The biotechnology of wine yeast

Food Biotechnology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 63-96

  Bisson, Linda F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Fermentation; Gene expression; Saccharomyces; Selectable markers; Strain construction; Wine yeast

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOLS; BEVERAGES; DEXTROSE; ETHANOL; FERMENTATION; FOOD PROCESSING; GENES; WINE; YEAST;

GENETIC MANIPULATION; GRAPES;

BIOTECHNOLOGY;

SACCHAROMYCES; VITACEAE; VITIS SP.;

EID: 1842713088     PISSN: 08905436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/FBT-120030385     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Akada, R., Hirosawa, I., Kawahata, M., Hoshida, H., Nishizawa, Y. (2000). Sets of integrating plasmids and gene disruption cassettes containing improved counter-selectable makers designed for repeated use in budding yeast. Yeast 19:393-402.
2. Akada, R., Shimizu, Y., Mastsushita, Y., Kawahata, H., Nishizawa, Y. (2002). Use of a YAP1 overexpression cassette conferring specific resistance to cerulenin and cycloheximide as an efficient selectable maker in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 19:17-28.
3. Amberg, D. C., Botstein, D., Beasley, E. M. (1995). Precise gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by double fusion polymerase chain reaction. Yeast 11:1275-1280.
4. Ansanay, V., Dequin, S., Blondin, B., Barre, P. (1993). Cloning, sequence and expression of the gene encoding the malolactic enzyme from Lactococcus lactis. FEBS Lett. 332:74-80.
5. Backhus, L. E., DeRisi, J., Bisson, L. F. (2001). Functional genomic analysis of a commercial wine strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under differing nitrogen conditions. FEMS Yeast Res. 1:111-125.
6. Bardi, L., Cocito, C., Marzona, M. (1999). Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell fatty acid composition and release during fermentation without aeration and in absence of exogenous lipids. Int. J. Food Micro. 47:133-140.
7. Bardi, L., Crivelli, C., Marzona, M. (1998). Esterase activity and release of ethyl esters of medium chain fatty acids by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during anaerobic growth. Can. J. Micro. 44:1171-1176.
8. Bauer, F. F., Pretorius, I. S. (2000). Yeast stress response and fermentation efficiency: how to survive the making of wine - a review. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. 21:5-26.
9. Benitez, T., Gasent-Ramirez, J. M., Castrejon, F., Codon, A. C. (1996). Development of new strains for the food industry. Biotech. Prog. 12:149-163.
10. Bisson, L. F. (1999). Stuck and sluggish fermentations. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 50:1-13.
11. Bisson, L. F., Kunkee, R. E. (1991). Microbial interactions during wine production. In: Zeikus, G., Johnson, E. A., eds. Mixed Cultures in Biotechnology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 37-68.
12. Boeke, J. D., Lacroute, F., Fink, G. R. (1984). A positive selection for mutants lacking orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase activity in yeast: 5-fluoro-orotic acid resistance. Mol. Gen. Genet. 197:345-346.
13. Boulton, R. B., Singleton, V. L., Bisson, L., Kunkee, R. E. (1996). Principles and Practices of Winemaking. 1st ed. New York: Chapman Hall.
14. Cantwell, B., Brazil, G., Hurley, J., McConnell, D. (1986). Expression of the gene for the endo-β-1,3-1,3-glucanase from Bacillus subtilis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from CYC1 and ADH1 promoters. Curr. Genet. 11:65-70.
15. Cavalieri, D., Townsend, J. P., Hartl, D. L. (2000). Manifold anomalies in gene expression in a vineyard isolate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed by DNA microarray analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 97:12369-12374.
16. Chattoo, B. B., Sherman, F., Azubalis, D. A., Fjellstedt, T. A., Mehnert, D., Ogur, M. (1979). Selection of lys2 mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the utilization of α-aminoadipate. Genetics 93:51-65.
17. Codon, A. C., Benitez, T., Korhola, M. (1998). Chromosomal polymorphism and adaptation to specific industrial environments of Saccharomyces strains. App. Microbiol. Biotech. 49:154-163.
