Lateral gene transfer in eukaryotes

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 62, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 1182-1197

  Andersson, J O ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Endosymbiotic gene transfer; Eukaryote phylogeny; Horizontal gene transfer; Lateral gene transfer; Origin of eukaryotes; Phagotrophy; Phylogeny

Indexed keywords

ACETYL COENZYME A SYNTHETASE; ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE; DNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE GAMMA; FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE; GENE PRODUCT; GLUCOKINASE; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE; MALATE DEHYDROGENASE (DECARBOXYLATING); OXIDOREDUCTASE; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP); REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE DEHYDROGENASE; SYNTHETASE; THREONINE DEHYDRATASE; THYMIDINE KINASE;

APICOMPLEXA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; ENDOSYMBIOSIS; ENTAMOEBA; EUKARYOTE; EUKARYOTIC CELL; FLAGELLATE; FUNGUS; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENOME ANALYSIS; HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER; METAZOON; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PROKARYOTE; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; TOBACCO; TRYPANOSOMA;

ANIMALS; EUKARYOTIC CELLS; FUNGI; GENE TRANSFER, HORIZONTAL; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHYLOGENY; PLANTS;

ANIMALIA; EUKARYOTA; FUNGI; PROKARYOTA; PROTISTA;

EID: 21144441817     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-4539-z     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Doolittle W. F. (1999) Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree. Science 284: 2124-2129
2. Ochman H., Lawrence J. G. and Groisman E. A. (2000) Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation. Nature 405: 299-304
3. Boucher Y., Douady C. J., Papke R. T., Walsh D. A., Boudreau M. E. R., Nesbø C. L. et al. (2003) Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups. Annu. Rev. Genet. 37: 283-328
4. Kurland C. G., Canback B. and Berg O. G. (2003) Horizontal gene transfer: a critical view. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 9658-9662
5. Daubin V., Moran N. A. and Ochman H. (2003) Phylogenetics and the cohesion of bacterial genomes. Science 301: 829-832
6. Timmis J. N., Ayliffe M. A., Huang C. Y. and Martin W. (2004) Endosymbiotic gene transfer: organelle genomes forge eukaryotic chromosomes. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5: 123-135
7. The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409: 860-921
8. Stanhope M. J., Lupas A., Italia M. J., Koretke K. K., Volker C. and Brown J. R. (2001) Phylogenetic analyses do not support horizontal gene transfers from bacteria to vertebrates. Nature 411: 940-944
9. Genereux D. P. and Logsdon J. M. Jr (2003) Much ado about bacteria-to-vertebrate lateral gene transfer. Trends Genet. 19: 191-195
10. Andersson J. O., Doolittle W. F. and Nesbø C. L. (2001) Are there bugs in our genome? Science 292: 1848-1850
11. Rosewich U. L. and Kistler H. C. (2000) Role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of fungi. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 38: 325-363
12. Kidwell M. G. (1993) Lateral transfer in natural populations of eukaryotes. Annu. Rev. Genet. 27: 235-256
13. Adams K. L. and Palmer J. D. (2003) Evolution of mitochondrial gene content: gene loss and transfer to the nucleus. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29: 380-395
14. Doolittle W. F. (1998) You are what you eat: a gene transfer ratchet could account for bacterial genes in eukaryotic nuclear genomes. Trends Genet. 14: 307-311
15. Doolittle W. F., Boucher Y., Nesbø C. L., Douady C. J., Andersson J. O. and Roger A. J. (2003) How big is the iceberg of which organellar genes in nuclear genomes are but the tip? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 358: 39-58
16. Gogarten J. P. (2003) Gene transfer: gene swapping craze reaches eukaryotes. Curr. Biol. 13: R53-R54
17. Andersson J. O. and Andersson S. G. E. (1999) Insights into the evolutionary process of genome degradation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9: 664-671
18. Lawrence J. G. and Ochman H. (2002) Reconciling the many faces of lateral gene transfer. Trends Microbiol. 10: 1-4
19. Brown J. R. (2003) Ancient horizontal gene transfer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4: 121-132
20. Lawrence J. G. and Hendrickson H. (2003) Lateral gene transfer: when will adolescence end? Mol. Microbiol. 50: 739-749
21. Ragan M. A. (2001) Detection of lateral gene transfer among microbial genomes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11: 620-626
