Chemically induced renal tubule tumors in the laboratory rat and mouse: Review of the NCI/NTP database and categorization of renal carcinogens based on mechanistic information

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 211-299

  Lock, Edward A ^a,c   Hard, Gordon C ^b  

^a JEALOTT S HILL INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b Medical University of South Carolina ^*

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 AMINO 2 METHYLANTHRAQUINONE; 1 AMINO 2,4 DIBROMOANTHRAQUINONE; 1 PHENYLETHANOL; 1,2,3 TRICHLOROPROPANE; 1,4 DICHLOROBENZENE; 2,3 DIBROMOPROPANOL; ALPHA 2 GLOBULIN; ANTHRAQUINONE; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; CARCINOGEN; CHLOROFORM; CHLOROTHALONIL; CITRUS OIL; DECALIN; FUMONISIN B1; GLYCEROL; HEXACHLOROETHANE; ISOPHORONE; LIMONENE; METHOXSALEN; NITROFURANTOIN; OCHRATOXIN; PENTACHLOROETHANE; PHOSPHORIC ACID TRIS(2 CHLOROETHYL) ESTER; PHOSPHORIC ACID TRIS(2,3 DIBROMOPROPYL) ESTER; POTASSIUM BROMATE; TERT BUTYL ALCOHOL; TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

CANCER INCIDENCE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL LOSS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL REGENERATION; CYTOTOXICITY; DATA BASE; DNA DAMAGE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; EPIGENETICS; INFECTION; KIDNEY TUBULE; KIDNEY TUMOR; METASTASIS; MOUSE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PSORIASIS; RAT; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; TURNOVER TIME; VITILIGO;

ADENOMA; ANIMALS; CARCINOGENICITY TESTS; CARCINOGENS; DATABASES, FACTUAL; FEMALE; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; KIDNEY TUBULES; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED STRAINS; NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS; NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (U.S.); RATS; RATS, INBRED F344; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; CITRUS; RATTUS NORVEGICUS; RODENTIA;

EID: 1842617483     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408440490265210     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Alden, C.L., and Frith, C.H. (1991). Urinary system. In Handbook of toxicologic pathology, eds. W.M. Haschek and G.G. Rousseau, pp. 315-387. San Diego: Academic Press.
2. Allis, J.W., and Zhao, G. (2002). Quantitative evaluation of bromodichloromethane metabolism by recombinant rat and human cytochrome P450s. Chem. Biol. Interact. 140:137-153.
3. Anders, M.W., and Dekant, W. (1998). Glutathione-dependant bioactivation of haloalkenes. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 38:501-537.
4. Andersen, M., Brusick, D., Cohen, S., Dragan, Y., Frederick, C., Goodman, J.I., Hard, G., Meek, B., and O'Flaherty, E.J. (1998). Letter to the editor. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 153:133-136.
5. Andersen, M.E., Meek, E., Boorman, G.A., Brusick, D.J., Cohen, S.M., Dragan, Y.P., Frederick, C.B., Goodman, J.I., Hard, G.C., O'Flaherty, E.J., and Robinson, D.E. (2000). Lessons learned in applying the U.S. EPA proposed guidelines to specific compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 53:159-172.
6. Anderson, R.L., Bishop, W.E., and Campbell, R.L. (1985). A review of the environmental and mammalian toxicology of nitrilotriacetic acid. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 15:1-102.
7. Anonymous. (1996). NTP renal toxicity studies of selected halogenated ethanes administered by gavage to F344/N rats. Toxic. Rep. Ser. 45:C1-C3
8. Anver, M.R., Cohen, B.J., Lattuada, C.J.P., and Foster, S.J. (1982). Age-associated lesions in barrier-reared male Sprague-Dawley rats: A comparison between Hap:(SD) and Crl:COBS®CD®SD stocks. Exp. Aging Res. 8:3-24.
9. Aranda, M., Perez-Alzola, L.P., Elahuene, M.F., and Sepulveda, C. (2000). Assessment of in vitro mutagenicity in Salmonella and in vivo genotoxicity in mice of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1. Mutagenesis 15:469-471.
10. Ashby, J.A. (1996). α2μ-Globulin nephropathy in white ravens. Environ. Health Perspect. 104:1264.
11. Ashby, J.A., and Tennant, R.W. (1994). Prediction of rodent carcinogenicity for 44 chemicals; results. Mutat. Res. 9:7-15.
12. 2μ-globulin: Association with chemically induced renal toxicity and neoplasia in the male rat. Risk Assessment Forum, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
13. Barthold, S.W. (1979). Chronic progressive nephropathy in aging rats. Toxicol. Pathol. 7:1-6.
14. Bennington, J.L. (1973). Cancer of the kidney - Etiology, epidemiology, and pathology. Cancer 32:1017-1029.
15. Birnauer, U., Birner, W., Dekant, W., and Henschler, D. (1996). Biotransformation of trichloroethene: Dose-dependant excretion of 2,2,2,-trichlorometabolites and mercapturic acids in rats and humans after inhalation. Arch. Toxicol. 70:338-346.
16. Birner, G., Rutowska, A., and Dekant, W. (1996). N-Acetyl-S-(1,2,2- trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, two novel metabolites of tetrachloroethene in human after occupational exposure. Drug Metab. Dispos. 24:41-48.
17. Blum, A., Gold, M.D., Ames, B.N., Kenyon, C., Jones, F.R., Hett, E.A., Dougherty, R.C., Homing, E.C., Dzidic, I., Carroll, D.I., Stillwell, R.N., and Thenot, J.-P. (1978). Children absorb Tris BP flame retardant from sleepware: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol. Science 201:1020-1023.
18. Blumbach, K., Pahler, A., Deger, H.M., and Dekant, W. (2000). Biotransformation and male rat-specific renal toxicity of diethyl ethyl- and dimethyl methylphosphonate. Toxicol. Sci. 53:24-32.
19. Boorman, G.A., McDonald, M.R., Imoto, S., and Persing, R. (1992). Renal lesions induced by ochratoxin A exposure in F344 rats. Toxicol. Pathol. 20:236-245.
