Apoptotic regulators in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): Value in prostate cancer detection and prevention

Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 7-13

  Zeng, L ^a   Kyprianou, N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Molecular markers; Prevention and therapeutic targeting; Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasis

Indexed keywords

ACAPODENE; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANTIANDROGEN; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 1B; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; MOLECULAR MARKER; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROTEIN P53; SMAD4 PROTEIN; STEROID 5ALPHA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; TOREMIFENE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTOR 2; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; GROWTH PROMOTOR;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER GRADING; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOGENESIS; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION; DRUG TARGETING; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MALE; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATE EPITHELIUM; PROSTATECTOMY; PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ADENOCARCINOMA; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL TRANSFORMATION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; PATHOLOGY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE TUMOR; RECTUM;

ADENOCARCINOMA; APOPTOSIS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HUMANS; MALE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RECTUM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 20444507175     PISSN: 13657852     EISSN: 14765608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500757     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Weir HK et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1276-1299.
2. Berges RR et al. Implication of cell kinetic changes during the progression of human prostatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 473-480.
3. Tu H, Jacobs SC, Borkowski A, Kyprianou N. Incidence of apoptosis and cell proliferation in prostate cancer: Relationship with TGF-β and bcl-2 expression. Int J Cancer 1996; 69: 357-363.
4. Foster CS et al. Cellular and molecular pathology of prostate cancer precursors. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000; 205 (Suppl): 19-43.
5. Sakr WA, Partin AW. Histological markers of risk and the role of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology 2001; 57: 115-120.
6. Sakr WA et al. Age and racial distribution of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur Urol 1996; 30: 138-144.
7. Bostwick DG. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for cancer. Semin Urol Oncol 1999; 17: 187-198.
8. McNeal JE, Bostwick DG. Intraductal dysplasia: A premalignant lesion of the prostate. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 64-71.
9. Bostwick DG, Brawer MK. Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and early invasion in prostate cancer. Cancer 1987; 59: 788-794.
10. Qian J, Wollan P, Bostwick DG. The extent and multicentricity of high grade intraepithial neoplasia in clinically localized prostatic adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 143-148.
11. Chen JZ et al. Extensive somatic mitochondrial mutations in primary prostate cancer using laser capture microdissection. Cancer Res 2000; 62: 6470-6474.
12. Zeng L, Rowland RG, Lele SM, Kyprianou N. Apoptotic profiling of premalignant and malignant human prostate. Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 290-297.
13. Bruckheimer EB, Kyprianou N. Apoptosis in prostate carcinogenesis: A growth regulator and a therapeutic target. Cell Tissue Res 2000; 301: 152-162.
14. Malkin D et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer sarcomas and other neoplasms. Science 1990; 250: 1233-1238.
15. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991; 253: 492-495.
16. Bauer JJ et al. p53 nuclear protein expression is an independent prognostic marker in clinically localized prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1295-1300.
17. Krupsky T, Petroni GR, Frienson HG, Theodorescu D. Microvessel density, p53, retinoblastoma, and chromogranin A immunohistochemistry as predictors of disease-specific survival following radical prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate. Urology 2000; 55: 743-749.
18. Borner MM et al. Drug-induced apoptosis is not necessarily dependent on macromolecular synthesis of proliferation in the p53-negative human prostate cell line PC3. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2122-2128.
19. Kuczyk MA et al. The prognostic value of p53 for long-term and recurrence-free survival following radical prostatectomy. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 679-686.
20. Stapleton AMF et al. Assessment of the biological markers p53, Ki-67, and apoptotic index as predictive indicators of prostate carcinoma recurrence after surgery. Cancer 1998; 82: 168-175.
21. Myers RB, Oelschlager D, Srivastava S. Accumulation of the p53 protein occurs more frequently in metastatic than in localized prostatic adenocarcinomas. Prostate 1998; 25: 243-248.
