Mechanisms of transformation by MLL

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 235-254

  Hess, Jay L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Histone methylation; Hox genes; Mixed lineage leukemia; Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Indexed keywords

HISTONE H3; HYBRID PROTEIN; LYSINE; METHYLTRANSFERASE; MIXED LINEAGE LEUKEMIA PROTEIN;

ACUTE LEUKEMIA; ANIMAL CELL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE MUTATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENE TARGETING; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL; HOX GENE; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; METHYLATION; MIXED LINEAGE LEUKEMIA; MLL1 GENE; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FAMILY; REVIEW; TRANSACTIVATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; MYELOID-LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA PROTEIN; PROTO-ONCOGENES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 13544272858     PISSN: 10454403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.v14.i4.10     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Aasland R, Gibson TJ, Stewart AF (1995): The PHD finger: implications for chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 20:56-59.
2. Adler HT, Nallaseth FS, Walter G, Tkachuk DC (1997): HRX leukemic fusion proteins form a heterocomplex with the leukemia-associated protein SET and protein phosphatase 2A. J Biol Chem 272:28407-28414.
3. Adler HT, Chinery R, Wu DY, Kussick SJ, Payne JM, Fornace AJ Jr, Tkachuk DC (1999): Leukemic HRX fusion proteins inhibit GADD34-induced apoptosis and associate with the GADD34 and hSNF5/INI1 proteins. Mol Cell Biol 19:7050-7060.
4. Armstrong SA, Staunton JE, Silverman LB, Pieters R, den Boer ML, Minden MD, Sallan SE, Lander ES, Golub TR, Korsmeyer SJ (2002): MLL translocations specify a distinct gene expression profile that distinguishes a unique leukemia. Nat Genet 30:41-47.
5. Ayton PM, Cleary ML (2001): Molecular mechanisms of leukemogenesis mediated by MLL fusion proteins. Oncogene 20:5695-5707.
6. Ayton PM, Cleary ML (2001): MLL in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. In Ravid K, Licht JD, editors. Transcription factors in normal and malignant development of blood cells. New York: Wiley-Liss, 447-464.
7. Ayton PM, Cleary ML (2003): Transformation of myeloid progenitors by MLL oncoproteins is dependent on Hoxa7 and Hoxa9. Genes Dev 17:2298-2307.
8. Bernstein BE, Humphrey EL, Erlich RL, Schneider R, Bouman P, Liu JS, Kauzarides T, Schreiber SL (2002): Methylation of histone H3 Lys 4 in coding regions of active genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:8695-8700.
9. Bertrand FE, Spengeman JD, Shah N, LeBien TW (2003): B-cell development in the presence of the MLL/AF4 oncoprotein proceeds in the absence of HOX A7 and HOX A9 expression. Leukemia 17:2454-2459.
10. Birke M, Schreiner S, Garcia-Cuellar MP, Mahr K, Titgemeyer F, Slany RK (2002): The MT domain of the proto-oncoprotein MLL binds to CpG-containing DNA and discriminates against methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 30:958-965.
11. Brock HW, van Lohuizen M (2001): The Polycomb group-no longer an exclusive club? Curr Opin Genet Dev 11:175-181.
12. Buske C, Humphries RK (2000): Homeobox genes in leukemogenesis. Int J Hematol 71:301-308.
13. Cao R, Wang L, Wang H, Xia L, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Jones RS, Zhang Y (2002): Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in Polycomb-group silencing. Science 298:1039-1043.
14. Collins EC, Appert A, Ariza-McNaughton L, Pannell R, Yamada Y, Rabbitts TH (2002): Mouse Af9 is a controller of embryo patterning, like Mll, whose human homologue fuses with Af9 after chromosomal translocation in leukemia. Mol Cell Biol 22:7313-7324.
15. Corral J, Lavenir I, Impey H, Warren AJ, Forster A, Larson TA, Bell S, McKenzie AN, King G, Rabbitts TH (1996): An Mll-AF9 fusion gene made by homologous recombination causes acute leukemia in chimeric mice: a method to create fusion oncogenes. Cell 85:853-861.
16. Cozzio A, Passegue E, Ayton PM, Karsunky H, Cleary ML, Weissman IL (2003): Similar MLL-associated leukemias arising from self-renewing stem cells and short-lived myeloid progenitors. Genes Dev 17:3029-3035.