20. Borghoff, S.J., Lehman-McKeeman, L.D., Short, B.G., Hard, G.C., and Swenberg, J.A. (1993). Critique of R Melnick's "An alternative hypothesis on the role of chemically induced protein droplet (α2μ-globulin) nephropathy in renal carcinogenesis." Regal. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 18:357-364.
21. Boyd, M.R., Catignani, G.L., Sasame, H.A., Mitchell, J.R., and Stiko, A.W. (1979). Acute pulmonary injury in rats by nitrofurantoin and modification by vitamin E, dietary fat and oxygen. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120:93-99.
22. Bruning, T., and Bolt, H.M. (2000). Renal toxicity and carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: key results, mechanisms, and controversies. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 30:253-285.
23. 1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 9:454-468.
24. Bucher, J.R., Haseman, J.K., Herbert, R.A., Hejtmancik, M., and Ryan, M.J. (1998). Toxicity and carcinogenicity of oxazepam in the Fischer 344 rat. Toxicol. Sci. 42:1-12.
25. 1 mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 31:248-256.
26. Caldwell, D.J. (1999). Review of mononuclear cell leukemia in F-344 rat bioassays and its significance to human cancer risk: A case study using alkyl phosphates. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 30:45-53.
27. Carlton, B.D., Aubrun, J.-C., and Simon, G.S. (1996). Effects of coumarin following perinatal and chronic exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats and CD-1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 30:145-151.
28. Castegnaro, M., Mohr, U., Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., Esteve, J., Steinmann, J., Tillmann, T., Michelon, J., and Bartsch, H. (1998). Sex- and strain-specific induction of renal tumours by ochratoxin A in rats correlates with DNA adduction. Int. J. Cancer 77:70-75.
29. Chan, P.C., Haseman, J.K., Mahler, J., and Aranyi, C. (1998). Tumor induction in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice following inhalation exposure to ethylbenzene. Toxicol. Lett. 99:23-32.
30. Chapman, D.E., Michner, S.R., and Powis, G. (1991). Metabolism of the flame retardant plasticizer tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate by human and rat liver preparations. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 17:215-224.
31. 2μ- globulin in 1,4-dichlorobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99:122-132.
32. Chaudhuri, B.N., Kleywegt, G.J., Lehman-McKeeman, L.D., and Jones, T.A. (1999). The structures of alpha 2μ-globulin and its complex with a hyaline droplet inducer. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 55:753-762.
33. Chhabra, R.S., Herbert, R.A., Roycroft, J.H., Chou, B., Miller, R.A., and Renne, R.A. (1998). Carcinogenesis studies of tetrahydrofuran vapors in rats and mice. Toxicol. Sci. 41:183-188.
34. 3. Cancer Lett. 74:141-145.
35. Cirvello, J.D., Radovsky, A., Heath, J.E., Farnell, D.R., and Lindamood, C. (1995). Toxicity and carcinogenicity of t-butyl alcohol in rats and mice following chronic exposure in drinking water. Toxicol. Ind. Health 11:151-165.
36. Cohen, A.J. (1979). Critical review of the toxicology of coumarin with special reference to interspecies differences in the metabolism and hepatotoxic response and their significance to man. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 17:277-289.
37. Cohen, S.M. (1998). Cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. Drug Metab. Rev. 30:339-357.
38. Cohen, S.M., and Ellwein, L.B. (1990). Cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. Science 249:1007-1011.
39. Commandeur, J.N.M., deKanter, F.J.J., and Vermeulen, N.P.E. (1989). Bioactivation of the cysteine conjugate and mercapturic acid of tetrafluoroethylene to thioacylating reactive intermediates in the rat. Mol. Pharmacol. 36:654-663.
40. Cottrell, L., Golding, B.T., Munter, T., and Watson, W.P. (2001). In vitro metabolism of chloroprene: Species differences, epoxide stereochemistry and de-chlorination pathway. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14:1552-1562
41. Cousins, M.J., Mazze, R.I., Kosek, J.C., Hitt, B.A., and Love, F.V. (1974). The etiology of methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 190:530-541.
42. Cuppage, F.E., Chiga, M., and Tate, A. (1972). Cell cycle studies in the regenerating rat nephron following injury with mercuric chloride. Lab. Invest. 26:122-126.
43. Dekant, W., Metzler, M., and Henschler, D. (1986a). Identification of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-N-acetyl cysteine as a urinary metabolite of trichloroethylene: A possible explanation for its nephrocarcinogenicity in male rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35:2455-2458.
44. Dekant, W., Vamvakas, S., Berthold, K., Schmidt, S., Wild, D., and Henschler, D. (1986b). Bacterial β-lyase mediated cleavage and mutagenicity of cysteine conjugates derived from the nephrocarcinogenic alkenes trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and hexachlorobutadiene. Chem. Biol. Interact. 60:31-45.
45. De Marini, D.M., Shelton, M.L., Warren, S.H., Ross, T.M., Shim, J.-Y., Richard, A.M., and Pegram, R.A. (1997). Glutathione S-transferase-mediated induction of GC → AT transition by halomethanes in Salmonella. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 30:440-447.
46. Dietrich, D.R. (1995). Alpha 2μ-globulin: Species- and sex-specific protein synthesis and excretion, association with chemically induced renal toxicity and neoplasia in the male rat and relevance in human cancer risk assessment. Rev. Biochem. Toxicol. 11:115-180.
47. 2μ-globulin hypothesis. Environ. Health. Perspect. 105:898-901.
48. Dietrich, D.R., and Swenberg, J.A. (1990). Lindane induces nephropathy and renal accumulation of α2μ-globulin in male but not in female Fischer 344 rats or male NBR rats. Toxicol. Lett. 53:179-181.
49. 2μ) nephropathy. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 16:749-762.
50. 2μ-globulin is necessary for d-limonene promotion of male rat kidney tumours. Cancer Res. 51:3512-3521.
51. Dietrich, D.R., and Swenberg, J.A. (1991c). Preneoplastic lesions in rodent kidney induced spontaneously or by non-genotoxic agents: Predictive nature and comparison to lesions induced by genotoxic carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 248:239-260.
52. 2μ-Globulin nephropathy and carcinogenicity following exposure to decalin (decahydronaphthalene) in F344/N rats. Toxicol. Sci. 42:223-234.
53. 2μ-Globulin nephropathy without nephrocarcinogenesis in male Wistar rats administered 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 111:375-387.
