Prions, cytokines, and chemokines: A meeting in lymphoid organs

Immunity

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 145-154

  Aguzzi, Adriano ^a   Heikenwalder, Mathias ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANION; ANTHRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; CHEMOKINE; CONGO RED; CURCUMIN; CYTOKINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN FC FRAGMENT; LYMPHOTOXIN BETA RECEPTOR IMMUNOGLOBULIN; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; POLYAMINE; PORPHYRIN; PRION PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; ASPLENIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CELL COMPARTMENTALIZATION; CELL SELECTION; CELL STRUCTURE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; GENE TRANSFER; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFLAMMATION; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; LYMPHOID TISSUE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NERVE DEGENERATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRION; PRION DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SPLEEN; THYMECTOMY; VACCINATION;

EID: 13844275788     PISSN: 10747613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.12.007     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. A. Aguzzi Peripheral prion pursuit J. Clin. Invest. 108 2001 661 662
2. A. Aguzzi Prions and the immune system: a journey through gut, spleen, and nerves Adv. Immunol. 81 2003 123 171
3. A. Aguzzi Understanding the diversity of prions Nat. Cell Biol. 6 2004 290 292
4. A. Aguzzi, and M. Heikenwalder Prion diseases: Cannibals and garbage piles Nature 423 2003 127 129
5. A. Aguzzi, and M. Polymenidou Mammalian prion biology. One century of evolving concepts Cell 116 2004 313 327
6. A. Aguzzi, and C.J. Sigurdson Antiprion immunotherapy: to suppress or to stimulate? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4 2004 725 736
7. A. Aguzzi, M. Heikenwalder, and G. Miele Progress and problems in the biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics of prion diseases J. Clin. Invest. 114 2004 153 160
8. K.M. Ansel, V.N. Ngo, P.L. Hyman, S.A. Luther, R. Forster, J.D. Sedgwick, J.L. Browning, M. Lipp, and J.G. Cyster A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles Nature 406 2000 309 314
9. P. Aucouturier, F. Geissmann, D. Damotte, G.P. Saborio, H.C. Meeker, R. Kascsak, R.I. Carp, and T. Wisniewski Infected splenic dendritic cells are sufficient for prion transmission to the CNS in mouse scrapie J. Clin. Invest. 108 2001 703 708
10. M. Beekes, and P.A. McBride Early accumulation of pathological PrP in the enteric nervous system and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of hamsters orally infected with scrapie Neurosci. Lett. 278 2000 181 184
11. T. Blättler, S. Brandner, A.J. Raeber, M.A. Klein, T. Voigtländer, C. Weissmann, and A. Aguzzi PrP-expressing tissue required for transfer of scrapie infectivity from spleen to brain Nature 389 1997 69 73
12. H. Bluethmann, J. Rothe, N. Schultze, M. Tkachuk, and P. Koebel Establishment of the role of IL-6 and TNF receptor 1 using gene knockout mice J. Leukoc. Biol. 56 1994 565 570
13. S. Brandner, S. Isenmann, A. Raeber, M. Fischer, A. Sailer, Y. Kobayashi, S. Marino, C. Weissmann, and A. Aguzzi Normal host prion protein necessary for scrapie-induced neurotoxicity Nature 379 1996 339 343
14. K.L. Brown, K. Stewart, D.L. Ritchie, N.A. Mabbott, A. Williams, H. Fraser, W.I. Morrison, and M.E. Bruce Scrapie replication in lymphoid tissues depends on prion protein-expressing follicular dendritic cells Nat. Med. 5 1999 1308 1312
15. J.L. Browning, A. Ngam-ek, P. Lawton, J. DeMarinis, R. Tizard, E.P. Chow, C. Hession, B. O'Brine-Greco, S.F. Foley, and C.F. Ware Lymphotoxin beta, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface Cell 72 1993 847 856
