Psoriatic scales: A promising source for the isolation of human skin-derived antimicrobial proteins

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 476-486

  Harder, Jürgen ^a   Schröder, Jens Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Innate immunity; Psoriasis

Indexed keywords

ADRENOMEDULLIN; BETA DEFENSIN; BETA DEFENSIN 1; BETA DEFENSIN 2; BETA DEFENSIN 4; CATHELICIDIN; CATHELICIDIN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE LL 37; CC CHEMOKINE LIGAND 20; CHEMOKINE; DEFENSIN; DERMCIDIN; HUMAN NEUTROPHIL DEFENSIN 1; HUMAN NEUTROPHIL DEFENSIN 2; HUMAN NEUTROPHIL DEFENSIN 3; LIPOCALIN; LYSOZYME; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 3ALPHA; MESSENGER RNA; NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; PROTEIN S 100; PSORIASIN; RANTES; RIBONUCLEASE; RIBONUCLEASE 7; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BIOCHEMISTRY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXTRACTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; HYPOTHESIS; IN VITRO STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ISOLATION; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; PSORIASIS; PSORIATIC SCALE; SKIN INFECTION;

ALPHA-DEFENSINS; BETA-DEFENSINS; HUMANS; PSORIASIS; SKIN;

EID: 16844370194     PISSN: 07415400     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0704409     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (99)

1. Boman, H. G. (2003) Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts. J. Intern. Med. 254, 197-215.
2. Zasloff, M. (1987) Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 5449-5453.
3. Rinaldi, A. C. (2002) Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin: an expanding scenario. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6, 799-804.
4. Chan, Y. R., Zanetti, M., Gennaro, R., Gallo, R. L. (2001) Anti-microbial activity and cell binding are controlled by sequence determinants in the anti-microbial peptide PR-39. J. Invest. Dermatol. 116, 230-235.
5. Dorschner, R. A., Pestonjamasp, V. K., Tamakuwala, S., Ohtake, T., Rudisill, J., Nizet, V., Agerberth, B., Gudmundsson, G. H., Gallo, R. L. (2001) Cutaneous injury induces the release of cathelicidin anti-microbial peptides active against group A Streptococcus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 117, 91-97.
6. Nizet, V., Ohtake, T., Lauth, X., Trowbridge, J., Rudisill, J., Dorschner, R. A., Pestonjamasp, V., Piraino, J., Huttner, K., Gallo, R. L. (2001) Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection. Nature 414, 454-457.
7. Henseler, T., Christophers, E. (1995) Disease concomitance in psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 32, 982-986.
8. Lehrer, R. I., Rosenman, M., Harwig, S. S., Jackson, R., Eisenhauer, P. (1991) Ultrasensitive assays for endogenous antimicrobial polypeptides. J. Immunol. Methods 137, 167-173.
9. Steinberg, D. A., Lehrer, R. I. (1997) Designer assays for antimicrobial peptides. Disputing the "one-size-fits-all" theory. Methods Mol. Biol. 78, 169-186.
10. Singh, P. K., Tack, B. F., McCray Jr., P. B., Welsh, M. J. (2000) Synergistic and additive killing by antimicrobial factors found in human airway surface liquid. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 279, L799-L805.
11. Van, H., Hancock, R. E. (2001) Synergistic interactions between mammalian antimicrobial defense peptides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 1558-1560.
12. Harder, J., Bartels, J., Christophers, E., Schroder, J. M. (1997) A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature 387, 861.
13. Singh, P. K., Jia, H. P., Wiles, K., Hesselberth, J., Liu, L., Conway, B. A., Greenberg, E. P., Valore, E. V., Welsh, M. J., Ganz, T., Tack, B. F., McCray Jr., P. B. (1998) Production of β-defensins by human airway epithelia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14961-14966.
14. Tormita, T., Hitomi, S., Nagase, T., Matsui, H., Matsuse, T., Kimura, S., Ouchi, Y. (2000) Effect of ions on antibacterial activity of human β defensin 2. Microbiol. Immunol. 44, 749-754.
15. Liu, A. Y., Destoumieux, D., Wong, A. V., Park, C. H., Valore, E. V., Liu, L., Ganz, T. (2002) Human β-defensin-2 production in keratinocytes is regulated by interleukin-1, bacteria, and the state of differentiation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 118, 275-281.