18. Cost, G. J., Boeke, J. D. (1996). A useful colony colour phenotype associated with the yeast selectable/counter-selectable marker MET15. Yeast 12:939-941.
19. Cox, B. S. (1995). Genetic analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In: Wheals, A. E., Rose, A. H., eds. The Yeasts, Volume 6, Yeast Genetics. London: Academic Press, 7-67.
20. Crous, J. M., Pretorius, I. S., Van Zyl, W. H. (1995). Cloning and expression of an Aspergillus kawachii endo 1,4-β-xylanase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Genet. 28:467-473.
21. Crowhurst, M. D., Rikkevrink, E. H. A. (1994). The pectin lyase encoding gene (pnl) family from Glomerella cingulata: characterization of pnlA and its expression in yeast. Gene. 142:141-146.
22. Denayrolles, M., Aigle, M., Lonvaud-Funel, A. (1993). Functional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the Lactococcus lactis mleS gene encoding the malolactic enzyme. FEMS Micro. Lett. 125:37-44.
23. DeRisi, J., Van den Hazel, B., Marc, P., Balzi, E., Brown, P., Jacq, C., Goffeau, A. (2000). Genome microarray analysis of transcriptional activation in multidrug resistance yeast mutants. FEBS Lett. 470:156-160.
24. DeRisi, J. L., Iyer, V. R., Brown, P. O. (1997). Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science 278:680-686.
25. Dupin, I. V. S., McKinnon, B. M., Ryan, C., Boulay, M., Markides, A. J., Jones, G. P., Williams, P. J., Waters, E. (2000). Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannoproteins that protect wine from protein haze: their release during fermentation and lees contact and a proposal for their mechanism of action. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:3098-3105.
26. Ebeler, S. E. (2001). Analytical chemistry: unlocking the secrets of wine flavor. Food Rev. Int. 17:45-64.
27. Eglinton, J. M., Heinrich, A. J., Pollnitz, A. P., Langridge, P., Henschke, P. A., de Barros Lopes, M. (2002). Decreasing acetic acid accumulation by a glycerol over-producing strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by deleting the ALD6 aldehyde dehydrogenase gene. Yeast 19:295-301.
28. Enari, T. M. (1991). Genetic modification of food and beverage yeast. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 646:181-192.
29. Entian, K. D., Kotter, P. (1998). Yeast mutant and plasmid collections. In: Brown, A. J. P., Tuite, M. F., eds. Yeast Gene Analysis. San Diego: Academic Press, 431-449.
30. Fukuda, H., Kizaki, Y. (1999). A new transformation system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with blasticidin S deaminase gene. Biotech. Letts. 21:969-971.
31. Fukuda, K., Yamamoto, N., Kiyokawa, Y., Yanagiuchi, T., Wakai, Y., Kitamoto, Y., Inoue, Y., Kimura, A. (1998). Balance of activities of alcohol acetyltransferase and esterase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for production of isoamyl acetate. App. Environ. Micro. 64:4076-4078.
32. Funk, M., Niedenthal, R., Mamberg, D., Brinkmann, K., Ronicke, V., Henkel, T. (2002). Vector systems for heterologous expression of proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: Guthrie, C., Fink, G. R., eds. Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Part B, Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 350. New York: Academic Press, 248-257.
33. Futcher, B., Latter, G. I., Monardo, P., McLaughlin, C. S., Garrels, J. I. (1999). A sampling of the yeast proteome. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:7357-7368.
34. Ganga, M. A., Pinaga, F., Valles, S., Ramon, D., Querol, A. (1999). Aroma improving microvinification processes by use of a recombinant yeast strain expressing the Aspergillus nidulans xlnA gene. Int. J. Food Micro. 47:171-178.
35. Gasch, A. P., Spellman, P. T., Kao, C. M., Carmel-Huvel, O., Eisen, M. B., Storz, G., Botstein, D., Brown, P. O. (2000). Genomic expression programs in the response of yeast cells to environmental changes. Mol. Biol. Cell. 11:4241-4257.