54. 12 and folate deficiency leads to increased formic acid excretion in the rat. Toxicology 146:123-136.
55. Dragan, Y.P., Bidlack, W.R., Cohen, S.M., Goldsworthy, T.L., Hard, G.C., Howard, P.C., and Riley, R.T. (2001). Implications of apoptosis for toxicity, carcinogenicity, and risk assessment: Fumonisin B1 as an example. Toxicol. Sci. 61:6-17.
56. Dunnick, J.K., and Hailey, J.R. (1992). Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with Quercetin, a natural component of foods. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 19:423-431.
57. Dunnick, J.K., and Hailey, J.R. (1996). Phenolphthalein exposure causes multiple carcinogenic effects in experimental models. Cancer Res. 56:4922-4926.
58. Dunnick, J.K., Eustis, S.L., and Haseman, J.K. (1988). Development of kidney tumors in the male F344/N rat after treatment with dimethyl methylphosphonate. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 11:91-99.
59. Dybing, E., Omichinski, J.G., Soderlund, E.J., Brunborg, G., Lag, M., Holme, J.A., and Nelson, S.D. (1989). Mutagenicity and organ damage of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DCBP) and tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Tris-BP): Role of metabolic activation. Rev. Biochem. Toxicol. 10:139-186.
60. Ebina, Y., Okada, S., Hamazaki, S., Ogino, F., Li, J.-L., and Midorikawa, O. (1986). Nephrotoxicity and renal carcinoma after use of iron- and aluminium-nitrilotriacetate complexes in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76:107-113.
61. El Adlouni, C., Pinelli, E., Azemar, B., Zaoui, D., Beaune, P., and Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. (2000). Phenobarbital increases DNA adducts and metabolites formed by ochratoxin: Role of CYP2C9 and microsomal glutathione-S-transferase. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 35:123-131.
62. Elcombe, C.R., Odum, J., Foster, J.R., Stone, S., Hasmall, S., Soames, A.R., Kimber, I., and Ashby, J. (2002). Prediction of rodent nongenotoxic carcinogenesis: Evaluation of biochemical and tissue changes in rodents following exposure to nine nongenotoxic NTP carcinogens. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:363-374.
63. 32P-postlabeling in the kidneys of male and female Fischer 344 rats after multiple gavage doses of hydroquinone. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23:391-396.
64. Engstrom, K.M. (1984). Metabolism of inhaled ethylbenzene in rats. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 10:83-87.
65. Eustis, S.L., Hailey, J.R., Boorman, G.A., and Haseman, J.K. (1994). The utility of multiple-section sampling in the histopathological evaluation of the kidney of carcinogenicity studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 22:457-472.
66. Eustis, S.L., Haseman, J.K., Mackenzie, W.F., and Abdo, K.M. (1995). Toxicity and carcinogenicity of 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol in F344/N and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 26:41-50.
67. Floyd, R.A. (1990). The role of 8-hydroxyguanine in carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 11:1447-1450.
68. Fukuda, K., Takemoto, K., and Tsurata, H. (1983). Inhalation carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene in mice and rats. Ind. Health 21:243-254.
69. Galloway, S.M., Armstrong, M.J., Reuben, C. et al. (1987). Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells: Evaluations of 108 chemicals. Environ Mol. Mutagen. 10(Suppl. 10):1-175.
70. Gamer, A.O., Jaeckh, R., Leibold, E., Kaufmann, W., Gembardt, C., Bahnemann, R., and van Ravenzwaay, B. (2002). Investigations on cell proliferation and enzyme induction in male rat kidney and female mouse liver caused by tetrahydrofuran. Toxicol. Sci. 70:140-149.
71. Gautier, J., Richoz, J., Welti, D.H., Markovic, J., Gremaud, E., Guengerich, F.P., and Turesky, R.J. (2001a). Metabolism of ochratoxin A: Absence of formation of derivatives by human and rat enzymes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14:34-45.
72. Gautier, J.C., Holzhaeuser, D., Markovic, J., Gremaud, E., Schilter, B., and Turesky, R.J. (2000b). Oxidative damage and stress response from ochratoxin A exposure in rats. Free Radical Biol. Med. 15:1089-1098.
73. George, M.N., Olson, G.R., Doerfler, D., Moore, T., Kilburn, S., and DeAngelo, A.B. (2002). Carcinogenicity of bromodichloromethane administered in drinking water to male F344/n rats and B6C3F1 mice. Int. J Toxicol. 21:219-230.
74. Giri, U., Iqbal, M., and Athar, M. (1999). Coppernitrilotriacetate (CU-NTA) is a potent inducer of proliferative response both in liver and kidney but is a complete renal carcinogen. Int. J. Oncol. 14:799-806
75. Gocke, E., King, M.-T., Eckhardt, K., and Wild, D. (1981). Mutagenicity of cosmetic ingredients licensed by the European Communities. Mutat. Res. 90:91-109.
76. Goeptar, A.R., Commandeur, J.N.M., van Ommen, B., van Bladeren, P.J., and Vermeulen, N.P.E. (1995). Metabolism and kinetics of trichloroethylene in relation to toxicity and carcinogenicity. Relevance of the mercapturic acid pathway. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8:3-21.
77. Goldsworthy, T.L., Lyght, O., Burnett, V.L., and Popp, J.A. (1988). Potential role of α-2μ-globulin, protein droplet accumulation, and cell replication in the renal carcinogenicity of rats exposed to trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and pentachloroethane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 96:367-369.
78. Gram, T.E. (1997). Chemically reactive intermediates and pulmonary xenobiotic toxicity. Pharmacol. Rev. 49:297-341.
79. Gray, J.E. (1977). Chronic progressive nephrosis in the albino rat. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 5:115-144.
80. Green, T., Odum, J., Nash, J.A., and Foster, J.R. (1990). Perchloroethylene-induced rat kidney tumours: An investigation of the mechanisms involved and their relevance to humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103:77-89.
81. Green, T., and Odum, J. (1985). Structure/activity studies of the nephrotoxic and mutagenic action of cysteine conjugates of chloro- and fluoroalkenes. Chem. Biol. Interact. 54:15-31.