16. Huang, G. T., Zhang, H. B., Kim, D., Liu, L., Ganz, T. (2002) A model for antimicrobial gene therapy: demonstration of human β-defensin 2 antimicrobial activities in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther. 13, 2017-2025.
17. Ali, R. S., Falconer, A., Ikram, M., Bissett, C. E., Cerio, R., Quinn, A. G. (2001) Expression of the peptide antibiotics human β defensin-1 and human α defensin-2 in normal human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 117, 106-111.
18. Pernet, I., Reymermier, C., Guezennec, A., Branka, J. E., Guesnet, J., Perrier, E., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Schmitt, D., Viac, J. (2003) Calcium triggers β-defensin (hBD-2 and hBD-3) and chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-3 α (MIP-3α/CCL20) expression in monolayers of activated human keratinocytes. Exp. Dermatol. 12, 755-760.
19. Harder, J., Meyer-Hoffert, U., Wehkamp, K., Schwichtenberg, L., Schroder, J. M. (2004) Differential gene induction of human β-defensins (hBD-1, -2, -3, and -4) in keratinocytes is inhibited by retinoic acid. J. Invest. Dermatol. 123, 522-529.
20. Mempel, M., Schnopp, C., Hojka, M., Fesq, H., Weidinger, S., Schaller, M., Korting, H. C., Ring, J., Abeck, D. (2002) Invasion of human keratinocytes by Staphylococcus aureus and intracellular bacterial persistence represent haemolysin-independent virulence mechanisms that are followed by features of necrotic and apoptotic keratinocyte cell death. Br. J. Dermatol. 146, 943-951.
21. Nuzzo, I., Sanges, M. R., Folgere, A., Carratelli, C. R. (2000) Apoptosis of human keratinocytes after bacterial invasion. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 27, 235-240.
22. Oren, A., Ganz, T., Liu, L., Meerloo, T. (2003) In human epidermis, β-defensin 2 is packaged in lamellar bodies. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 74, 180-182.
23. Liu, L., Roberts, A. A., Ganz, T. (2003) By IL-1 signaling, monocyte-derived cells dramatically enhance the epidermal antimicrobial response to lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 170, 575-580.
24. Harder, J., Meyer-Hoffert, U., Teran, L. M., Schwichtenberg, L., Bartels, J., Maune, S., Schroder, J. M. (2000) Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, TNF-α, and IL-1β, but not IL-6, induce human β-defensin-2 in respiratory epithelia. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 22, 714-721.
25. Mempel, M., Voelcker, V., Kollisch, G., Plank, C., Rad, R., Gerhard, M., Schnopp, C., Fraunberger, P., Walli, A. K., Ring, J., Abeck, D., Ollert, M. (2003) Toll-like receptor expression in human keratinocytes: nuclear factor κB controlled gene activation by Staphylococcus aureus is Toll-like receptor 2 but not Toll-like receptor 4 or platelet activating factor receptor dependent. J. Invest. Dermatol. 121, 1389-1396.
26. Pivarcsi, A., Koreck, A., Bodai, L., Szell, M., Szeg, C., Belso, N., Kenderessy-Szabo, A., Bata-Csorgo, Z., Dobozy, A., Kemeny, L. (2004) Differentiation-regulated expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in HaCaT keratinocytes. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 296, 120-124.
27. Baker, B. S., Ovigne, J. M., Powles, A. V., Corcoran, S., Fry, L. (2003) Normal keratinocytes express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1, 2 and 5: modulation of TLR expression in chronic plaque psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 148, 670-679.
28. Pivarcsi, A., Bodai, L., Rethi, B., Kenderessy-Szabo, A., Koreck, A., Szell, M., Beer, Z., Bata-Csorgoo, Z., Magocsi, M., Rajnavolgyi, E., Dobozy, A., Kemeny, L. (2003) Expression and function of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human keratinocytes. Int. Immunol. 15, 721-730.
29. Ong, P. Y., Ohtake, T., Brandt, C., Strickland, I., Boguniewicz, M., Ganz, T., Gallo, R. L., Leung, D. Y. (2002) Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1151-1160.
30. Nomura, I., Goleva, E., Howell, M. D., Hamid, Q. A., Ong, P. Y., Hall, C. F., Darst, M. A., Gao, B., Boguniewicz, M., Travers, J. B., Leung, D. Y. (2003) Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes. J. Immunol. 171, 3262-3269.