36. Georgieva, B., Rothstein, R. (2002). Kar-mediated plasmid transfer between yeast strains: alternative to traditional transformation methods. In: Guthrie, C., Fink, G. R., eds. Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Part B, Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 350. New York: Academic Press, 278-289.
37. Goffeau, A., Barrell, B. G., Bussey, H., Davis, R. W., Dujon, B., Feldmann, H., Galibert, F., Hoheisel, J. D., Jacq, C., Johnston, M., Louis, E. J., Mewes, H. W., Murakami, Y., Philippsen, P., Tettelin, H., Oliver, S. G. (1996). Life with 6000 genes. Science 274:546-547.
38. Goldstein, A. L., McCusker, J. H. (1999). Three new dominant drug resistance cassettes fro gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 15:1541-1553.
39. Gonzalez-Candelas, L., Gil, J. V., Lamuela-Raventos, P. R., Ramon, D. (2000). The use of transgeneic yeast expressing a gene encoding a glycosyl-hydrolase as a tool to increase resveratrol content in wine. Int. J. Food Micro. 59:179-183.
40. Guerrini, S., Mangani, S., Granchi, L., Vincenzini, M. (2002). Biogenic amine production by Oenococcus oeni. Curr. Mircobiol. 44:374-378.
41. Herskowitz, I., Oshima, Y. (1981). Control of cell type in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mating type and mating-type interconversion. In: Strathern, J. N., Jones, E. W., Broach, J. R., eds. The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces: Life Cycle and Inheritance. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 181-209.
42. Hottiger, T., Kuhla, J., Pohlig, G., Fuerst, P., Spielmann, A., Garn, M., Haemmerli, S., Heim, J. (1995). 2-μm vectors containing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothinein gene a selectable marker: excellent stability in complex media, and high-level expression of a recombinant protein from a CUP1-promoter controlled expression cassette in cis. Yeast 11:1-14.
43. Javelot, C., Griard, P., Colonna-Ceccaldi, B., Vladescu, B. (1991). Introduction of terpene-producing ability in a wine strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biotech. 21:239-252.
44. Jiranek, V., Langridge, P., Henschke, P. A. (1996). Determination of sulphite reductase activity and its response to assimilable nitrogen status in a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast. J. App. Bacteriol. 81:329-336.
45. Johnston, J. R., Baccari, C., Mortimer, R. K. (2000). Genotypic characterization of strains of commercial wine yeasts by tetrad analysis. Res. Microbiol. 151:583-590.
46. Kang, J. J., Watson, R. M., Fisher, M. E., Higuchi, R., Gelfand, D. H., Holland, M. J. (2000). Transcript quantitation in total yeast cellular RNA using kinetic PCR. Nuc. Acids Res. 28:1-8.
47. Kidwell, M. G., Lisch, D. R. (2000). Transposable elements and host genome evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15:95-99.
48. Kozovska, Z., Maraz, A., Magyar, I., Subik, J. (2001). Multidrug resistance as a dominant molecular marker in transformation of wine yeast. J. Biotech. 92:27-35.
49. Lachance, M. A., Stramer, W. T. (1998). Ecology and yeasts. In: Kurtzman, C. P., Fell, J. W., eds. The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study. Amsterdam: Elsevier Sciences, 21-30.
50. Lagace, L. S., Bisson, L. F. (1990). Survey of yeast acid proteases for effectiveness of wine haze reduction. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 41:147-155.
51. LaGrange, D. C., Pretorius, I. S., Van Zyl, W. H. (1996). Expression of the Trichoderma reesei β-xylanase gene (XYN2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. App. Environ. Micro. 62:1036-1044.
52. Laing, E., Pretorius, S. (1993). Co-expression of an Erwinia chrysanthemi pectate lyase-encoding gene (pelE) and an Erwinia carotovora poly-galacturonase-encoding gene (peh1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. App. Micro. Biotech. 39:181-188.
53. Lang, C., Looman, A. C. (1995). Efficient expression and secretion of Aspergillus niger RH5344 polygalacturonase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. App. Micro. Biotech. 44:147-156.
54. Lecrenier, N., Foury, F., Goffeau, A. (1998). Two-hybrid systematic screening of the yeast proteome. Bio Essays 20:1-6.