82. Green, T., Dow, J., Ellis, M.K., Foster, J.R., and Odum, J. (1997). The role of glutathione in the development of kidney tumours in rats exposed to trichloroethylene. Chem. Biol. Interact. 105:99-117.
83. Green, T., Dow, J., Foster, J.R., and Hext, P.H. (1998). Formic acid excretion in rats exposed to trichloroethylene: A possible explanation for renal toxicity in long-term studies. Toxicology 127:39-47.
84. Grosse, Y., Baudrimont, I., Castegnaro, M., Betbeder, A.M., Creppy, E.E., Dirheimer, G., and PfohlLeszkowic, A. (1995). Formation of ochratoxin A metabolites and DNA-adducts in monkey kidney cells. Chem. Biol. Interact. 95:175-187.
85. Hakura, A., Mochida, H., Tsutsui, Y., and Yamatsu, K. (1995). Mutagenicity of benzoquinones for Ames Salmonella tester strains. Mutat. Res. 347:37-43.
86. Hakura, A., Tsutsui, Y., Mochida, H., Sugihara, Y., Mikami, T., and Sagami, F. (1996). Mutagenicity of dihydroxybenzenes and dihydroxynaphthalenes for Ames Salmonella tester strains. Mutat. Res. 371:293-299.
87. Hard, G.C. (1984). High frequency single-dose model of renal adenoma/carcinoma using dimethylnitrosamine in Crl:(W)BR rats. Carcinogenesis 5:1047-1050.
88. Hard, G.C. (1990). Tumours of the kidney, renal pelvis and ureter. In Pathology of tumours in laboratory animals, vol. 1, Tumours of the rat, 2nd ed., eds. V.S. Turusov and U. Mohr, pp. 301-344. IARC Scientific Publication No 99. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
89. Hard, G.C. (1998). Mechanisms of chemically induced renal carcinogenesis in the laboratory rodent. Toxicol. Pathol. 26:104-112.
90. Hard, G.C. (1999). Comparative kidney carcinogenesis in laboratory rodents and humans. In Carcinogenicity. Testing, predicting and interpreting chemical effects, ed. K.T. Kitchin, pp. 439-466. New York: Marcel Dekker.
91. Hard, G.C. (2000). Histopathologic evaluation of rat kidney from toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with ochratoxin A. Expert Report submitted by International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), Washington, DC, to JECFA/WHO/FAO, Geneva.
92. Hard, G.C. (2002). Significance of the renal effects of ethyl benzene in rodents for assessing human carcinogenic risk. Toxicol. Sci. 69:30-41.
93. Hard, G.C., Alden, C.L., Bruner, R.H., Frith, C.H., Lewis, R.M., Owen, R.A., Krieg, K., and Durchfeld-Meyer, B. (1999). Non-proliferative lesions of the kidney and lower urinary tract in rats. In Guides for Toxicologic Pathology, pp. 1-32. Washington, DC: STP/ARP/AFIP.
94. Hard, G.C., Alden, C.L., Stula, E.F., and Trump, B.F. (1995). Proliferative lesions of the kidney in rats. In Guides for Toxicologic Pathology, pp. 1-19. Washington, DC: STP/ARP/AFIP.
95. Hard, G.C., Howard, P.C., Kovatch, R.M., and Bucci, T.J. (2001). Rat kidney pathology induced by chronic exposure to fumonisin B1 includes rare variants of renal tubule tumor. Toxicol. Pathol. 29:379-386.
96. Hard, G.C., and Whysner, J. (1994). Risk assessment of d-limonene: An example of male rat-specific renal tumorigens. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 24:231-254.
97. 2μ-globulin, hyaline droplet nephropathy, and tubule neoplasia in the kidneys of male rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 99:313-349.
98. Hard, G.C., Whysner, J., English, J.C., Zang, E., and Williams, G.M. (1997). Relationship of hydroquinone-associated renal tumors with spontaneous chronic progressive nephropathy. Toxicol. Pathol. 25:132-143.
99. Hard, G.C., Boorman, G.A., and Wolf, D.C. (2000). Reevaluation of the 2-year chloroform drinking water carcinogeniicty bioassay in Osborne-Mendel rats supports renal tubule injury as the mode of action underlying the renal tumor response. Toxicol. Sci. 53:237-244.
100. Harleman, J.H., and Seinen, W. (1979). Short-term toxicity and reproduction studies in rats with hexachloro-(1,3)-butadiene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 47:1-14.
101. Harrington-Brock, K., Parker, L., Doerr, C., Cimino, M.C., and Moore, M.M. (1991). Analysis of the genotoxicity of anthraquinone dyes in the mouse lymphoma assay. Mutagenesis 6:35-46.
102. Heddle, J.A. (1998). The role of proliferation in the origins of mutations in mammalian cells. Drug Metab. Rev. 30:327-338.
103. Henschler, D., Romen, W., Elsasser, H.M., Reichert, D., Eder, E., and Radwan, Z. (1980). Carcinogenicity studies of trichloroethylene by long term inhalation exposure in three animal species. Arch. Toxicol. 43:237-248.
104. Hiasa, Y., Ohshima, M., Iwata, C., and Tanikake, T. (1979). Histopathological studies on renal tubular cell tumours in rats treated with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine. Gann 70:817-820.
105. Hiasa, Y., Kitahori, Y., Konisi, N., Enoki, N., Shimoyama, T., and Miyashiro, A. (1984). Trisodium nitriloacetate monohydrate: Promoting effect on the development of renal tubular cell tumors in rats treated with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 72:483-489.
106. Hill, B.A., Kleiner, H.E., Ryan, E.A., Dulik, D.M., Monks, T.J., and Lau, S.S. (1993). Identification of multi-S-substituted conjugates of hydroquinone by HPLC-coulometric electrode array analysis and mass spectroscopy. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 6:459-469.
107. Himmelstein, M.W., Gladnick, N.L., Donner, E.M., Snyder, R.D., and Valentine, R. (2001). In vitro genotoxicity testing of (1-chlorethenyl)oxirane, a metabolite of β-chloroprene. Chem. Biol. Interact. 135-136:703-713.
108. Hirono, I., Ueno, I., Hosaka, S., Takanishi, H., Matsushima, T., Sugimura, T., and Natori, S. (1981). Carcinogenic examination of quercetin and rutin in ACI rats. Cancer Lett. 13:15-21.