31. Duits, L. A., Ravensbergen, B., Rademaker, M., Hiemstra, P. S., Nibbering, P. H. (2002) Expression of β-defensin 1 and 2 mRNA by human monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Immunology 106, 517-525.
32. Harder, J., Bartels, J., Christophers, E., Schroder, J. M. (2001) Isolation and characterization of human β-defensin-3, a novel human inducible peptide antibiotic. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 5707-5713.
33. Garcia, J. R., Jaumann, F., Schulz, S., Krause, A., Rodriguez-Jimenez, J., Forssmann, U., Adermann, K., Kluver, E., Vogelmeier, C., Becker, D., Hedrich, R., Forssmann, W. G., Bals, R. (2001) Identification of a novel, multifunctional β-defensin (human β-defensin 3) with specific antimicrobial activity. Its interaction with plasma membranes of Xenopus oocytes and the induction of macrophage chemoattraction. Cell Tissue Res. 306, 257-264.
34. Jia, H. P., Schutte, B. C., Schudy, A., Linzmeier, R., Guthmiller, J. M., Johnson, G. K., Tack, B. F., Mitros, J. P., Rosenthal, A., Ganz, T., McCray Jr., P. B. (2001) Discovery of new human β-defensins using a genomics-based approach. Gene 263, 211-218.
35. Hoover, D. M., Wu, Z., Tucker, K., Lu, W., Lubkowski, J. (2003) Anti-microbial characterization of human β-defensin 3 derivatives. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 2804-2809.
36. Maisetta, G., Batoni, G., Esin, S., Luperini, F., Pardini, M., Bottai, D., Florio, W., Giuca, M. R., Gabriele, M., Campa, M. (2003) Activity of human β-defensin 3 alone or combined with other antimicrobial agents against oral bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 3349-3351.
37. Sahly, H., Schubert, S., Harder, J., Rautenberg, P., Ullmann, U., Schroder, J., Podschun, R. (2003) Burkholderia is highly resistant to human β-defensin 3. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 1739-1741.
38. Schibli, D. J., Hunter, H. N., Aseyev, V., Starner, T. D., Wiencek, J. M., McCray Jr., P. B., Tack, B. F., Vogel, H. J. (2002) The solution structures of the human β-defensins lead to a better understanding of the potent bactericidal activity of HBD3 against Staphylococcus aureus. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 8279-8289.
39. Wu, Z., Hoover, D. M., Yang, D., Boulegue, C., Santamaria, F., Oppenheim, J. J., Lubkowski, J., Lu, W. (2003) Engineering disulfide bridges to dissect antimicrobial and chemotactic activities of human β-defensin 3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8880-8885.
40. Harder, J., Schroder, J. M. (2002) RNase 7, a novel innate immune defense antimicrobial protein of healthy human skin. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 46779-46784.
41. Venge, P., Bystrom, J., Carlson, M., Hakansson, L., Karawacjzyk, M., Peterson, C., Seveus, L., Trulson, A. (1999) Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP): molecular and biological properties and the use of ECP as a marker of eosinophil activation in disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy 29, 1172-1186.
42. Lehrer, R. I., Szklarek, D., Barton, A., Ganz, T., Hamann, K. J., Gleich, G. J. (1989) Antibacterial properties of eosinophil major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein. J. Immunol. 142, 4428-4434.
43. Hooper, L. V., Stappenbeck, T. S., Hong, C. V., Gordon, J. I. (2003) Angiogenins: a new class of microbicidal proteins involved in innate immunity. Nat. Immunol. 4, 269-273.
44. Rosenberg, H. F. (1995) Recombinant human eosinophil cationic protein. Ribonuclease activity is not essential for cytotoxicity. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7876-7881.
45. Rosenberg, H. F. (1998) The eosinophil ribonucleases. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 54, 795-803.
46. Martin, E., Ganz, T., Lehrer, R. I. (1995) Defensins and other endogenous peptide antibiotics of vertebrates. J. Leukoc. Biol. 58, 128-136.
47. Ganz, T., Metcalf, J. A., Gallin, J. I., Boxer, L. A., Lehrer, R. I. (1988) Microbicidal/cytotoxic proteins of neutrophils are deficient in two disorders: Chediak-Higashi syndrome and "specific" granule deficiency. J. Clin. Invest. 82, 552-556.