55. Lilly, M., Lambrechts, M. G., Pretorius, I. S. (2000). Effect of increased yeast alcohol acetyltransferase activity on flavor profiles of wine and distillates. App. Environ. Micro. 66:744-753.
56. Luttig, M., Pretorius, I. S., Van Zyl, W. H. (1997). Cloning of two β-xylanase-encoding genes from Aspergillus niger and their expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotech. Lett. 19:411-415.
57. Magarifuchi, T., Goto, K., Kuniyasu, I., Tade, M., Tamura, G. (1995). Effect of yeast fumarase gene (FUM1) disruption on production of malic, fumaric and succinic acids in sake mash. J. Ferm. Bioeng. 80:355-362.
58. Marinoni, G., Manuel, M., Peterson, R. F., Hvidtfeldt, J., Sulo, P., Piskur, J. (1999). Horizontal transfer of genetic material among Saccharomyces yeasts. J. Bacteriol. 181:6488-6496.
59. Masneuf, I., Murat, M.-L., Naumov, G. I., Tominaga, T., Dubordieu, D. (2002). Hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae x Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum having a high liberating ability of some sulfur varietal aromas of Vitis vinifera Sauvignon blanc wines. J. Int. Sci. Vigne Vin. 36:205-212.
60. Michnick, S., Roustan, J. L., Remise, F., Barre, P., Dequin, S. (1997). Modulation of glycerol and ethanol yields during alcoholic fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressed or disrupted for GPD1 encoding glycerol 3-phosphate deyhdrogenase. Yeast 13:783-793.
61. Miklos, I., Varga, T., Nagy, A., Sipiczki, M. (1997). Genome instability and chromosome rearrangements in a heterothallic wine yeast. J. Basic Microbiol. 37:345-354.
62. Monteiro, F. F., Trousdale, E. K., Bisson, L. F. (1989). Ethyl carbamate formation in wine: use of radioactively labeled precursors to demonstrate the involvement of urea. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 40:1-8.
63. Mortimer, R., Polsinelli, M. (1999). On the origins of wine yeast. Res. Microbiol. 150:199-204.
64. Murat, M.-L., Masneuf, I., Darriet, P., Lavigne, V., Tominaga, T., Dubourdieu, D. (2000). Effect of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains on the liberation of volatile thiols in Sauvignon blanc wines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 52:136-139.
65. Olesen, K., Johannesen, P. F., Hoffman, L., Sorensen, S. B., Gjermansen, C., Hansen, J. (2000). The pYC plasmids, a series of cassette-based yeast plasmid vectors providing means of counter-selection. Yeast 16:1035-1043.
66. Ooi, T., Micamiguchi, K., Kawaguchi, T., Okada, H., Murao, S., Arai, M. (1994). Expression of the cellulase (F1-CMCase) gene of Aspergilllus aculeatus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotech. Biochem. 58:954-956.
67. Ough, C. S. (1976). Ethyl carbamate in fermented beverages and foods: I. Naturally occurring ethyl carbamate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24:323-327.
68. Ough, C. S., Crowell, E. A., Gutlove, B. R. (1998). Carbamyl compound reactions with ethanol. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 39:139-142.
69. Park, H., Lopez, N. I., Bakalinsky, A. T. (1999). Use of sulfite resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a dominant selectable marker. Curr. Genet. 36:339-344.
70. Perez-Gonzalez, J. A., Gonzalez, R., Querol, A., Sendra, J., Ramon, D. (1993). Construction of a recombinant wine yeast strain expressing β-(1,4)-endoglucanase and its use in microvinification processes. App. Environ. Micro. 59:2801-2906.
71. Pretorius, I. S. (2000). Tailoring wine yeast for the new millennium: novel approaches to the ancient art of winemaking. Yeast 16:675-729.
72. Pretorius, I. S., Van der Westhuizen, T. J., Augustyn, O. P. H. (1999). Yeast biodiversity in vineyards and wineries and its importance to the South African wine industry. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. 20:61-74.