22. Koonin E. V. (2003) Horizontal gene transfer: the path to maturity. Mol. Microbiol. 50: 725-727
23. Koonin E. V., Makarova K. S. and Aravind L. (2001) Horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes: quantification and classification. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55: 709-742
24. Nesbø C. L., L'Haridon S., Stetter K. O. and Doolittle W. F. (2001) Phylogenetic analyses of two 'archaeal' genes in Thermotoga maritima reveal multiple transfers between Archaea and Bacteria. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18: 362-375
25. Nelson K. E., Clayton R. A., Gill S. R., Gwinn M. L., Dodson R. J., Haft D. H. et al. (1999) Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and Bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima. Nature 399: 323-329
26. Koski L. B. and Golding G. B. (2001) The closest BLAST hit is often not the nearest neighbor. J. Mol. Evol. 52: 540-542
27. Andersson J. O. (2003) Bacterial DNA in the human genome. In: The Encyclopedia of the Human Genome, Cooper D. N. (ed.), Nature Publishing Group, London
28. Lawrence J. G. and Ochman H. (1997) Amelioration of bacterial genomes: rates of change and exchange. J. Mol. Evol. 44: 383-397
29. Lawrence J. G. and Ochman H. (1998) Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9413-9417
30. Richards T. A., Hirt R. P., Williams B. A. and Embley T. M. (2003) Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of parasitic protozoa. Protist 154: 17-32
31. Gogarten J. P., Doolittle W. F. and Lawrence J. G. (2002) Prokaryotic evolution in light of gene transfer. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 2226-2238
32. Baldauf S. L., Roger A. J., Wenk-Siefert I. and Doolittle W. F. (2000) A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. Science 290: 972-977
33. Bapteste E., Brinkmann H., Lee J. A., Moore D. V., Sensen C. W., Gordon P. et al. (2002) The analysis of 100 genes supports the grouping of three highly divergent amoebae: Dictyostelium, Entamoeba and Mastigamoeba. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 1414-1419
34. Huang J., Mullapudi N., Sicheritz-Pontén T. and Kissinger J. C. (2004) A first glimpse into the pattern and scale of gene transfer in Apicomplexa. Int. J. Parasitol. 34: 265-274
35. Huang J., Mullapudi N., Lancto C. A., Scott M., Abrahamsen M. S. and Kissinger J. C. (2004) Phylogenomic evidence supports past endosymbiosis, intracellular and horizontal gene transfer in Cryptosporidium parvum. Genome Biol. 5: R88
36. Striepen B., White M. W., Li C., Guerini M. N., Malik S.-B., Logsdon J. M. Jr et al. (2002) Genetic complementation in apicomplexan parasites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 6304-6309
37. Striepen B., Pruijssers A. J., Huang J., Li C., Gubbels M. J., Umejiego N. N. et al. (2004) Gene transfer in the evolution of parasite nucleotide biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 3154-3159
38. Welch R. A., Burland V., Plunkett G. 3rd. Redford P., Roesch P., Rasko D. et al. (2002) Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 17020-17024
39. Rocap G., Larimer F. W., Lamerdin J., Malfatti S., Chain P., Ahlgren N. A. et al. (2003) Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation. Nature 424: 1042-1047
40. Carlton J. M., Angiuoli S. V., Suh B. B., Kooij T. W., Pertea M., Silva J. C. et al. (2002) Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the model rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. Nature 419: 512-519
41. Andersson J. O. and Roger A. J. (2002) Evolutionary analyses of the small subunit of glutamate synthase: gene order conservation, gene fusions and prokaryote-to-eukaryote lateral gene transfers. Eukaryot. Cell 1: 304-310
42. Hirt R. P., Harriman N., Kajava A. V. and Embley T. M. (2002) A novel potential surface protein in Trichomonas vaginalis contains a leucine-rich repeat shared by micro-organisms from all three domains of life. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 125: 195-199
43. Steele R. E., Hampson S. E., Stover N. A., Kibler D. F. and Bode H. R. (2004) Probable horizontal transfer of a gene between a protist and a cnidarian. Curr. Biol. 14: R298-299
44. Andersson J. O. and Roger A. J. (2003) Evolution of glutamate dehydrogenase genes: evidence for lateral gene transfer within and between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. BMC Evol. Biol. 3: 14
45. Boucher Y. and Doolittle W. F. (2000) The role of lateral gene transfer in the evolution of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways. Mol. Microbiol. 37: 703-716
46. Martin W., Rujan T., Richly E., Hansen A., Cornelsen S., Lins T. et al. (2002) Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 12246-12251