109. Hong, J., Pan, J., Dong, Z., Ning, S.M., and Yang, C.S. (1987). Regulation of N-nitroso dimethylamine demethylase in rat liver and kidney. Cancer Res. 47:5948-5953.
110. Howard, P.C., Eppley, R.M., Stack, M.E., Warbritton, A., Voss, K.A., Lorentzen, R.J., Kovach, R.M., and Bucci, T.J. (2000a). Fumonisin B1 carcinogenicity in a two-year feeding study using F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 109(suppl. 2):277-282.
111. Howard, P.C., Warbritton, A., Voss, K.A., Lorentzen, R.J., Thurman, J.D., Kovach, R.M., and Bucci, T.J. (2000b). Compensatory regeneration as a mechanism for renal tubule carcinogenesis of fumonisin B1 in the F344/Nctr BR rat. Environ. Health Perspect. 109(suppl. 2):309-314.
112. Huff, J. (1996). Response to α2μ-globulin nephropathy, posed mechanisms, and white ravens. Environ Health Perspect. 104:1264-1267.
113. IARC. (1999a). Consensus report. In Species differences in thyroid, kidney and urinary bladder carcinogenesis, eds. C.C. Capen, E. Dybing, J.M. Rice, and J.D. Wilbourn, pp. 1-14. IARC Scientific Publications No. 147. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
114. IARC. (1999b). Chloroform. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 73, Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances. International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Press, Lyon. chloroform, pp. 131-182; chlorothalonil, pp. 183-193; potassium bromate, pp. 481-496; quercetin, pp. 497-515.
115. IARC. (2000). Triethanolamine. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 77, Some Industrial Chemicals. International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Press, Lyon, pp. 381-401.
116. Ilett, K.F., Reid, W.D., Sipes, I.G., and Krishna, G. (1973). Chloroform toxicity in mice: Correlation of renal and hepatic necrosis with covalent binding of metabolites to tissue macromolecules. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 19:215-229.
117. IPCS. (1994). Chloroform. Environmental Health Criteria 163. Geneva: World Health Organization. International Programme of Chemical Safety.
118. IPCS. (1998).Flame retardants: Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate. Environmental Health Criteria 209. Geneva: World Health Organization. International Programme of Chemical Safety.
119. Irwin, R.D., Haseman, J.K., and Eustis, S.L. (1995). 1,2,3- Trichloropropane; A multisite carcinogen in rats and mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 25:241-252.
120. Irwin, R.D., French, J.E., Elwell, M., Haseman, J., Braun, A.G., and Voelker, F.A. (1999). Carcinogenicity of dermally administered 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline monomer in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. J. Appl. Toxicol. 19:125-132.
121. Ito, N., Hagiwara, A., Tamano, S., Kagawa, M., Shibata, M.A., Kurata, Y., and Fukushima, S. (1989). Lack of carcinogenicity of quercetin in F344/DuCrj rats. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 80:317-325.
122. Jacques, S. (1982). Acute renal failure following ingestion of formic acid. Nursing Times 78:1312-1315.
123. Johnson, J.D., Ryan, M.J., Toft, J.D. II, Graves, S.W., Hejtmancik, M.R., Cunningham, M.L., Herbert, R., and Abdo, K.M. (2000). Two-year toxicity and carcinogenicity study of methyleugenol in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:3620-3632.
124. 1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 5:760-769.
125. Kanisawa, M., and Suzuki, S. (1978). Induction of renal and hepatic tumours in mice by ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin. Gann 69:599-600.
126. Kari, F., Bucher, J., Eustis, S., and Huff, J. (1995). Long-term exposure to the anti-inflammatory agent phenylbutazone induces kidney tumours in rats and liver tumours in mice. Jpn. J Cancer Res. 86:252-263.
127. Kari, F.W., Bucher, J., Eustis, S.L., Haseman, J.K., and Huff, J.E. (1992). Toxicity and carcinogenicity of hydroquinone in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 30:737-747.
128. Kasai, H., and Nishimura, S. (1984). Hydroxylation of deoxyguanosine at the C-8 position by polyphenols and aminophenols in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and ferric ion. Gann 75:565-566.
129. Kasai, H., Nishimura, S., Kurokawa, Y., and Hayashi, Y. (1987). Oral administration of the renal carcinogen, potassium bromate, specifically produces 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in rat target organ DNA. Carcinogenesis 8:1959-1961.
130. Kasprzak, K.S., Jaruga, P., Zastawny, T.H., North, S.L., Riggs, C.W., Olinski, R., and Dizdaroglu, M. (1997). Oxidative DNA base damage and its repair in kidneys and livers of nickel (II)-treated male F344 rats. Carcinogenesis 18:271-277.
131. Kennedy, G.L. (1990). Toxicology of fluorine-containing monomers. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21:149-170.
132. Knaak, J.B., Leung, H.W., Stott, W.T., Busch, J., and Bilsky, J. (1997). Toxicology of mono-, di-, and triethanolamine. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 149:1-86.
133. Koc, H., Tretyakova, N.Y., Walker, V.E., Henderson, R.F., and Swenberg, J.A. (1999). Molecular dosimetry of N-7 guanine adduct formation in mice and rats exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12:566-574.
134. Kociba, R.J., Keyes, D.G., Jersey, G.C., Ballard, J.J., Dittenber, D.A., Quast, J.F., Wade, C.E., Humiston, C.G., and Schwetz, B.A. (1977). Results of a two year chronic toxicity study with hexachlorobutadiene in rats. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 38:589-602.
135. Konishi, N., and Ward, J.M. (1989). Increased levels of DNA synthesis in hyperplastic renal tubules of aging nephropathy in female F344/NCr rats. Vet. Pathol. 26:6-10.
136. Kurokawa, Y., Maekawa, A., Takahashi, M., and Hayashi, Y. (1990). Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate - A new renal carcinogen. Environ. Health Perspect. 87:309-335.
137. La, D.K., Lilly, P.D., Anderegg, R.J., and Swenberg, J.A. (1995). DNA adduct formation in B6C3F1 mice and Fischer-344 rats exposed to 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Carcinogenesis 16:1419-1424.