16. J.L. Browning, I. Dougas, A. Ngam-ek, P.R. Bourdon, B.N. Ehrenfels, K. Miatkowski, M. Zafari, A.M. Yampaglia, P. Lawton, and W. Meier Characterization of surface lymphotoxin forms. Use of specific monoclonal antibodies and soluble receptors J. Immunol. 154 1995 33 46
17. M.E. Bruce, I. McConnell, R.G. Will, and J.W. Ironside Detection of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease infectivity in extraneural tissues Lancet 358 2001 208 209
18. H.R. Büeler, A. Aguzzi, A. Sailer, R.A. Greiner, P. Autenried, M. Aguet, and C. Weissmann Mice devoid of PrP are resistant to scrapie Cell 73 1993 1339 1347
19. N.R. Cashman, R. Loertscher, J. Nalbantoglu, I. Shaw, R.J. Kascsak, D.C. Bolton, and P.E. Bendheim Cellular isoform of the scrapie agent protein participates in lymphocyte activation Cell 61 1990 185 192
20. B. Caughey, and R.E. Race Potent inhibition of scrapie-associated PrP accumulation by congo red J. Neurochem. 59 1992 768 771
21. B. Caughey, and G.J. Raymond Sulfated polyanion inhibition of scrapie-associated PrP accumulation in cultured cells J. Virol. 67 1993 643 650
22. B. Caughey, L.D. Raymond, G.J. Raymond, L. Maxson, J. Silveira, and G.S. Baron Inhibition of protease-resistant prion protein accumulation in vitro by curcumin J. Virol. 77 2003 5499 5502
23. M.C. Clarke, and D.A. Haig Multiplication of scrapie agent in mouse spleen Res. Vet. Sci. 12 1971 195 197
24. M.C. Clarke, and R.H. Kimberlin Pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: distribution of agent in the pulp and stroma of infected spleens Vet. Microbiol. 9 1984 215 225
25. S. Cole, and R.H. Kimberlin Pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: dynamics of vacuolation in brain and spinal cord after intraperitoneal infection Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 11 1985 213 227
26. C. Crozet, Y.L. Lin, C. Mettling, C. Mourton-Gilles, P. Corbeau, S. Lehmann, and V. Perrier Inhibition of PrPSc formation by lentiviral gene transfer of PrP containing dominant negative mutations J. Cell Sci. 117 2004 5591 5597
27. T. Cupedo, W. Jansen, G. Kraal, and R.E. Mebius Induction of secondary and tertiary lymphoid structures in the skin Immunity 21 2004 655 667
28. T. Cupedo, F.E. Lund, V.N. Ngo, T.D. Randall, W. Jansen, M.J. Greuter, R. de Waal-Malefyt, G. Kraal, J.G. Cyster, and R.E. Mebius Initiation of cellular organization in lymph nodes is regulated by non-B cell-derived signals and is not dependent on CXC chemokine ligand 13 J. Immunol. 173 2004 4889 4896
29. J.G. Cyster, V.N. Ngo, E.H. Ekland, M.D. Gunn, J.D. Sedgwick, and K.M. Ansel Chemokines and B-cell homing to follicles Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 246 1999 87 92
30. N. Daude, M. Marella, and J. Chabry Specific inhibition of pathological prion protein accumulation by small interfering RNAs J. Cell Sci. 116 2003 2775 2779
31. P. De Togni, J. Goellner, N.H. Ruddle, P.R. Streeter, A. Fick, S. Mariathasan, S.C. Smith, R. Carlson, L.P. Shornick, and J. Strauss-Schoenberger Abnormal development of peripheral lymphoid organs in mice deficient in lymphotoxin Science 264 1994 703 707
32. A.G. Dickinson, H. Fraser, V.M. Meikle, and G.W. Outram Competition between different scrapie agents in mice Nat. New Biol. 237 1972 244 245
33. M. Enari, E. Flechsig, and C. Weissmann Scrapie prion protein accumulation by scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells abrogated by exposure to a prion protein antibody Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 9295 9299
34. S.Y. Felten, D.L. Felten, D.L. Bellinger, S.L. Carlson, K.D. Ackerman, K.S. Madden, J.A. Olschowka, and S. Livnat Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of lymphoid organs Prog. Allergy 43 1988 14 36