17. Cui X, De Vivo I, Slany R, Miyamoto A, Firestein R, Cleary ML (1998): Association of SET domain and myotubularin-related proteins modulates growth control. Nature Genetics 18:331-337.
18. Czermin B, Melfi R, McCabe D, Seitz V, Imhof A, Pirrotta V (2002): Drosophila enhancer of Zeste/ESC complexes have a histone H3 methyltransferase activity that marks chromosomal Polycomb sites. Cell 111:185-196.
19. Debernardi S, Bassini A, Jones LK, Chaplin T, Linder B, de Bruijn DR, Meese E, Young BD (2002): The MLL fusion partner AF10 binds GAS41, a protein that interacts with the human SWI/SNF complex. Blood 99:275-281.
20. DiMartino J, Miller T, Ayton PM, Landewe T, Hess JL, Cleary ML, Shilatifard A (2000): A carboxy-terminal domain of ELL is required and sufficient for immortalization of myeloid progenitors by MLL-ELL. Blood 96:3887-3993.
21. DiMartino JF, Cleary ML (1999): Mll rearrangements in haematological malignancies: lessons from clinical and biological studies. Br J Haematol 106:614-626.
22. Dobson CL, Warren AJ, Pannell R, Forster A, Lavenir I, Corral J, Smith AJ, Rabbitts TH (1999): The mll-AF9 gene fusion in mice controls myeloproliferation and specifies acute myeloid leukaemogenesis. EMBO J 18:3564-3574.
23. Dobson CL, Warren AJ, Pannell R, Forster A, Rabbitts TH (2000): Tumorigenesis in mice with a fusion of the leukaemia oncogene Mll and the bacterial lacZ gene. EMBO J 19:843-851.
24. Dohner K, Tobis K, Ulrich R, Frohling S, Benner A, Schlenk RF, Dohner H (2002): Prognostic significance of partial tandem duplications of the MLL gene in adult patients 16 to 60 years old with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: a study of the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group Ulm. J Clin Oncol 20:3254-3261.
25. Dolan M, McGlennen RC, Hirsch B (2002): MLL amplification in myeloid malignancies: clinical, molecular, and cytogenetic findings. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 134:93-101.
26. Dorrance AM, Yuan W, Becknell B, Guimond M, Strout MP, Feng L, Yu L, Liu S, Shen T, Whitman SP, Marcucci G, Caligiuri MA (2003): Homeotic transformations and aberrant Hox gene expression in mice with a partial tandem duplication of the Mll gene: evidence for a gain-of-function. Blood 102:132a.
27. Downing JR, Look AT (1996): MLL fusion genes in the 11q23 acute leukemias. Cancer Treat Res 84:73-92.
28. Doyon Y, Selleck W, Lane WS, Tan S, Cote J (2004): Structural and functional conservation of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex from yeast to humans. Mol Cell Biol 24:1884-1896.
29. Eguchi M, Eguchi-Ishimae M, Greaves M (2004): The small oligomerization domain of Gephyrin converts MLL to an oncogene. Blood 103:3876-3882.
30. Erfurth F, Hemenway CS, De Erkenez AC, Domer PH (2004): MLL fusion partners AF4 and AF9 interact at subnuclear foci. Leukemia 18:92-102.
31. Ernst P, Wang J, Huang M, Goodman RH, Korsmeyer SJ (2001): MLL and CREB bind cooperatively to the nuclear coactivator CREB-binding protein. Mol Cell Biol 21:2249-2258.
32. Fair K, Anderson M, Bulanova E, Mi H, Tropschug M, Diaz MO (2001): Protein interactions of the MLL PHD fingers modulate MLL target gene regulation in human cells. Mol Cell Biol 21:3589-3597.
33. Felix CA (1998): Secondary leukemias induced by topoisomerase-targeted drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta 1400:233-255.
34. Ferrando AA, Armstrong SA, Neuberg DS, Sallan SE, Silverman LB, Korsmeyer SJ, Look AT (2003): Gene expression signatures in MLL-rearranged T-lineage and B-precursor acute leukemias: dominance of HOX deregulation. Blood 102:262-268.
35. Fischle W, Wang Y, Allis CD (2003): Binary switches and modification cassettes in histone biology and beyond. Nature 425:475-479.
36. FitzGerald KT, Diaz MO (1999): MLL2: a new mammalian member of the trx/MLL family of genes. Genomics 59:187-192.
37. Gerber M, Shilatifard A (2003): Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II and histone methylation. J Biol Chem 278:26303-26306.