138. La, D.K., Schoonhoven, R., Ito, N., and Swenberg, J.A. (1996). The effects of exposure route on DNA adduct formation and cellular proliferation by 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 140:108-114.
139. Larson, J.L., Wolf, D.C., and Butterworth, B.E. (1995a). Induced regenerative cell proliferation in livers and kidneys of male F344 rats given chloroform in corn oil by gavage or ad libitum in drinking water. Toxicology 95:73-86.
140. Larson, J.L., Wolf, D.C., Mery, S., Morgan, K.T., and Butterworth, B.E. (1995b). Toxicity and cell proliferation in the liver, kidneys and nasal passages of female rats, induced by chloroform administration by gavage. Food Chem. Toxicol. 33:443-456.
141. Lash, L.H., Parker, J.C., and Scott, C.S. (2000). Modes of action of trichloroethylene for kidney tumorigenesis. Environ. Health Perspect 108(suppl. 2):225-240.
142. Lash, L.H., Quain, W., Putt, D.A., Hueni, S.E., Elfarra, A.A., Krause, R.J., and Parker, J.C. (2001). Renal and hepatic toxicity of trichloroethylene and its glutathione-derived metabolites in rats and mice: Sex-, species-, and tissue-dependent differences. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 297:155-164.
143. Lau, S.S., Peters, M.M.C.G., Kleiner, H.E., Canales, P.L., and Monks, T.J. (1996). Linking the metabolism of hydroquinone to its nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 387:267-273.
144. Lau, S.S., Monks, T.J., Everitt, J.I., Kleymenova, E., and Walker, C.L. (2001). Carcinogenicity of a nephrotoxic metabolite of the " nongenotoxic" carcinogen hydroquinone. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14:25-33.
145. Leanderson, P., and Tagesson, C. (1990). Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage: Role of hydroquinone and catechol in the formation of DNA-adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Chem. Biol Interact. 75:71-81.
146. 2μ-Globulin nephropathy. In Comprehensive toxicology, ed. R.S. Goldstein, pp. 677-692. New York: Elsevier Science.
147. 2μ- globulin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99:250-259.
148. 2μ-globulin-xenobiotic conjugates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103:539-548.
149. 2μ-globulin transgenic mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23:562-568.
150. Li, J.-L., Okada, S., Hamazaki, S., Ebina, Y., and Midorikawa, O. (1987). Subacute nephrotoxicity and induction of renal cell carcinoma in mice treated with ferric nitrilotriacetate. Cancer Res. 47:1867-1869.
151. Liesivuori, J., and Savolainen, H. (1987). Effect of renal formic acid excretion on urinary calcium and ammonia concentrations. Klin. Wochenschr. 65:860-863.
152. Liesivuori, J., Laitinen, J., and Savolainen, H. (1992). Kinetics and renal effects of formic acid in occupationally exposed farmers. Arch. Toxicol. 66:522-524.
153. 2μ-Globulin-related nephrotoxicity. In Renal disposition and nephrotoxicity of xenobiotics, eds. M.W. Anders, W. Dekant, D. Henschler, H. Oberleithner, and S. Silbernagl, pp. 217-233. London: Academic Press.
154. Lock, E.A., and Ishmael, J. (1979). The acute toxic effects of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene on the rat kidney. Arch. Toxicol. 43:47-57.
155. Lock, E.A., and Ishmael, J. (1985). Effect of the organic acid transport inhibitor probenecid on the renal cortical uptake and proximal tubular toxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene and its conjugates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 81:32-42.
156. Lock, E.A., and Ishmael, J. (1998). The nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-L-cysteine in the rat. Arch. Toxicol. 72:347-354.
157. 2μ-globulin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 91:182-192.
158. Lock, E.A., Cottrell, L., Jacobsen, M., Soames, T., and Williams, R. (2004). Formic acid excretion in rats exposed to bromodichloromethane: Possible link to renal tubule cell proliferation in long-term studies.
159. Magee, P.N. (1995). The relationship of molecular interactions with DNA to cancer: Scientific developments. In Molecular and cellular mechanisms of toxicity. eds. F. De Matteis and L.L. Smith, pp. 125-143. London: CRC Press.
160. Maltoni, C., Lefemine, G., Cotti, G., and Perino, G. (1988). Long term carcinogenicity bioassays on trichloroethylene administered by inhalation to Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss and B6C3F1 mice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 534:316-342.
161. 1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 27:252-262.
162. Mathews, J.M., Troxler, P.S., and Jeffcoat, A.R. (1990). Metabolism and distribution of bromodichloromethane in rats after a single and multiple oral doses. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 30:15-22.
163. McCarthy, R.I., Lock, E.A., and Hawksworth, G.M. (1994). Cytosolic C-S lyase activity in human kidney samples - Relevance for the nephrotoxicity of halogenated alkenes in man. Toxicol. Ind. Health 10:103-112.
164. 2μ-globulin and renal carcinogenesis. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 18:365-368.
165. 2μ-globulin hypothesis. Environ. Health. Perspect. 105:904-906.
166. 1 mice. Toxicology 108:79-91.
167. Melnick, R.L., Sills, R.C., Portier, C.J., Roycroft, J.H., Chou, B.J., Grumbein, S.L., and Miller, R.A. (1999). Multiple organ carcinogenicity of inhaled chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice and comparison of dose-response with 1,3-butadiene in mice. Carcinogenesis 20:867-878.
168. Merrill, A.H., Schmelz, E.M., Dillehay, D.L., Spiegel, S., Shayman, J.A., Schroeder, J.J., Riley, R.T., Voss, K.A., and Wang, E. (1997). Sphingolipids - the enigmatic lipid class: Biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 142:208-225.
169. Mobio, T.A., Anane, R., Baudrimont, I., Carratu, M.R., Shier, T.W., Dano, S.D., Ueno, Y., and Creppy, E.E. (2000). Epigenetic properties of fumonisin B1: Cell cycle arrest and DNA base modification in C6 glioma cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 164:91-96.
170. Monks, T.J., and Lau, S.S. (1997). Biological reactivity of polyphenolic-glutathione conjugates. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10:1296-1313.
171. Montgomery, C.A., and Seely, J.C. (1990). Kidney. In Pathology of the Fischer rat. Reference and Atlas. eds. G.A. Boorman, S.L. Eustis, M.R. Elwell, C.A. Montgomery, and W.F. MacKenzie, pp. 127-152. San Diego: Academic Press.