35. B. Fevrier, D. Vilette, F. Archer, D. Loew, W. Faigle, M. Vidal, H. Laude, and G. Raposo Cells release prions in association with exosomes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2004 9683 9688
36. R. Forster, A.E. Mattis, E. Kremmer, E. Wolf, G. Brem, and M. Lipp A putative chemokine receptor, BLR1, directs B cell migration to defined lymphoid organs and specific anatomic compartments of the spleen Cell 87 1996 1037 1047
37. H. Fraser, and C.F. Farquhar Ionising radiation has no influence on scrapie incubation period in mice Vet. Microbiol. 13 1987 211 223
38. R. Frigg, M.A. Klein, I. Hegyi, R.M. Zinkernagel, and A. Aguzzi Scrapie pathogenesis in subclinically infected B-cell-deficient mice J. Virol. 73 1999 9584 9588
39. Y.X. Fu, and D.D. Chaplin Development and maturation of secondary lymphoid tissues Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17 1999 399 433
40. Y.X. Fu, H. Molina, M. Matsumoto, G. Huang, J. Min, and D.D. Chaplin Lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) supports development of splenic follicular structure that is required for IgG responses J. Exp. Med. 185 1997 2111 2120
41. H. Furukawa, K. Doh-ura, R. Okuwaki, S. Shirabe, K. Yamamoto, H. Udono, T. Ito, S. Katamine, and M. Niwa A pitfall in diagnosis of human prion diseases using detection of protease-resistant prion protein in urine: Contamination with bacterial outer membrane proteins J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 23661 23667
42. A. Futterer, K. Mink, A. Luz, M.H. Kosco-Vilbois, and K. Pfeffer The lymphotoxin beta receptor controls organogenesis and affinity maturation in peripheral lymphoid tissues Immunity 9 1998 59 70
43. M. Glatzel, F.L. Heppner, K.M. Albers, and A. Aguzzi Sympathetic innervation of lymphoreticular organs is rate limiting for prion neuroinvasion Neuron 31 2001 25 34
44. M. Glatzel, E. Abela, M. Maissen, and A. Aguzzi Extraneural pathologic prion protein in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease N. Engl. J. Med. 349 2003 1812 1820
45. J.L. Gommerman, and J.L. Browning Lymphotoxin/light, lymphoid microenvironments and autoimmune disease Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3 2003 642 655
46. J.L. Gommerman, F. Mackay, E. Donskoy, W. Meier, P. Martin, and J.L. Browning Manipulation of lymphoid microenvironments in nonhuman primates by an inhibitor of the lymphotoxin pathway J. Clin. Invest. 110 2002 1359 1369
47. R. Heggebo, C.M. Press, G. Gunnes, M.J. Ulvund, M.A. Tranulis, and T. Lsverk Detection of PrP(Sc) in lymphoid tissues of lambs experimentally exposed to the Scrapie agent J. Comp. Pathol. 128 2003 172 181
48. M. Heikenwalder, M. Polymenidou, T. Junt, C. Sigurdson, H. Wagner, S. Akira, R. Zinkernagel, and A. Aguzzi Lymphoid follicle destruction and immunosuppression after repeated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide administration Nat. Med. 10 2004 187 192
49. Heikenwalder, M., Zeller, N., Seeger, H., Prinz, M., Klohn, P.C., Schwarz, P., Ruddle, N.H., Weissmann, C., and Aguzzi, A. (2005). Chronic lymphocytic inflammation specifies the organ tropism of prions. Science, in press Published online: January 20, 2005. 10.1126/science.1106460.
50. E. Heinen, A. Bosseloir, and F. Bouzahzah Follicular dendritic cells: origin and function Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 201 1995 15 47
51. F.L. Heppner, A.D. Christ, M.A. Klein, M. Prinz, M. Fried, J.P. Kraehenbuhl, and A. Aguzzi Transepithelial prion transport by M cells Nat. Med. 7 2001 976 977
52. F.L. Heppner, C. Musahl, I. Arrighi, M.A. Klein, T. Rulicke, B. Oesch, R.M. Zinkernagel, U. Kalinke, and A. Aguzzi Prevention of Scrapie Pathogenesis by Transgenic Expression of Anti-Prion Protein Antibodies Science 294 2001 178 182
53. A.F. Hill, M. Zeidler, J. Ironside, and J. Collinge Diagnosis of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by tonsil biopsy Lancet 349 1997 99 100