48. Zhang, L., Yu, W., He, T., Yu, J., Caffrey, R. E., Dalmasso, E. A., Fu, S., Pham, T., Mei, J., Ho, J. J., Zhang, W., Lopez, P., Ho, D. D. (2002) Contribution of human α-defensin 1, 2, and 3 to the anti-HIV-1 activity of CD8 antiviral factor. Science 298, 995-1000.
49. Mackewicz, C. E., Yuan, J., Tran, P., Diaz, L., Mack, E., Selsted, M. E., Levy, J. A. (2003) alpha-Defensins can have anti-HIV activity but are not CD8 cell anti-HIV factors. AIDS 17, F23-F32.
50. Molhuizen, H. O., Alkemade, H. A., Zeeuwen, P. L., de Jongh, G. J., Wieringa, B., Schalkwijk, J. (1993) SKALP/Elafin: an elastase inhibitor from cultured human keratinocytes. Purification, cDNA sequence, and evidence for transglutaminase cross-linking. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 12028-12032.
51. Wiedow, O., Schroder, J. M., Gregory, H., Young, J. A., Christophers, E. (1990) Elafin: an elastase-specific inhibitor of human skin. Purification, characterization, and complete amino acid sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14791-14795.
52. Meyer-Hoffert, U., Wichmann, N., Schwichtenberg, L., White, P. C., Wiedow, O. (2003) Supernatants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induce the Pseudomonas-specific antibiotic Elafin in human keratinocytes. Exp. Dermotol. 12, 418-425.
53. Simpson, A. J., Maxwell, A. I., Govan, J. R., Haslett, C., Sallenave, J. M. (1999) Elafin (elastase-specific inhibitor) has anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative respiratory pathogens. FEBS Lett. 452, 309-313.
54. Sallenave, J. M., Shulmann, J., Crossley, J., Jordana, M., Gauldie, J. (1994) Regulation of secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI) and elastase-specific inhibitor (ESI/Elafin) in human airway epithelial cells by cytokines and neutrophilic enzymes. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 11, 733-741.
55. Simpson, A. J., Wallace, W. A., Marsden, M. E., Govan, J. R., Porteous, D. J., Haslett, C., Sallenave, J. M. (2001) Adenoviral augmentation of Elafin protects the lung against acute injury mediated by activated neutrophils and bacterial infection. J. Immunol. 167, 1778-1786.
56. Papini, M., Simonetti, S., Franceschini, S., Scaringi, L., Binazzi, M. (1982) Lysozyme distribution in healthy human skin. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 272, 167-170.
57. Levy, O. (1996) Antibiotic proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eur. J. Haematol. 56, 263-277.
58. Laible, N. J., Germaine, G. R. (1985) Bactericidal activity of human lysozyme, muramidase-inactive lysozyme, and cationic polypeptides against Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus faecalis: inhibition by chitin oligosaccharides. Infect. Immun. 48, 720-728.
59. Pellegrini, A., Thomas, U., von Fellenberg, R., Wild, P. (1992) Bactericidal activities of lysozyme and aprotinin against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria related to their basic character. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72, 180-187.
60. Lee, H. Y., Andalibi, A., Webster, P., Moon, S. K., Teufert, K., Kang, S. H., Li, J. D., Nagura, M., Ganz, T., Lim, D. J. (2004) Antimicrobial activity of innate immune molecules against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. BMC Infect. Dis. 4, 12.
61. Markart, P., Korfhagen, T. R., Weaver, T. E., Akinbi, H. T. (2004) Mouse lysozyme M is important in pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169, 454-458.
62. Akinbi, H. T., Epaud, R., Bhatt, H., Weaver, T. E. (2000) Bacterial killing is enhanced by expression of lysozyme in the lungs of transgenic mice. J. Immunol. 165, 5760-5766.
63. Kulski, J. K., Lim, C. P., Dunn, D. S., Bellgard, M. (2003) Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of the S100A7 (Psoriasin) gene duplications within the region of the S100 gene cluster on human chromosome 1q21. J. Mol. Evol. 56, 397-406.
64. Madsen, P., Rasmussen, H. H., Leffers, H., Honore, B., Dejgaard, K., Olsen, E., Kiil, J., Walbum, E., Andersen, A. H., Basse, B., et al. (1991) Molecular cloning, occurrence, and expression of a novel partially secreted protein "psoriasin" that is highly up-regulated in psoriatic skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 97, 701-712.
