transition to psychosis in young people at incipient risk for schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 929-937.
113. Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., et al (2000) Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 1053-1058.
114. Proffitt, T., Pantelis, C., Brewer, W. J., et al (2000) The nature of the memory deficit in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 41, B280.
115. Radwan, M., Hermesh, H., Mintz, M., et al (1991) Event-related potentials in drug-naive schizophrenic patients, biological Psychiatry, 29, 265-272.
116. Riehemann, S., Volz, H. P., Stutzer, P., et al (2001) Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test - A fMRI study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 251, 66-71.
117. Roxborough, H., Muir, W. J., Blackwood, D. H., et al (1993) Neuropsychological and P300 abnormalities in schizophrenics and their relatives. Psychological Medicine, 23, 305-314.
118. Rudkin, T. M. & Arnold, D. L. (1999) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the diagnosis and management of cerebral disorders. Archives of Neurology, 56, 919-926.
119. Salisbury, D. F., Bonner-Jackson, A., Griggs, C. B., et al (2001) Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: does MMN amplitude decline with disease duration? Biological Psychiatry, 49, s85.
120. Salisbury, D. F., Shenton, M. E., Griggs, C. B., et al (2002) Mismatch negativity in chronic schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 686-694.
121. Salisbury, D. F., Krljes, S. & McCarley, R. W. (2003) Electrophysiology of schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia, 2nd edn (eds S. R. Hirsch & D. R. Weinberger). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
122. Saykin, A. J., Shtasel, D., Gur, R. E., et al (1994) Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 124-131.
123. Schreiber, H., Stolz-Born, G., Kornhuber, H. H., et al (1992) Event-related potential correlates of impaired selective attention in children at high risk for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 32, 634-651.
124. Schuepbach, D., Keshavan, M. S., Kmiec, J. A., et al (2002) Negative symptom resolution and improvements in specific cognitive deficits after acute treatment in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 249-261.
125. Sharma, T., Lancaster, E., Lee, D., et al (1998) Brain changes in schizophrenia. Volumetric MRI study of families multiply affected with schizophrenia - the Maudsley Family Study 5. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 132-138.
126. Shenton, M. E., Dickey, C. C., Frumin, M., et al (2001) A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 49, 1-52.
127. Stanley, J. A., Williamson, P. C., Drost, D. J., et al (1995) An in vivo study of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients at different stages of illness via phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 399-406.
128. Stanley, J. A., Pettegrew, J. W. & Keshavan, M. S. (2000) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia: methodological issues and findings - I. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 357-368.
129. Stevens, A. A., Goldman-Rakk, P. S., Gore, J. C., et al (1998) Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1097-1103.
130. Sun, D., Stuart, G. W., Wood, S. J., et al (2003) Progressive frontal lobe reduction in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 208.
131. Theberge, J., Bartha, R., Drost, D. J., et al (2002) Glutamate and glutamine measured with 4.0 T proton MRS in never-treated patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1944-1946.
132. Tsai, G. & Coyle, J. T. (1995) N-acetylaspartate in neuropsychiatric disorders. Progress in Neurobiology, 46, 531-540.
133. Turetsky, B. I., Cannon, T. D. & Gur, R. E. (2000) P300 subcomponent abnormalities in schizophrenia: III. Deficits in unaffected siblings of schizophrenic probands. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 380-390.
134. Umbricht, D., Javitt, D., Novak, G., et al (1998) Effects of clozapine on auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 716-725.
135. Umbricht, D., Schmid, L., Koller, R., et al (2000) Ketamine-induced deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in healthy volunteers: implications for models of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 1139-1147.
136. Umbricht, D., Koller, R., Schmid, L., et al (2003) How specific are deficits in mismatch negativity generation to schizophrenia? Biological Psychiatry, 53, 1120-1131.
137. Urenjak, J., Williams, S. R., Gadian, D. G., et al (1993) Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unambiguously identifies different neural cell types. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 981-989.
138. Vance, A. L., Velakoulis, D., Maruff, P., et al (2000) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and schizophrenia: what have we learnt? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 14-25.
139. Velakoulis, D. & Pantelis, C. (1996) What have we learned from functional imaging studies in schizophrenia? The role of frontal, striatal and temporal areas. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 195-209.
140. Velakoulis, D., Wood, S. J., McGorry, P. D., et al (2000) Evidence for progression of brain structural abnormalities in schizophrenia: beyond the neurodevelopmental model. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, (suppl.) s113-s126.
141. Weickert, T. W., Goldberg, T. E., Gold, J. M., et al (2000) Cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia displaying preserved and compromised intellect. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 907-913.
142. Weinberger, D. R. (1987) Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 660-669.
143. Weinberger, D. R. & McClure, R. K. (2002) Neurotoxicity, neuroplasticity, and magnetic resonance imaging morphometry: what is happening in the schizophrenic brain? Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 553-558.
144. Weinberger, D. R.,Torrey, E. F., Neophytides, A. N., et al (1979) Structural abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of chronic schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 935-939.
145. Weinberger, D. R., Bermatt, K. F., Suddath, R. L., et al (1992) Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: An MRI and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 890-897.
146. Weinberger, D. R., Egan, M. F., Bertolino, A., et al (2001) Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 825-844.
147. Weintraub, S. (1987) Risk factors in schizophrenia: the Stony Brook High-Risk Project. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 439-450.
148. Wolf, L. E. & Cornblatt, B. A. (1996) Neuropsychological functioning in children at risk for schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective (ed. T. R. E. Barnes), pp. 161-182. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
149. Wood, S. J., Velakoulis, D., Smith, D., et al (2001) A longitudinal study of hippocampal volume in first episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 51, 37-46.
150. Wood, S. J., Proffitt, T., Mahony, K., et al (2002) Visuospatial memory and learning in first-episode schizophreniform psychosis and established schizophrenia: a functional correlate of hippocampal pathology? Psychological Medicine, 32, 429-438.
151. Wood, S. J., Pantelis, C., Proffitt, T., et al (2003) Spatial working memory ability is a marker of risk-for-psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1239-1247.
152. Wyatt, R. J. (1991) Early intervention with neuroleptics may decrease the long-term morbidity of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 5, 201-202.
153. Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., Stuart, G. W., et al (2002) Anterior cingulate activation during Stroop task performance: a PET to MRI coregistration study of individual patients with schizophrenia. Americal Journal of Psychiatry. 159, 251-254.
154. Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., McFarlane, C. A., et al (1996) Monitoring and care of young people at incipient risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 283-303.
155. Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., McGorry, P. D., et al (1998) Prediction of psychosis: A step towards indicated prevention of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172(suppl. 33), s14-s20.
156. Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., Yuen, H. P., et al (2003) Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk ("prodromal") group. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 21-32.
157. Zipursky, R. B., Lim, K. O., Rosenbloom, M., et al (1988) Differing effects of duration of illness on CT findings in alcoholism and schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 495-500.
158. Zipursky, R. B., Lambe, E. K., Kapur, S., et al (1998) Cerebral gray matter volume deficits in first episode psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 540-546.