54. F. Houston, J.D. Foster, A. Chong, N. Hunter, and C.J. Bostock Transmission of BSE by blood transfusion in sheep Lancet 356 2000 999 1000
55. F.P. Huang, C.F. Farquhar, N.A. Mabbott, M.E. Bruce, and G.G. MacPherson Migrating intestinal dendritic cells transport PrP(Sc) from the gut J. Gen. Virol. 83 2002 267 271
56. P.S. Kaeser, M.A. Klein, P. Schwarz, and A. Aguzzi Efficient lymphoreticular prion propagation requires prp(c) in stromal and hematopoietic cells J. Virol. 75 2001 7097 7106
57. S. Kerneis, A. Bogdanova, J.P. Kraehenbuhl, and E. Pringault Conversion by Peyer's patch lymphocytes of human enterocytes into M cells that transport bacteria Science 277 1997 949 952
58. R.H. Kimberlin, and C.A. Walker Pathogenesis of scrapie (strain 263K) in hamsters infected intracerebrally, intraperitoneally or intraocularly J. Gen. Virol. 67 1986 255 263
59. R.H. Kimberlin, and C.A. Walker The role of the spleen in the neuroinvasion of scrapie in mice Virus Res. 12 1989 201 211
60. T. Kitamoto, T. Muramoto, S. Mohri, K. Doh-Ura, and J. Tateishi Abnormal isoform of prion protein accumulates in follicular dendritic cells in mice with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease J. Virol. 65 1991 6292 6295
61. M.A. Klein, R. Frigg, E. Flechsig, A.J. Raeber, U. Kalinke, H. Bluethmann, F. Bootz, M. Suter, R.M. Zinkernagel, and A. Aguzzi A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie Nature 390 1997 687 690
62. M.A. Klein, R. Frigg, A.J. Raeber, E. Flechsig, I. Hegyi, R.M. Zinkernagel, C. Weissmann, and A. Aguzzi PrP expression in B lymphocytes is not required for prion neuroinvasion Nat. Med. 4 1998 1429 1433
63. M.A. Klein, P.S. Kaeser, P. Schwarz, H. Weyd, I. Xenarios, R.M. Zinkernagel, M.C. Carroll, J.S. Verbeek, M. Botto, and M.J. Walport Complement facilitates early prion pathogenesis Nat. Med. 7 2001 488 492
64. P.A. Koni, R. Sacca, P. Lawton, J.L. Browning, N.H. Ruddle, and R.A. Flavell Distinct roles in lymphoid organogenesis for lymphotoxins alpha and beta revealed in lymphotoxin beta-deficient mice Immunity 6 1997 491 500
65. A. Kratz, A. Campos-Neto, M.S. Hanson, and N.H. Ruddle Chronic inflammation caused by lymphotoxin is lymphoid neogenesis J. Exp. Med 183 1996 1461 1472
66. G.C. Lavelle, L. Sturman, and W.J. Hadlow Isolation from mouse spleen of cell populations with high specific infectivity for scrapie virus Infect. Immun. 5 1972 319 323
67. C.A. Llewelyn, P.E. Hewitt, R.S. Knight, K. Amar, S. Cousens, J. Mackenzie, and R.G. Will Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion Lancet 363 2004 417 421
68. R.M. Locksley, N. Killeen, and M.J. Lenardo The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology Cell 104 2001 487 501
69. N.A. Mabbott, and M.E. Bruce Prion disease: bridging the spleen-nerve gap Nat. Med. 9 2003 1463 1464
70. N.A. Mabbott, C.F. Farquhar, K.L. Brown, and M.E. Bruce Involvement of the immune system in TSE pathogenesis Immunol. Today 19 1998 201 203
71. N.A. Mabbott, F. Mackay, F. Minns, and M.E. Bruce Temporary inactivation of follicular dendritic cells delays neuroinvasion of scrapie Nat. Med. 6 2000 719 720
72. N.A. Mabbott, M.E. Bruce, M. Botto, M.J. Walport, and M.B. Pepys Temporary depletion of complement component C3 or genetic deficiency of C1q significantly delays onset of scrapie Nat. Med. 7 2001 485 487
73. N.A. Mabbott, G. McGovern, M. Jeffrey, and M.E. Bruce Temporary blockade of the tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling pathway impedes the spread of scrapie to the brain J. Virol. 76 2002 5131 5139
74. N.A. Mabbott, J. Young, I. McConnell, and M.E. Bruce Follicular dendritic cell dedifferentiation by treatment with an inhibitor of the lymphotoxin pathway dramatically reduces scrapie susceptibility J. Virol. 77 2003 6845 6854