65. Glaser, R., Harder, J., Lange, H., Bartels, J., Christophers, E., Schroder, J. M. (2004) Antimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection. Nat. Immunol. Epub ahead of print.
66. Eckert, R. L., Broome, A. M., Ruse, M., Robinson, N., Ryan, D., Lee, K. (2004) S100 proteins in the epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 123, 23-33.
67. Heizmann, C. W., Fritz, G., Schafer, B. W. (2002) S100 proteins: structure, functions and pathology. Front. Biosci. 7, d1356-d1368.
68. Clohessy, P. A., Golden, B. E. (1995) Calprotectin-mediated zinc chelation as a biostatic mechanism in host defence. Scand. J. Immunol. 42, 551-556.
69. Sohnle, P. G., Hunter, M. J., Hahn, B., Chazin, W. J. (2000) Zinc-reversible antimicrobial activity of recombinant calprotectin (migration inhibitory factor-related proteins 8 and 14). J. Infect. Dis. 182, 1272-1275.
70. Cole, A. M., Kim, Y. H., Tahk, S., Hong, T., Weis, P., Waring, A. J., Ganz, T. (2001) Calcitermin, a novel antimicrobial peptide isolated from human airway secretions. FEBS Lett. 504, 5-10.
71. Zanetti, M. (2004) Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75, 39-48.
72. Lehrer, R. I., Ganz, T. (2002) Cathelicidins: a family of endogenous antimicrobial peptides. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 9, 18-22.
73. Frohm, M., Agerberth, B., Ahangari, G., Stahle-Backdahl, M., Liden, S., Wigzell, H., Gudmundsson, G. H. (1997) The expression of the gene coding for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 is induced in human keratin-ocytes during inflammatory disorders. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15258-15263.
74. Murakami, M., Lopez-Garcia, B., Braff, M., Dorschner, R. A., Gallo, R. L. (2004) Postsecretory processing generates multiple cathelicidins for enhanced topical antimicrobial defense. J. Immunol. 172, 3070-3077.
75. Murakami, M., Ohtake, T., Dorschner, R. A., Schittek, B., Garbe, C., Gallo, R. L. (2002) Cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide expression in sweat, an innate defense system for the skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119, 1090-1095.
76. Rieg, S., Garbe, C., Sauer, B., Kaibacher, H., Schittek, B. (2004) Dermcidin is constitutively produced by eccrine sweat glands and is not induced in epidermal cells under inflammatory skin conditions. Br. J. Dermatol. 151, 534-539.
77. Schittek, B., Hipfel, R., Sauer, B., Bauer, J., Kaibacher, H., Stevanovic, S., Schirle, M., Schroeder, K., Blin, N., Meier, F., Rassner, G., Garbe, C. (2001) Dermeidin: a novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands. Nat. Immunol. 2, 1133-1137.
78. Zudaire, E., Martinez, A., Cuttitla, F. (2003) Adrenomedullin and cancer. Regul. Pept. 112, 175-183.
79. Martinez, A., Elsasser, T. H., Muro-Cacho, C., Moody, T. W., Miller, M. J., Macri, C. J., Cuttitta, F. (1997) Expression of adrenomedullin and its receptor in normal and malignant human skin: a potential pluripolent role in the integument. Endocrinology 138, 5597-5604.
80. Allaker, R. P., Zihni, C., Kapas, S. (J999) An investigation into the antimicrobial effects of adrenomedullin on members of the skin, oral, respiratory tract and gut microflora. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 23, 289-293.
81. Kjeldsen, L., Johnsen, A. H., Sengelov, H., Borregaard, N. (1993) Isolation and primary structure of NGAL, a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10425-10432.
82. Kjeldsen, L., Bainton, D. F., Sengelov, H., Borregaard, N. (1994) Identification of neutrophd gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel matrix protein of specific granules in human neutrophils. Blood 83, 799-807.
83. Goetz, D. H., Holmes, M. A., Borregaard, N., Bluhm, M. E., Raymond, K. N., Strong, R. K. (2002) The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophore-mediated iron acquisition. Mol. Cell 10, 1033-1043.
84. Mallbris, L., O'Brien, K. P., Hulthen, A., Sandstedt, B., Cowland, J. B., Borregaard, N., Stahle-Backdahl, M. (2002) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a marker for dysregulated keratinocyte differentiation in human skin. Exp. Dermatol. 11, 584-591.