47. Esser C., Ahmadinejad N., Wiegand C., Rotte C., Sebastiani F., Gelius-Dietrich G. et al. (2004) A genome phylogeny for mitochondria among α-proteobacteria and a predominantly eubacterial ancestry of yeast nuclear genes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21: 1643-1660
48. Martin W. (1999) Mosaic bacterial chromosomes: a challenge en route to a tree of genomes. Bioessays 21: 99-104
49. Bensasson D., Zhang D., Hartl D. L. and Hewitt G. M. (2001) Mitochondrial pseudogenes: evolution's misplaced witnesses. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16: 314-321
50. Cavalier-Smith T. (2002) The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52: 297-354
51. Archibald J. M. and Keeling P. J. (2002) Recycled plastids: a 'green movement' in eukaryotic evolution. Trends Genet. 18: 577-584
52. Cavalier-Smith T. (2002) Chloroplast evolution: secondary symbiogenesis and multiple losses. Curr. Biol. 12: R62-64
53. Bhattacharya D., Yoon H. S. and Hackett J. D. (2004) Photosynthetic eukaryotes unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots. Bioessays 26: 50-60
54. Archibald J. M., Rogers M. B., Toop M., Ishida K. and Keeling P. J. (2003) Lateral gene transfer and the evolution of plastid-targeted proteins in the secondary plastid-containing alga Bigelowiella natans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 7678-7683
55. Figge R. M., Schubert M., Brinkmann H. and Cerff R. (1999) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene diversity in eubacteria and eukaryotes: evidence for intra- and inter-kingdom gene transfer. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 429-440
56. Figge R. M. and Cerff R. (2001) GAPDH gene diversity in spirochetes: a paradigm for genetic promiscuity. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18: 2240-2249
57. Takishita K., Ishida K. and Maruyama T. (2003) An enigmatic GAPDH gene in the symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium and its related species (the order Suessiales): possible lateral gene transfer between two eukaryotic algae, dinoflagellate and euglenophyte. Protist 154: 443-454
58. Qian Q. and Keeling P. J. (2001) Diplonemid glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and prokaryote-to-eukaryote lateral gene transfer. Protist 152: 193-201
59. Fagan T. F. and Woodland Hastings J. (2002) Phylogenetic analysis indicates multiple origins of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes in dinoflagellates. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 1203-1207
60. Keeling P. J. and Palmer J. D. (2001) Lateral transfer at the gene and subgenic levels in the evolution of eukaryotic enolase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 10745-10750
61. Harper J. T. and Keeling P. J. (2004) Lateral gene transfer and the complex distribution of insertions in eukaryotic enolase. Gene 340: 227-235
62. Tillmann U. (2004) Interactions between planktonic microalgae and protozoan grazers. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51: 156-168
63. Keeling P. J. and Inagaki Y. (2004) A class of eukaryotic GT-Pase with a punctate distribution suggesting multiple functional replacements of translation elongation factor 1α. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 15380-15385
64. Jain R., Rivera M. C. and Lake J. A. (1999) Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: the complexity hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 3801-3806
65. Andersson J. O., Sarchfield S. W. and Roger A. J. (2004) Gene transfers from Nanoarchaeota to an ancestor of diplomonads and parabasalids. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22: 85-90
66. Pierce R. W. and Turner J. P. (1992) Ecology of planktonic ciliates in marine food webs. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 6: 139-181
67. Clark C. G. and Diamond L. S. (2002) Methods for cultivation of luminal parasitic protists of clinical importance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15: 329-341
68. Diamond L. S. (1968) Improved method for the monoxenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 and E. histolytica-like amebae with trypanosomatids. J. Parasitol. 54: 715-719
69. Won H. and Renner S. S. (2003) Horizontal gene transfer from flowering plants to Gnetum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 10824-10829
70. Bergthorsson U., Adams K. L., Thomason B. and Palmer J. D. (2003) Widespread horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes in flowering plants. Nature 424: 197-201
71. Davis C. C. and Wurdack K. J. (2004) Host-to-parasite gene transfer in flowering plants: phylogenetic evidence from Malpighiales. Science 305: 676-678