22. Tamboli P, Amin MB, Xu HJ. Immunohistochemical expression of retinoblastoma and p53 tumor suppressor genes in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: Comparison with prostate adenocarcinoma and benign prostate. Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 247-252.
23. Bottner M, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K. The transforming growth factor-betas: Structure, signaling, and roles in nervous system development and functions. J Neurochem 2000; 75: 2227-2240.
24. Dünker N, Schuster N, Krieglstein K. Transforming growth factor beta modulates programmed cell death in the retina of the developing chick embryo. Development 2001; 128: 1933-1942.
25. Roberts AB, Wakefield LM. The two faces of transforming growth factor in carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 8621-8623.
26. Guo Y, Kyprianou N. Restoration of transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway in human prostate cancer suppresses tumorigenicity via induction of caspase-1-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res 1999; 15: 1366-1371.
27. Cardillo MR, Petrangeli E, Perracchio L. Transforming growth factor-β expression in prostate neoplasia. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2000; 22: 1-10.
28. Massague J, Wotton D. Transcriptional control by the TGF-β/Smad signaling system. EMBO J 2000; 19: 1745-1754.
29. Larisch S et al. A novel mitochondrial septin-like protein, ARTS, mediates apoptosis dependent on its P-loop motif. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2: 915-921.
30. Kim I et al. Loss of expression of transforming growth factor-β receptors is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 1625-1630.
31. Gold L. The role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in human cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 1999; 10: 303-360.
32. Taketo MM, Takatu K. Gastro-intestinal tumorigenesis in Smad4 mutant mice. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2000; 11: 147-157.
33. Brodin G et al. Increased Smad expression and activation are associated with apoptosis in normal and malignant prostate after castration. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 2731-2738.
34. Kip1-deficient cells. Curr Biol 1999; 9: 163-173.
35. Kip1: A multifunctional cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with prognostic significance in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1999; 154: 313-323.
36. Kip1. J Clin Invesrt 1996; 97: 1983-1988.
37. Kip1 protein in human prostate cancer correlates with tumor grade. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 2269-2274.
38. Kip1 protein: Prognostic implications in primary breast cancer. Nat Med 1997; 3: 227-230.
39. Esposito V et al. Prognostic role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 3381-3385.
40. Loda M et al. Increased proteasome-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in aggressive colorectal carcinomas. Nat Med 1997; 3: 231-234.
41. Kip1 expression correlates with tumor grade and with reduced disease-free survival in primary superficial bladder cancers. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3245-3250.
42. Kip1 is a novel prognostic factor in localized human prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 542-548.
43. Kip1 levels with recurrence and survival in patients with stage C prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 916-920.
44. Kip1 in normal hyperplastic and neoplastic cells. Am J Pathol 1998; 153: 911-919.
45. Carrano AC et al. SKP2 is required for ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the CDK inhibitor p27. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1: 193-199.
46. Kip1 degradation and induces S phase in quiescent cells. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1: 207-214.
47. Mamillapalli R et al. PTEN regulates the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the CDK inhibitor p27(KIP1) through the ubiquitin E3 ligase SCF9(SKP2). Curr Biol 2001; 11: 263-367.
48. Kip1 and of its ubiquitin ligase subunit Skp2 in colorectal carcinomas. Cancer 2001; 91: 1745-1751.
49. Yang G et al. Elevated Skp2 protein expression in human prostate cancer: association with loss of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and PTEN and with reduced recurrence-free survival. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 3419-3426.
50. Sakr WA et al. Epidemiology of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000; 205 (Suppl): 11-18.
51. Sakr WA, Haas GP, Cassin BJ. Frequency of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma in young males. J Urol 1993; 150: 379-385.
52. Greenberg N et al. Prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 3439-3443.
53. Kasper S et al. Development, progression, and androgen-dependence of prostate tumors in probasin-large T antigen transgenic mice: A model for prostate cancer. Lab Invest 1998; 78: 1-15.
54. Stanbrough M et al. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in mice expressing an androgen receptor transgene in prostate epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 10823-10828.
55. DiGiovanni J et al. Deregulated expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in prostate epithelium leads to neoplasia in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 3455-3460.