75. F. Mackay, and J.L. Browning Turning off follicular dendritic cells Nature 395 1998 26 27
76. G. Mallucci, A. Dickinson, J. Linehan, P.C. Klohn, S. Brandner, and J. Collinge Depleting neuronal PrP in prion infection prevents disease and reverses spongiosis Science 302 2003 871 874
77. G. Mallucci, and J. Collinge Rational targeting for prion therapeutics Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 2005 23 34
78. J. Manson, J.D. West, V. Thomson, P. McBride, M.H. Kaufman, and J. Hope The prion protein gene: a role in mouse embryogenesis? Development 115 1992 117 122
79. E.E. Manuelidis, E.J. Gorgacz, and L. Manuelidis Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with scrapie-like syndromes to mice Nature 271 1978 778 779
80. P.A. McBride, and M. Beekes Pathological PrP is abundant in sympathetic and sensory ganglia of hamsters fed with scrapie Neurosci. Lett. 265 1999 135 138
81. G. McGovern, K.L. Brown, M.E. Bruce, and M. Jeffrey Murine scrapie infection causes an abnormal germinal centre reaction in the spleen J. Comp. Pathol. 130 2004 181 194
82. R.E. Mebius, P. Rennert, and I.L. Weissman Developing lymph nodes collect CD4+CD3- LTbeta+ cells that can differentiate to APC, NK cells, and follicular cells but not T or B cells Immunity 7 1997 493 504
83. P. Meier, N. Genoud, M. Prinz, M. Maissen, T. Rulicke, A. Zurbriggen, A.J. Raeber, and A. Aguzzi Soluble dimeric prion protein binds PrP(Sc) in vivo and antagonizes prion disease Cell 113 2003 49 60
84. S. Mohri, S. Handa, and J. Tateishi Lack of effect of thymus and spleen on the incubation period of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in mice J. Gen. Virol. 68 1987 1187 1189
85. F. Montrasio, R. Frigg, M. Glatzel, M.A. Klein, F. Mackay, A. Aguzzi, and C. Weissmann Impaired prion replication in spleens of mice lacking functional follicular dendritic cells Science 288 2000 1257 1259
86. F. Montrasio, A. Cozzio, E. Flechsig, D. Rossi, M.A. Klein, T. Rulicke, A.J. Raeber, C.A. Vosshenrich, J. Proft, A. Aguzzi, and C. Weissmann B lymphocyte-restricted expression of prion protein does not enable prion replication in prion protein knockout mice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 4034 4037
87. U. Muller, C.V. Jongeneel, S.A. Nedospasov, K.F. Lindahl, and M. Steinmetz Tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin genes map close to H-2D in the mouse major histocompatibility complex Nature 325 1987 265 267
88. M.R. Neutra, A. Frey, and J.P. Kraehenbuhl Epithelial M cells: gateways for mucosal infection and immunization Cell 86 1996 345 348
89. V.N. Ngo, H. Korner, M.D. Gunn, K.N. Schmidt, D.S. Riminton, M.D. Cooper, J.L. Browning, J.D. Sedgwick, and J.G. Cyster Lymphotoxin alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor are required for stromal cell expression of homing chemokines in B and T cell areas of the spleen J. Exp. Med. 189 1999 403 412
90. A.H. Peden, M.W. Head, D.L. Ritchie, J.E. Bell, and J.W. Ironside Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 heterozygous patient Lancet 364 2004 527 529
91. D. Peretz, R.A. Williamson, K. Kaneko, J. Vergara, E. Leclerc, G. Schmitt-Ulms, I.R. Mehlhorn, G. Legname, M.R. Wormald, and P.M. Rudd Antibodies inhibit prion propagation and clear cell cultures of prion infectivity Nature 412 2001 739 743
92. M. Polymenidou, F.L. Heppner, E.C. Pellicioli, E. Urich, G. Miele, N. Braun, F. Wopfner, H. Schaetzl, B. Becher, and A. Aguzzi Humoral immune response to native eukaryotic prion protein correlates with anti-prion protection Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2004 14670 14676
93. M. Prinz, F. Montrasio, M.A. Klein, P. Schwarz, J. Priller, B. Odermatt, K. Pfeffer, and A. Aguzzi Lymph nodal prion replication and neuroinvasion in mice devoid of follicular dendritic cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 919 924