38. Goo YH, Sohn YC, Kim DH, Kim SW, Kang MJ, Jung DJ, Kwak E, Barlev NA, Berger SL, Chow VT, Roeder RG, Azorsa DO, Meltzer PS, Suh PG, Song EJ, Lee KJ, Lee YC, Lee JW (2003): Activating signal cointegrator 2 belongs to a novel steady-state complex that contains a subset of trithorax group proteins. Mol Cell Biol 23:140-149.
39. Hess JL, Yu BD, Li B, Hanson R, Korsmeyer SJ (1997): Defects in yolk sac hematopoiesis in Mll-null embryos. Blood 90:1799-1806.
40. Hsieh JJ, Cheng EH, Korsmeyer SJ (2003a): Taspase1: a threonine aspartase required for cleavage of MLL and proper HOX gene expression. Cell 115:293-303.
41. Hsieh JJ, Ernst P, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Korsmeyer SJ (2003b): Proteolytic cleavage of MLL generates a complex of N- and C-terminal fragments that confers protein stability and subnuclear localization. Mol Cell Biol 23:186-194.
42. Hsu DR, Chuang PT, Meyer BJ (1995): DPY-30, a nuclear protein essential early in embryogenesis for Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation. Development 121:3323-3334.
43. Hughes CM, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Milne TA, Copeland TD, Levine SS, Lee JC, Hayes DN, Shanmugam KS, Bhattacharjee A, Biondi CA, Kay GF, Hayward NK, Hess JL, Meyerson M (2004): Menin associates with a trithorax family histone methyltransferase complex and with the Hoxc8 locus. Mol Cell 13:587-597.
44. Huntsman DG, Chin SF, Muleris M, Batley SJ, Collins VP, Wiedemann LM, Aparicio S, Caldas C (1999): MLL2, the second human homolog of the Drosophila trithorax gene, maps to 19q13.1 and is amplified in solid tumor cell lines. Oncogene 18:7975-7984.
45. Jenuwein T, Allis CD (2001): Translating the histone code. Science 293:1074-1080.
46. Katsani KR, Arredondo JJ, Kal AJ, Verrijzer CP (2001): A homeotic mutation in the trithorax SET domain impedes histone binding. Genes Dev 15:2197-2202.
47. Klein Gunnewiek JM, van de Putte LB, van Venrooij WJ (1997): The U1 snRNP complex: an autoantigen in connective tissue diseases. An update. Clin Exp Rheumatol 15:549-560.
48. Krogan NJ, Dover J, Wood A, Schneider J, Heidt J, Boateng MA, Dean K, Ryan OW, Golshani A, Johnston M, Greenblatt JF, Shilatifard A (2003): The Paf1 complex is required for histone H3 methylation by COMPASS and Dot1p: linking transcriptional elongation to histone methylation. Mol Cell 11:721-729.
49. Kroon E, Krosl J, Thorsteinsdottir U, Baban S, Buchberg AM, Sauvageau G (1998): Hoxa9 transforms primary bone marrow cells through specific collaboration with Meis1a but not Pbx1b. EMBO J 17:3714-3725.
50. Kumar AR, Hudson WA, Chen W, Nishiuchi R, Yao Q, Kersey JH (2003): Hoxa9 influences the phenotype but not the incidence of Mll-AF9 fusion gene leukemia. Blood 103:1823-1828.
51. Kuzmichev A, Nishioka K, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Reinberg D (2002): Histone methyltransferase activity associated with a human multi-protein complex containing the enhancer of Zeste protein. Genes Dev 16:2893-2905.
52. Lachner M, Jenuwein T (2002): The many faces of histone lysine methylation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 14:286-298.
53. Lavau C, Szilvassy SJ, Slany R, Cleary ML (1997): Immortalization and leukemic transformation of a myelomonocytic precursor by retrovirally transduced HRX-ENL. EMBO J 16:4226-4237.
54. Lavau C, Du C, Thirman M, Zeleznik-Le N (2000): Chromatin-related properties of CBP fused to MLL generated a myelodysplastic-like syndrome that evolves into myeloid leukemia. EMBO J 19:4655-4664.
55. Lee JH, Skalnik DG (2002): CpG-binding protein is a nuclear matrix- and euchromatin-associated protein localized to nuclear speckles containing human trithorax. Identification of nuclear matrix targeting signals. J Biol Chem 277:42259-42267.