172. Morton, L.D., Youssef, A.F., Lloyd, E., Kiorpes, A.L., Goldsworthy, T.L., and Fort, F.L. (2002). Evaluation of carcinogenic responses in the Eker rat following short-term exposure to selected nephrotoxins and carcinogens. Toxicol. Pathol. 30:559-564.
173. Motzer, R.J., Bander, N.H., and Nanus, D.M. (1996). Renal cell carcinoma. N. Eng. J. Med. 335:865-875.
174. Munter, T., Cottrell, L., Hill, S., Kronberg, L., Watson, W.P., and Golding, B.T. (2002). Identification of adducts derived from reactions of (1-chloroethenyl)oxirane with nucleosides and calf thymus DNA. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15:1549-1560.
175. Murata, M., Bansho, Y., Inoue, S., Ito, K., Ohnishi, S., Midorikawa, K., and Kawanishi, S. (2001). Requirement of glutathione and cysteine in guanine-specific oxidation of DNA by carcinogenic potassium bromate. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14:678-685.
176. Nagano, K., Nishizawa, T., Yamamoto, S., and Matsushima, T. (1998). Inhalation carcinogenesis studies of six halogenated hydrocarbons in rats and mice. In Advances in the prevention of occupational respiratory diseases. eds. K. Chiyotani, Y. Hosoda, and Y. Aizawa, pp. 741-746. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
177. Nakagawa, Y., Kitahori, Y., Cho, M., Konishi, N., Tsumatani, K.-I., Ozono, S., Okajima, E., Hirao, Y., and Hiasa, Y. (1998). Effect of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene on renal carcinogenesis in male rats pretreated with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine. Toxicol. Pathol. 26:361-366.
178. Nicholl, J.W., Swann, P.F., and Pegg, A.E. (1975). Effect of dimethylnitrosamine on the persistence of methylated guanines in rat liver and kidney DNA. Nature 254:261-262.
179. Obrecht-Pflumio, S., Chassat, T., Dirheimer, G., and Marzin, D. (1999). Genotoxicity of ochratoxin A by Salmonella mutagenicity test after bioactivation by mouse kidney microsomes. Mutat. Res. 446:95-102.
180. Obrecht-Pflumio, S., and Dirheimer, G. (2000). In vitro DNA and dGMP adducts formation caused by ochratoxin A. Chem. Biol. Interact. 127:29-44.
181. Odum, J., and Green, T. (1984). The metabolism and nephrotoxicity of tetrafluoroethylene in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 76:306-318.
182. Palmer, A.K., Street, A.E., Roe, F.J.C., Worden, A.N., and Van Abbe, N.J. (1979). Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform. II. Long-term studies in rats. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2:821-833.
183. Pamukcu, A.M., Yalciner, S., Hatcher, J.F., and Bryan, G.T. (1980). Quercetin, a rat intestinal and bladder carcinogen present in bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). Cancer Res. 40:3468-3472.
184. Parsons, J.L., and Chipman, J.K. (2000). The role of glutathione in DNA damage by potassium bromate in vitro. Mutagenesis. 15:311-316.
185. Pearson, P.G., Omichinski, J.G., Holme, J.A., McClanahan, R.H., Brunborg, G., Soderlund, E.J., Dybing, E., and Nelson, S.D. (1993). Metabolic activation of tris (2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate to reactive intermediates. II. Covalent binding, reactive metabolite formation and differential metabolite-specific DNA damage in vivo. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 118:196-204.
186. Pegram, R.A., Andersen, M.E., Warren, S.H., Ross, T.M., and Claxton, L.D. (1997). Glutathione S-transferase-mediated mutagenicity of trihalomethanes in Salmonella typhimurium: Contrasting results with bromodichloromethane and chloroform. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 144:183-188.
187. Peters, M.M., Jones, T.W., Monks, T.J., and Lau, S.S. (1997). Cytotoxicity and cell-proliferation induced by the nephrocarcinogen hydroquinone and its nephrotoxic metabolite 2,3,5-(tri-glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone. Carcinogenesis 18:2393-2401.
188. Prival, M.J., McCoy E.C., Gutter, B., and Rosenkranz, H.S. (1977). Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate: Mutagenicity of a widely used flame retardant. Science 195:76-78.
189. 1 mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63:205-212.
190. 2μ-globulin. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 15:732-743.
191. Rodin, A.E., and Crowson, C.N. (1962). Mercury nephrotoxicity in the rat. Am. J Pathol. 41:297-313.
192. Roe, F.J.C., Palmer, A.K., Worden, A.N., and Van Abbé, N.J. (1979). Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform. I. Long-term studies in mice. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2:799-819.
193. Rosner, E., Klos, C., and Dekant, W. (1996). Biotransformation of the fungicide chlorothalonil by glutathione conjugation. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 33:229-234.
194. Saito, D., Shirai, A., Matsushima, T., Sugimura, T., and Hirono, I. (1980). Test of carcinogenicity of quercetin, a widely distributed mutagen in food. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 1:213-221.
195. Saito, K., Uwagawa, S., Kaneko, H., Shiba, K., Tomigahara, Y., and Nakatsuka, I. (1996). Alpha 2μ-globulin in the urine of male rats: A reliable indicator for alpha 2μ-globulin accumulation in the kidney. Toxicology 106:149-157.
196. Seely, J.C., Haseman, J.K., Nyska, A., Wolf, D.C., Everitt, J.I., and Hailey, J.R. (2002). The effect of chronic progressive nephropathy on the incidence of renal tubule cell neoplasms in control male F344 rats. Toxicol Pathol. 30:681-686.
197. Shibata, M.-A., Hirose, M., Tanaka, H., Asakawa, E., Shirai, T., and Ito, N. (1991). Induction of renal cell tumours in rats and mice, and enhancement of hepatocellular tumor development in mice after long-term hydroquinone treatment. Jpn. J Cancer Res. 82:1211-1219.
198. 2μ-globulin in F344 rats during chronic exposure to unleaded gasoline or 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 101:414-431.