56. Masumori N et al. A probasin-large T antigen transgenic mouse line develops prostate adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma with metastatic potential. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 2239-2249.
57. Henshall SM et al. Overexpression of the cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4A in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia predicts early relapse in prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer 2001; 7: 544-550.
58. Song ZG et al. Fibroblast growth factor 8 isoform b overexpression in prostate epithelium: A new mouse model for prostatic intraepithelial neoplasial. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 5096-5105.
59. Gary KL et al. Follow up interval prostate biopsy 3 years after diagnosis of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with high likelihood of prostate cancer, independent of change in prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 2002; 168: 1415-1418.
60. Park S, Shinohara K, Grossfeld GD, Carroll P. Prostate cancer detection in men with prior high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia or atypical prostate biopsy. J Urol 2001; 165: 1409-1414.
61. Langer JE, Rovner ES, Coleman BG. Strategy for repeat biopsy of patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia detected by prostate needle biopsy. J Urol 1996; 155: 228-232.
62. Raghow S, Hooshdaran MZ, Katiyar S, Steiner MS. Toremifene prevents prostate cancer in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 1370-1376.
63. Cunha GR, Wang YZ, Hayward SW, Risbridger GP. Estrogenic effects on prostatic differentiation and carcinogenesis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2001; 13: 285-296.
64. Sugiura T et al. Combination chemotherapy with JTE-522, a novel selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and cisplatin against gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. In vivo 2003; 17: 229-233.
65. Gataly S, Kerbel R. Therapeutic potential of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in the management of tumor angiogenesis. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2003; 37: 179-183.
66. Yoshida K et al. A COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide, inhibits chemically-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis through suppression of cell proliferation activity and COX-2 and iNOS expression. Histol Histopathol 2003; 18: 39-48.
67. Rao CV et al. Chemopreventive properties of a selective inducible nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor in colon carcinogenesis, administered alone or in combination with celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 165-170.
68. Guise TA, Yin JJ, Mohammad KS. Role of endothelin-1 in osteoblastic bone metastases. Cancer 2003; 97: 779-784.
69. Kopetz ES, Nelson JB, Carducci MA. Endothehn-1 as a target for therapeutic intervention in prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs 2002; 20: 173-182.
70. Krzystyniak KL. Current strategies for anticancer chemoprevention and chemoprotection. Acta Pol Pharm 2002; 59: 473-478.
71. Pollak M, Beamer W, Zhang JC. Insulin-like growth factors and prostate cancer. Cancer Metast Rev 1999; 17: 283-287.
72. Brawley OW. Hormonal prevention of prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2003; 21: 67-72.
73. Satoh T et al. Adenoviral vector-mediated mRTVP-1 gene therapy for prostate cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14: 91-101.
74. Nicholson B, Theodorescu D. Molecular therapeutics in prostate cancer. Histol Histopathol 2003; 18: 275-298.
75. Pantuck AJ et al. New biologicals for prostate cancer prevention: Genes, vaccines, and immune-based interventions. Urology 2001; 57 (suppl): 95-99.
76. Wheeler TM. Influence of irradiation and androgen ablation on prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur Urol 1996; 30: 261-264.
77. Trump DL et al. Androgen antagonists: Potential role in prostate cancer prevention. Urol 2001; 57 (Suppl): 64-67.
78. Tolcher AW et al. Other novel agents: Rationale and current status as chemopreventive agents. Urol 2001; 57 (Suppl): 86-89.
79. Steiner MS, Raghow S, Neubauer BL. Selective estrogen receptor modulators for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Urol 2001; 57 (Suppl 1): 68-72.
80. Alberts S, Blute M. Chemoprevention for prostatic carcinoma: The role of flutamide in patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urol 2001; 57 (Suppl 1): 188-190.
81. Blaji KC, Rabbani F, Tsai H. Effect of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy on prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and its prognostic significance. J Urol 1999; 162: 753-757.
82. Montironi R, Santinelli A, Mazzucchelli R. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer. Panminerva Med 2002; 44: 213-220.
83. van der Kwast TH, Labrie F, Tetu B. Persistence of high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia under combined androgen blockade therapy. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 1503-1507.
84. Vaillancourt L et al. Effect of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (combined androgen blockade) on normal prostate and prostatic carcinoma: A randomized study. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20: 86-93.