72. Wolf Y. I., Aravind L., Grishin N. V. and Koonin E. V. (1999) Evolution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases-analysis of unique domain architectures and phylogenetic trees reveals a complex history of horizontal gene transfer events. Genome Res. 9: 689-710
73. Gamieldien J., Ptitsyn A. and Hide W. (2002) Eukaryotic genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis could have a role in pathogenesis and immunomodulation. Trends Genet. 18: 5-8
74. Kinsella R. J. and McInerney J. O. (2003) Eukaryotic genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Possible alternative explanations. Trends Genet. 19: 687-689
75. Jenkins C., Samudrala R., Anderson I., Hedlund B. P., Petroni G., Michailova N. et al. (2002) Genes for the cytoskeletal protein tubulin in the bacterial genus Prosthecobacter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 17049-17054
76. Petroni G., Spring S., Schleifer K. H., Verni F. and Rosati G. (2000) Defensive extrusive ectosymbionts of Euplotidium (Ciliophora) that contain microtubule-like structures are bacteria related to Verrucomicrobia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 1813-1817
77. Andersson J. O., Sjögren Å. M., Davis L. A. M., Embley T. M. and Roger A. J. (2003) Phylogenetic analyses of diplomonad genes reveal frequent lateral gene transfers affecting eukaryotes. Curr. Biol. 13: 94-104
78. Roger A. J. and Silberman J. D. (2002) Cell evolution: mitochondria in hiding. Nature 418: 827-829
79. Baldauf S. L. (2003) The deep roots of eukaryotes. Science 300: 1703-1706
80. Simpson A. G. and Roger A. J. (2004) The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes. Curr. Biol. 14: R693-696
81. Brugerolle G. and Lee J. J. (2002) Order Diplomonadida. In: An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd edn, vol. pp. 1125-1135, Lee J. J., Leedale G. F., Bradbury P. (eds.), Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas
82. Dujon B., Sherman D., Fischer G., Durrens P., Casaregola S., Lafontaine I. et al. (2004) Genome evolution in yeasts. Nature 430: 35-44
83. Walton J. D. (2000) Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of secondary metabolite gene clusters in fungi: an hypothesis. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30: 167-171
84. Lawrence J. G. and Roth J. R. (1996) Selfish operons: horizontal transfer may drive the evolution of gene clusters. Genetics 143: 1843-1860
85. Kroken S., Glass N. L., Taylor J. W., Yoder O. C. and Turgeon B. G. (2003) Phylogenomic analysis of type I polyketide synthase genes in pathogenic and saprobic ascomycetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 15670-15675
86. Garcia-Vallve S., Romeu A. and Palau J. (2000) Horizontal gene transfer of glycosyl hydrolases of the rumen fungi. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 352-361
87. Temporini E. D. and VanEtten H. D. (2004) An analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of the pea pathogenicity genes of Nectria haematococca MPVI supports the hypothesis of their origin by horizontal transfer and uncovers a potentially new pathogen of garden pea: Neocosmospora boniensis. Curr. Genet. 46: 29-36
88. Nakashima K., Yamada L., Satou Y., Azuma J. and Satoh N. (2004) The evolutionary origin of animal cellulose synthase. Dev. Genes Evol. 214: 81-88
89. Matthysse A. G., Deschet K., Williams M., Marry M., White A. R. and Smith W. C. (2004) A functional cellulose synthase from ascidian epidermis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 986-991
90. Scholl E. H., Thorne J. L., McCarter J. P. and Bird D. M. (2003) Horizontally transferred genes in plant-parasitic nematodes: a high-throughput genomic approach. Genome Biol. 4: R39
91. Kondo N., Nikoh N., Ijichi N., Shimada M. and Fukatsu T. (2002) Genome fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 14280-14285
92. Intrieri M. C. and Buiatti M. (2001) The horizontal transfer of Agrobacterium rhizogenes genes and the evolution of the genus Nicotiana. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 20: 100-110
93. Leander B. S., Kuvardina O. N., Aleshin V. V., Mylnikov A. P. and Keeling P. J. (2003) Molecular phylogeny and surface morphology of Colpodella edax (Alveolata): insights into the phagotrophic ancestry of apicomplexans. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50: 334-340
94. Gupta R. S. and Golding G. B. (1996) The origin of the eukaryotic cell. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21: 166-171
95. Horiike T., Hamada K., Kanaya S. and Shinozawa T. (2001) Origin of eukaryotic cell nuclei by symbiosis of Archaea in Bacteria is revealed by homology-hit analysis. Nat. Cell. Biol. 3: 210-214