73. Puig, S., Querol, A., Barrio, E., Perez-Ortin, J. E. (2000). Mitotic recombination and genetic changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during wine fermentation. App. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2057-2061.
74. Puig, S., Querol, A., Ramon, D., Perez-Ortin, J. E. (1996). Evaluation of the use of phase-specific gene promoters for the expression of enological enzymes in an industrial wine yeast strain. Biotech. Letts. 18:887-892.
75. Querol, A., Ramon, D. (1996). The application of molecular techniques in wine microbiology. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 7:73-78.
76. Rachidi, N., Barre, P., Blondin, B. (1999). Multiple Ty-mediated chromosomal translocations lead to karyotype changes in a wine strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 261:841-850.
77. Reid, R. J. D., Lisby, M., Rothstein, R. (2002). Cloning-free genome alterations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: Guthrie, C., Fink, G. R., eds. Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Part B, Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 350. New York: Academic Press, 258-277.
78. Remize, F., Roustan, J. L., Sablayrolles, J. M., Barre, P., Dequin, S. (1999). Glycerol overproduction by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast strains leads to substantial changes in by-product formation and to stimulation of fermentation rate in stationary phase. App. Environ. Micro. 65:143-149.
79. + acetaldehyde dehydrogenases Ald6p and Ald4p in acetate formation during alcoholic fermentation. App. Environ. Micro. 66:3151-3159.
80. Rose, M. D. (1995). Modern and postmodern genetics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: Wheals, A. E., Rose, A. H., eds. The Yeasts, Volume 6, Yeast Genetics. London: Academic Press, 69-120.
81. Salmon, J. M., Barre, P. (1998). Improvement of nitrogen assimilation and fermentation kinetics under enological conditions by derepression of alternative nitrogen-assimilatory pathways in an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. App. Environ. Micro. 64:3831-3837.
82. Schena, M., Shalon, D., Davis, R. W., Brown, P. O. (1995). Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science 270:467-470.
83. Schmidt, M., Coemer, A., Greg, M., Brendel, M. (1997). Genetic engineering of baker's and wine yeasts using formaldehyde hyperresistance- mediating plasmids. Brz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 30:1407-1414.
84. Schoeman, H., Vivier, M. A., Du Toit, M., Dicks, L. M. T., Pretorius, I. S. (1999). The development of bactericidal yeast strains by expressing the Pediococcus acidilactici pediocin gene (pedA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 15:647-656.
85. Shevchenko, A., Jensen, O. N., Podtelejnikov, A. V., Sagliocco, F., Wilm, M., Vorm, O., Mortensen, P., Boucherie, H., Mann, M. (1996). Linking genome and proteome by mass spectrometry: large scale identification of yeast proteins from two dimensional gels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 93:14440-14445.
86. Shinohara, T., Mamiya, S., Yanagida, F. (1997). Introduction of flocculation property into wine yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by hybridization. J. Ferm. Bioeng. 83:96-101.
87. Sikorski, R. S., Hieter, P. (1989). A system of shuttle vectors and yeast host strains designed for efficient manipulation of DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:19-27.
88. Singh, A., Sherman, F. (1974). Association of methionine requirement with methyl mercury resistance mutants of yeast. Nature 247:227-229.
89. Skipper, N. A., Bozzato, R. P., Velter, D., Davis, R. W., Wong, R., Hopper, J. E. (1987). Use of the melibiase promoter and signal peptide to express a bacterial cellulase from yeast. In: Stewart, G. G., Russell, P. R., Klein, R. D., Hiebsch, R. R., eds. Biological Research in Industrial Yeast. 137-148.
90. Spencer, J. F. T., Spencer, D. M., Reynolds, N. (1987). Protoplast fusion for the improvement of industrial yeasts. In: Proceedings of the Alko Symposium on Industrial Yeast Genetics. Helsinki, 27-42.
91. Steiner, S., Philippsen, P. (1994). Sequence and promoter analysis of the highly expressed TEF gene of the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 242:263-271.
92. Thornton, R. J. (1987). An introduction to the genetics of industrial yeasts. In: Proceedings of the Alko Symposium on Industrial Yeast Genetics. Helsinki, 11-25.