85. Sorensen, O. E., Cowland, J. B., Theilgaard-Monch, K., Liu, L., Ganz, T., Borregaard, N. (2003) Wound healing and expression of antimicrobial peptides/polypeptides in human keratinocytes, a consequence of common growth factors. J. Immunol. 170, 5583-5589.
86. Hiratsuka, T., Nakazalo, M., Ihi, T., Minematsu, T., Chino, N., Nakanishi, T., Shimizu, A., Kangawa, K., Matsukura, S. (2000) Structural analysis of human β-defensin-1 and its significance in urinary tract infection. Nephron 85, 34-40.
87. Zucht, H. D., Grabowsky, J., Schrader, M., Liepke, C., Jurgens, M., Schulz-Knappe, P., Forssmann, W. G. (1998) Human β-defensin-1: a urinary peptide present in variant molecular forms and its putative functional implication. Eur. J. Med. Res. 3, 315-323.
88. Valore, E. V., Park, C. H., Quayle, A. J., Wiles, K. R., McCray Jr., P. B., Ganz, T. (1998) Human β-defensin-1: an antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissues. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 1633-1642.
89. Fulton, C., Anderson, G. M., Zasloff, M., Bull, R., Quinn, A. G. (1997) Expression of natural peptide antibiotics in human skin. Lancet 350, 1750-1751.
90. Frye, M., Bargon, J., Gropp, R. (2001) Expression of human β-defensin-1 promotes differentiation of keratinocytes. J. Mol. Med. 79, 275-282.
91. Abiko, Y., Nishimura, M., Kusano, K., Yamazaki, M., Arakawa, T., Takuma, T., Kaku, T. (2003) Upregulated expression of human β defensin-1 and -3 mRNA during differentiation of keratinocyte immortalized cell lines, HaCaT and PHK16-0b. J. Dermatol. Sci. 31, 225-228.
92. Yang, D., Chertov, O., Bykovskaia, S. N., Chen, Q., Buffo, M. J., Shogan, J., Anderson, M., Schroder, J. M., Wang, J. M., Howard, O. M., Oppenheim, J. J. (1999) β-Defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science 286, 525-528.
93. Garcia, J. R., Krause, A., Schulz, S., Rodriguez-Jimenez, F. J., Kluver, E., Adermann, K., Forssmann, U., Frimpong-Boateng, A., Bals, R., Forssmann, W. G. (2001) Human β-defensin 4: a novel inducible peptide with a specific salt-sensitive spectrum of antimicrobial activity. FASEB J. 15, 1819-1821.
94. Tang, Y. Q., Yeaman, M. R., Selsted, M. E. (2002) Antimicrobial peptides from human platelets. Infect. Immun. 70, 6524-6533.
95. Yang, D., Chen, Q., Hoover, D. M., Staley, P., Tucker, K. D., Lubkowski, J., Oppenheim, J. J. (2003) Many chemokines including CCL20/MIP-3α display antimicrobial activity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 448-455.
96. Nakayama, T., Fujisawa, R., Yamada, H., Horikawa, T., Kawasaki, H., Hieshima, K., Izawa, D., Fujiie, S., Tezuka, T., Yoshie, O. (2001) Inducible expression of a CC chemokine liver- and activation-regulated chemokine (LARC)/macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3 α/CCL20 by epidermal keratinocytes and its role in atopic dermatitis. Int. Immunol. 13, 95-103.
97. Fukuoka, M., Ogino, Y., Sato, H., Ohta, T., Komoriya, K., Nishioka, K., Katayama, I. (1998) RANTES expression in psoriatic skin, and regulation of RANTES and IL-8 production in cultured epidermal keratinocytes by active vitamin D3 (tacalcitol). Br. J. Dermatol. 138, 63-70.
98. Dieu-Nosjean, M. C., Massacrier, C., Homey, B., Vanbervliet, B., Pin, J. J., Vicari, A., Lebecque, S., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Schmitt, D., Zlotnik, A., Caux, C. (2000) Macrophage inflammatory protein 3α is expressed at inflamed epithelial surfaces and is the most potent chemokine known in attracting Langerhans cell precursors. J. Exp. Med. 192, 705-718.
99. Schmuth, M., Neyer, S., Rainer, C., Grassegger, A., Fritsch, P., Romani, N., Heufler, C. (2002) Expression of the C-C chemokine MIP-3 α/CCL20 in human epidermis with impaired permeability barrier function. Exp. Dermatol. 11, 135-142.