96. Hartman H. and Fedorov A. (2002) The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 1420-1425.
97. Gupta R. S. (1998) Protein phylogenies and signature sequences: a reappraisal of evolutionary relationships among archaebacteria, eubacteria and eukaryotes. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 1435-1491
98. Rivera M. C. and Lake J. A. (2004) The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes. Nature 431: 152-155
99. Ribeiro S. and Golding G. B. (1998) The mosaic nature of the eukaryotic nucleus. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15: 779-788
100. Rivera M. C., Jain R., Moore J. E. and Lake J. A. (1998) Genomic evidence for two functionally distinct gene classes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 6239-6244
101. Brown J. R. and Doolittle W. F. (1997) Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61: 456-502
102. Katz L. A. (1999) The tangled web: gene genealogies and the origin of eukaryotes. Am. Nat. 154: S137-S145
103. Katz L. A. (2002) Lateral gene transfers and the evolution of eukaryotes: theories and data. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52: 1893-1900
104. Roger A. J., Sandblom O., Doolittle W. F. and Philippe H. (1999) An evaluation of elongation factor 1 alpha as a phylogenetic marker for eukaryotes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 218-233
105. Stechmann A. and Cavalier-Smith T. (2002) Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion. Science 297: 89-91
106. Archibald J. M., Longet D., Pawlowski J. and Keeling P. J. (2003) A novel polyubiquitin structure in cercozoa and foraminifera: evidence for a new eukaryotic supergroup. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 62-66
107. Dröge M., Pühler A. and Selbitschka W. (1998) Horizontal gene transfer as a biosafety issue: a natural phenomenon of public concern. J. Biotechnol. 64: 75-90
108. Nixon J. E. J., Wang A., Field J., Morrison H. G., McArthur A. G., Sogin M. L. et al. (2002) Evidence for lateral transfer of genes encoding ferredoxins, nitroreductases, NADH oxidase, and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 from anaerobic prokaryotes to Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica. Eukaryot. Cell 1: 181-190
109. Suguri S., Henze K., Sánchez L. B., Moore D. V. and Müller M. (2001) Archaebacterial relationships of the phospho-enolpyruvate carboxykinase gene reveal mosaicism of Giardia intestinalis core metabolism. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48: 493-497
110. van der Giezen M., Cox S. and Tovar J. (2004) The iron-sulfur cluster assembly genes iscS and iscU of Entamoeba histolytica were acquired by horizontal gene transfer. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 7
111. Field J., Rosenthal B. and Samuelson J. (2000) Early lateral transfer of genes encoding malic enzyme, acetyl-CoA synthetase and alcohol dehydrogenases from anaerobic prokaryotes to Entamoeba histolytica. Mol. Microbiol. 38: 446-455
112. de Koning A. P., Brinkman F. S. L., Jones S. J. M. and Keeling P. J. (2000) Lateral gene transfer and metabolic adaptation in the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 1769-1773
113. Henze K., Horner D. S., Suguri S., Moore D. V., Sánchez L. B., Müller M. et al. (2001) Unique phylogenetic relationship of glucokinase and glucosephosphate isomerase of the amitochondriate eukaryotes Giardia intestinalis, Spironucleus barkhanus and Trichomonas vaginalis. Gene 281: 123-131
114. Guindon S. and Gascuel O. (2003) A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst. Biol. 52: 696-704
115. Strimmer K. and von Haeseler A. (1996) Quartet puzzling: a quartet maximum-likelihood method for reconstructing tree topologies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 964-969