93. Tominaga, T., Baltenweck-Guyot, R., Peyrot des Gachons, C., Dubourdieu, D. (2000). Contribution of volatile thiols to the aromas of white wines made from several Vitis vinifera grape varieties. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 51:178-181.
94. Uetz, P., Giot, L., Cagney, G., Mansfield, T. A., Judson, R. S., Knight, J. R., Lockshon, D., Narayan, V., Srinivasan, M., Pochart, P., Qureshi-Emili, A., Li, Y., Godwin, B., Conover, D., Kalbfleisch, T., Vijayadamodar, G., Yang, M., Johnston, M., Fields, S., Rothberg, J. M. (2000). A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 403:623-627.
95. Van Den Berg, M. A., Steensma, H. Y. (1997). Expression cassette for formaldehyde and fluoroacetate resistance, two dominant markers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 13:551-559.
96. Van Rensburg, P., Van Zyl, W. H., Pretorius, I. S. (1996). Co-expression of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase gene and a Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Genet. 30:246-250.
97. Van Rensburg, P., Van Zyl, W. H., Pretorius, I. S. (1997). Over-expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exo-β-1,3-glucanase gene together with the Bacillus subtilis endo-β-1,3-1,4 glucanase gene and the Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene in yeast. J. Biotech. 55:43-53.
98. Van Rensburg, P., Van Zyl, W. H., Pretorius, I. S. (1998). Engineering yeast for efficient cellulose degradation. Yeast 14:67-76.
99. Van Wyk, C. J., Rogers, I. M. (2000). A "phenolic" off-odor in white table wines: causes and methods to diminish its occurrence. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. 31:52-57.
100. Van Zyl, W. H., Lodolo, E. J., Gericke, M. (1993). Conversion of homothallic yeast to heterothallism through HO gene disruption. Genetics 23:290-294.
101. Vaughan, A., Martini, A. (1995). Facts, myths and legends on the prime industrial microorganism. J. Indust. Microbiol. 14:514-522.
102. Vidal, M., Gaber, R. F. (1994). Selectable marker replacement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 10:141-149.
103. Volschenk, H., Viljoen, M., Grobler, J., Bauer, F., Lonvaud-Funel, A., Denayrolles, M., Subden, R. E., Van Vuuren, H. J. J. (1997b). Malolactic fermentation in grape must by a genetically engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 48:193-197.
104. Volschenk, H., Vilijoen, M., Grobler, J., Petzold, B., Bauer, F., Subden, R. E., Young, R. A., Lonvaud, A., Denayrolles, M., Van Vuuren, H. J. J. (1997a). Engineering pathways for malate degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature Biotech. 15:253-257.
105. Voth, W. P., Jiang, Y. W., Stillman, D. J. (2003). New "marker swap" plasmids for converting selectable markers on budding yeast gene disruptions and plasmids. Yeast 20:985-993.
106. Wach, A., Bracht, A., Rebischung, C., Steiner, S., Pokorni, K., Tetteesen, S., Philippsen, P. (1998). PCR-based gene targeting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: Brown, A. J. P., Tuite, M. F., eds. Yeast Gene Analysis. San Diego: Academic Press, 67-81.
107. Williams, S. A., Hodges, R. A., Strike, T. L., Snow, R., Kunkee, R. E. (1988). Cloning the gene for the malolactic fermentation of wine from Lactobacillus delbruekii in Escherichia coli and yeasts. App. Environ. Micro. 47:288-293.
108. Winzeler, E. A., Richards, D. R., Conway, A. R., Goldstein, A. L., Kalman, S., McCullough, M. J., McCusker, J. H., Stevens, D. A., Wodicka, L., Lockhart, D. J., Davis, R. W. (1998). Direct allelic variation scanning of the yeast genome. Science 281:1194-1197.
109. Wu, L. F., Hughes, T. R., Davierwala, A. P., Robinson, M. D., Stoughton, R., Altschuler, S. J. (2002). Large-scale prediction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene function using overlapping transcriptional clusters. Nature Genet. 31:255-265.