94. M. Prinz, M. Heikenwalder, T. Junt, P. Schwarz, M. Glatzel, F.L. Heppner, Y.X. Fu, M. Lipp, and A. Aguzzi Positioning of follicular dendritic cells within the spleen controls prion neuroinvasion Nature 425 2003 957 962
95. M. Prinz, M. Heikenwalder, P. Schwarz, K. Takeda, S. Akira, and A. Aguzzi Prion pathogenesis in the absence of Toll-like receptor signalling EMBO Rep. 4 2003 195 199
96. M. Prinz, G. Huber, A.J. Macpherson, F.L. Heppner, M. Glatzel, H.P. Eugster, N. Wagner, and A. Aguzzi Oral Prion Infection Requires Normal Numbers of Peyer's Patches but Not of Enteric Lymphocytes Am. J. Pathol. 162 2003 1103 1111
97. S.A. Priola, A. Raines, and W.S. Caughey Porphyrin and phthalocyanine antiscrapie compounds Science 287 2000 1503 1506
98. A.J. Raeber, M.A. Klein, R. Frigg, E. Flechsig, A. Aguzzi, and C. Weissmann PrP-dependent association of prions with splenic but not circulating lymphocytes of scrapie-infected mice EMBO J. 18 1999 2702 2706
99. N.H. Ruddle, and B.H. Waksman Cytotoxic effect of lymphocyte-antigen interaction in delayed hypersensitivity Science 157 1967 1060 1062
100. N.H. Ruddle, and B.H. Waksman Cytotoxicity mediated by soluble antigen and lymphocytes in delayed hypersensitivity. 3. Analysis of mechanism J. Exp. Med. 128 1968 1267 1279
101. A. Serban, G. Legname, K. Hansen, N. Kovaleva, and S.B. Prusiner Immunoglobulins in urine of hamsters with scrapie J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 48817 48820
102. S. Sethi, G. Lipford, H. Wagner, and H. Kretzschmar Postexposure prophylaxis against prion disease with a stimulator of innate immunity Lancet 360 2002 229 230
103. G.M. Shaked, Y. Shaked, Z. Kariv, M. Halimi, I. Avraham, and R. Gabizon A protease resistant PrP isoform is present in urine of animals and humans affected with prion diseases J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 1479 1482
104. A.N. Shakhov, I.G. Lyakhov, A.V. Tumanov, A.V. Rubtsov, L.N. Drutskaya, M.W. Marino, and S.A. Nedospasov Gene profiling approach in the analysis of lymphotoxin and TNF deficiencies J. Leukoc. Biol. 68 2000 151 157
105. C.J. Sigurdson, C. Barillas-Mury, M.W. Miller, B. Oesch, L.J. van Keulen, J.P. Langeveld, and E.A. Hoover PrP(CWD) lymphoid cell targets in early and advanced chronic wasting disease of mule deer J. Gen. Virol. 83 2002 2617 2628
106. C. Soto, R.J. Kascsak, G.P. Saborio, P. Aucouturier, T. Wisniewski, F. Prelli, R. Kascsak, E. Mendez, D.A. Harris, and J. Ironside Reversion of prion protein conformational changes by synthetic beta-sheet breaker peptides Lancet 355 2000 192 197
107. S. Supattapone, H. Wille, L. Uyechi, J. Safar, P. Tremblay, F.C. Szoka, F.E. Cohen, S.B. Prusiner, and M.R. Scott Branched polyamines cure prion-infected neuroblastoma cells J. Virol. 75 2001 3453 3461
108. F. Tagliavini, R.A. McArthur, B. Canciani, G. Giaccone, M. Porro, M. Bugiani, P.M. Lievens, O. Bugiani, E. Peri, and P. Dall'Ara Effectiveness of anthracycline against experimental prion disease in Syrian hamsters Science 276 1997 1119 1122
109. C.F. Ware, P.D. Crowe, M.H. Grayson, M.J. Androlewicz, and J.L. Browning Expression of surface lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor on activated T, B, and natural killer cells J. Immunol. 149 1992 3881 3888
110. C. Weissmann, A.J. Raeber, F. Montrasio, I. Hegyi, R. Frigg, M.A. Klein, and A. Aguzzi Prions and the lymphoreticular system Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 356 2001 177 184
111. A.R. White, P. Enever, M. Tayebi, R. Mushens, J. Linehan, S. Brandner, D. Anstee, J. Collinge, and S. Hawke Monoclonal antibodies inhibit prion replication and delay the development of prion disease Nature 422 2003 80 83
112. M. Worm, and R.S. Geha CD40 ligation induces lymphotoxin alpha gene expression in human B cells Int. Immunol. 6 1994 1883 1890