199. Simula, T.P., Glancey, M.J., Soderlund, E.J., Dybing, E., and Wolf, C.R. (1993). Increased mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate in Salmonella TA100 expressing human glutathione S-transferases. Carcinogenesis 14:2303-2307.
200. Skibola, C.F., and Smith, M.T. (2000). Potential health impacts of excessive flavonoid intake. Free Radical Biol. Med. 29:375-383.
201. Smith, J.H. (1986). Role of renal metabolism in chloroform nephrotoxicity. Comments Toxicol. 1:125-144.
202. Stott, W.T., Johnson, K.A., Bahnemann, R., Day, S.J., and Mc Guirk, R.J. (2003). Evaluation of potential mode(s) of action of inhaled ethylbenzene in rats and mice. Toxicol. Sci. 71:53-66.
203. Stouten, H., and Bessems, J.G.M. (1998). Toxicological profile for o-benzoyl-p-chlorophenol. J. Appl. Toxicol. 18:271-279.
204. Strasser, J., Charbonneau, M., Borghoff, S.J., Turner, M.J., and Swenberg, J.A. (1988). Renal protein droplet formation in male F344 rats after isophorone treatment. Toxicologist 8:136.
205. 2μ-globulin nephropathy. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 97:35-46.
206. Takahashi, K., Lindamood, C., and Maronpot, R.R. (1993). Retrospective study of possible alpha 2μ-globulin nephropathy and associated cell proliferation in male Fischer 344 rats dosed with t-butyl alcohol. Environ. Health Perspect. 101(suppl. 5):281-285.
207. Takanishi, H., Aiso, S., Hirono, I., Matsushima, T., and Sugimura, T. (1983). Carcinogenicity test of quercetin and kaempferol in rats by oral administration. J. Food Safety 5:55-60.
208. 1 mice. Cancer Lett. 108:225-231.
209. Terracini, B., and Parker, V.H. (1965). A pathological study on the toxicity of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 3:67-74.
210. Tice, R.R., Boucher, R., Luke, C.A., Paquette, D.E., Melnick, R.L., and Shelby, M.D. (1988). Chloroprene and isoprene cytogenetic studies in mice. Mutagenesis 3:141-146.
211. Toyokuni, S., Mori, T., and Dizdaroglu, M. (1994b). DNA base modification in renal chromatin of Wistar rats treated with a renal carcinogen, ferric nitrilotriacetate. Int. J. Cancer 57:123-128.
212. Toyokuni, S., Uchida, K., Okamoto, K., Hattori-Nakakuki, Y., Hiai, H., and Stadtman, E.R. (1994a). Formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins in the renal proximal tubules of rats treated with a renal carcinogen, ferric nitrilotriacetate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:2616-2620.
213. Toyokuni, S., Sagripanti, J.L., and Hitchens, V.M. (1995). Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of ferric nitrilotriacetate on L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Lett. 88:157-162.
214. 7-12 acyloins in the kidney of Wistar rats after treatment with a renal carcinogen, ferric nitrilotriacetate. Free Radical Biol. Med. 22:1019-1027.
215. Tunek, A., Hogstedt, B., and Olofsson, T. (1982). Mechanism of benzene toxicity. Effects of benzene and benzene metabolites on bone marrow cellularity, number of granulopoietic stem cells and frequency of micronuclei in mice. Chem. Biol. Interact. 39:129-138.
216. Ueno, Y. (1985). The toxicology of mycotoxins. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 14:99-132.
217. Umemura, T., Tokumo, K., and Williams, G.M. (1992). Cell proliferation induced in the kidneys and livers of rats and mice by short term exposure to the carcinogen p-dichlorobenzene. Arch Toxicol. 66:503-507.
218. Vamvakas, S., Dekant, W., Berthold, K., Schmidt, S., Wild, D., and Henschler, D. (1987). Enzymatic transformation of mercapturic acids derived from halogenated alkenes to reactive and mutagenic intermediates. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36:2741-2748.
219. Vamvakas, S., Herkenhoff, M., Dekant, W., and Henschler, D. (1989a). Mutagenicity of tetrachlorothene in the Ames test - Metabolic activation by conjugation with glutathione. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 4:21-27.
220. Vamvakas, S., Dekant, W., and Henschler, D. (1989b). Genotoxicity of haloalkene and haloalkane glutathione S-conjugates in porcine kidney cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 3:151-156.
221. Walles, S.A. (1992). Mechanism of DNA damage induced in rat hepatocytes by quinones. Cancer Lett. 63:47-52.
222. Watson, W.P., Cottrell, L., Zhang, D., and Golding, B.T. (2001). Metabolism and molecular toxicology of isoprene. Chem. Biol. Interact. 135-136:223-238.
223. WHO (2001). Ochratoxin A. In Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food, pp. 281-387. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO Food Additives Series 47: FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 74.
224. Wilkinson, C.F., and Killeen, J.C. (1996). A mechanistic interpretation of the oncogenicity of chlorothalonil in rodents and an assessment of human relevance. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 24:69-84.
225. Williams, K.D., Dunnick, J., Horton, J., Greenwell, A., Eldridge, S.R., Elwell, M., and Sills, R.C. (2001). p-Nitrobenzoic acid and α2μ nephropathy in 13-week studies is not associated with renal carcinogenesis in 2-year feed studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 29:507-513.
226. Williams, T.M., and Borghoff, S.J. (2001). Characterisation of tert-butyl alcohol binding to alpha 2μ-globulin in F344 rats. Toxicol. Sci. 62:228-235.
227. Wilson, N.H., Killeen, J.C., Ford, W.H., Siou, G., Busey, W.M., and Eilrich, G.L. (1990). A 90-day study in rats with the monoglutathione conjugate of chlorothalonil. Toxicol. Lett. 53:155-156.
228. Yager, J., Eastmond, D., Robertson, M., Paradisin, W., and Smith, M. (1990). Characterisation of micronuclei induced in human lymphocytes by benzene metabolites. Cancer Res. 50:393-399.
229. Zepnik, H., Pahler, A., Schauer, U., and Dekant, W. (2001). Ochratoxin A-induced tumor formation: Is there a role of reactive ochratoxin A metabolites? Toxicol. Sci. 59:59-67.
230. Zhang, G., and Stevens, J.L. (1989). Transport and activation of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in rat kidney proximal tubules. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 100:51-61.