56. Li Q, Chen W, Hudson WA, Kersey JH (2003): Preferential expansion of murine pro-B lymphoid progenitor cells is induced by mll-AF4 and myeloid progenitor cells by mll-AF4 fusion genes. Blood 102:216a (abstract).
57. Lochner K, Siegler G, Fuhrer M, Greil J, Beck JD, Fey GH, Marschalek R (1996): A specific deletion in the breakpoint cluster region of the ALL-1 gene is associated with acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemias. Cancer Res 56:2171-2177.
58. Luo RT, Lavau C, Du C, Simone F, Polak PE, Kawamata S, Thirman MJ (2001): The elongation domain of ELL is dispensable but its ELL-associated factor 1 interaction domain is essential for MLL-ELL-induced leukemogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 21:5678-5687.
59. Luo RT, Kebriaei P, Kaberlein JJ, Thirman MJ (2002): Cooperating mutations are necessary for the development of AML in mll-ELL knock-in mice. Blood 100:136a (abstract).
60. Maki K, Mitani K, Yamagata T, Kurokawa M, Kanda Y, Yazaki Y, Hirai H (1999): Transcriptional inhibition of p53 by the MLL/MEN chimeric protein found in myeloid leukemia. Blood 93:3216-3224.
61. Martin ME, Milne TA, Bloyer S, Galoian K, Shen W, Gibbs D, Brock HW, Slany R, Hess JL (2003): Dimerization of MLL fusion proteins immortalizes hematopoietic cells. Cancer Cell 4:197-207.
62. Medema RH, Kops GJ, Bos JL, Burgering BM (2000): AFX-like Forkhead transcription factors mediate cell-cycle regulation by Ras and PKB through p27kip1. Nature 404:782-787.
63. Miller T, Krogan NJ, Dover J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Johnston M, Greenblatt JF, Shilatifard A (2001): COMPASS: a complex of proteins associated with a trithorax-related SET domain protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:12902-12907.
64. Milne TA, Briggs SD, Brock HW, Martin ME, Gibbs D, Allis CD, Hess JL (2002): MLL targets SET domain methyltransferase activity to Hox gene promoters. Mol Cell 10:1107-1117.
65. Morillon A, Karabetsou N, O'Sullivan J, Kent N, Proudfoot N, Mellor J (2003): Isw1 chromatin remodeling ATPase coordinates transcription elongation and termination by RNA polymerase II. Cell 115:425-435.
66. Moskow JJ, Bullrich F, Huebner K, Daar IO, Buchberg AM (1995): Meis1, a PBX1-rekted homeobox gene involved in myeloid leukemia in BXH-2 mice. Mol Cell Biol 15:5434-5443.
67. Muller J, Hart CM, Francis NJ, Vargas ML, Sengupta A, Wild B, Miller EL, O'Connor MB, Kingston RE, Simon JA (2002): Histone methyltransferase activity of a Drosophila polycomb group represser complex. Cell 111:197-208.
68. Nagy PL, Griesenbeck J, Kornberg RD, Cleary ML (2002): A trithorax-group complex purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for methylation of histone H3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:90-94.
69. Nakamura T, Largaespada DA, Shaughnessy JD Jr, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1996): Cooperative activation of Hoxa and Pbx1-related genes in murine myeloid leukaemias. Nat Genet 12:149-153.
70. Nakamura T, Mori T, Tada S, Krajewski W, Wassell R, Dubois G, Mazo A, Croce CM, Canaani E (2002): The ALL-1 protein is a histone H3-lysine 4 methyltransferase and assembles a supercomplex of proteins involved in chromatin alterations and in core promoter recognition. Mol Cell 10:1119-1128.
71. Ng HH, Robert F, Young RA, Struhl K (2003): Targeted recruitment of Set1 histone methylase by elongating Pol II provides a localized mark and memory of recent transcriptional activity. Mol Cell 11:709-719.
72. Nie Z, Van Z, Chen EH, Sechi S, Ling C, Zhou S, Xue Y, Yang D, Murray D, Kanakubo E, Cleary ML, Wang W (2003): Novel SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes contain a mixed-lineage leukemia chromosomal translocation partner. Mol Cell Biol 23:2942-2952.
73. Nishioka K, Chuikov S, Sarma K, Erdjument-Bromage H, Allis CD, Tempst P, Reinberg D (2002): Set9, a novel histone H3 methyltransferase that facilitates transcription by precluding histone tail modifications required for heterochromatin formation. Genes Dev 16:479-489.
74. Owens BM, Hawley RG (2002): HOX and non-HOX homeobox genes in leukemic hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 20:364-379.
75. Petruk S, Sedkov Y, Smith S, Tillib S, Kraevski V, Nakamura T, Canaani E, Croce CM, Mazo A (2001): Trithorax and dCBP acting in a complex to maintain expression of a homeotic gene. Science 294:1331-1334.
76. Pineault N, Helgason CD, Lawrence HJ, Humphries RK (2002): Differential expression of Hox, Meis1, and Pbx1 genes in primitive cells throughout murine hematopoietic ontogeny. Exp Hematol 30:49-57.
77. Poppe B, Vandesompele J, Schoch C, Lindvall C, Mrozek K, Bloomfield CD, Beverloo HB, Michaux L, Dastugue N, Herens C, Yigit N, De Paepe A, Hagemeijer A, Speleman F (2004): Expression analyses identify MLL as a prominent target of 11q23 amplification and support an etiologic role for MLL gain of function in myeloid malignancies. Blood 103:229-235.
78. Ringrose L, Rehmsmeier M, Dura JM, Paro R (2003): Genome-wide prediction of Polycomb/Trithorax response elements in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Cell 5:759-771.
79. Roguev A, Schaft D, Shevchenko A, Pijnappel WW, Wilm M, Aasland R, Stewart AF (2001): The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Set1 complex includes an Ash2 homologue and methylates histone 3 lysine 4. EMBO J 20:7137-7148.
80. Ross ME, Mahfouz R, Liu H, Zhou X, Song G, Shurtleff SA, Girtman K, Williams WK, Liang D-C, Rubnitz J, Shih L-Y, Riberio RC, Pui CH, Raimondi SC (2003): Gene expression profiling of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 102:173a (abstract).
81. Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Rozovskaia T, Burakov D, Sedkov Y, Tillib S, Blechman J, Nakamura T, Croce CM, Mazo A, Canaani E (1998): The C-terminal SET domains of ALL-1 and TRITHORAX interact with the INI1 and SNR1 proteins, components of the SWI/SNF complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:4152-4157.
82. Rozovskaia T, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Sedkov Y, Burakov D, Yano T, Nakamura T, Petruck S, Ben-Simchon L, Croce CM, Mazo A, Canaani E (2000): Self-association of the SET domains of human ALL-1 and of Drosophila TRITHORAX and ASH1 proteins. Oncogene 19:351-357.
83. Rozovskaia T, Feinstein E, Mor O, Foa R, Blechman J, Nakamura T, Croce CM, Cimino G, Canaani E (2001): Upregulation of Meis1 and HoxA9 in acute lymphocytic leukemias with the t(4:11) abnormality. Oncogene 20:874-878.
84. Santos-Rosa H, Schneider R, Bernstein BE, Karabetsou N, Morillon A, Weise C, Schreiber SL, Mellor J, Kouzarides T (2003): Methylation of histone H3 K4 mediates association of the Isw1p ATPase with chromatin. Mol Cell 12:1325-1332.
85. Sauvageau G, Humphries RK, Lawrence HJ, Largman C (2001): Homeobox gene networks and the regulation of hematopoiesis. In Ravid K, Licht JD, editors. Transcription factors in normal and malignant development of blood cells. New York: Wiley Liss, 133-148.
86. Schichman SA, Caligiuri MA, Gu Y, Strout MP, Canaani E, Bloomfield CD, Croce CM (1994): ALL-1 partial duplication in acute leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:6236-6239.
87. Schnabel CA, Jacobs Y, Cleary ML (2000): HoxA9-mediated immortalization of myeloid progenitors requires functional interactions with TALE cofactors Pbx and Meis. Oncogene 19:608-616.
88. Schnittger S, Kinkelin U, Schoch C, Heinecke A, Haase D, Haferlach T, Buchner T, Wormann B, Hiddemann W, Griesinger F (2000): Screening for MLL tandem duplication in 387 unselected patients with AML identify a prognostically unfavorable subset of AML. Leukemia 14:796-804.
89. Schnittger S, Schoch C, Kohlmann A, Dugas M, Kern W, Hiddemann W (2003): Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with partial tandem duplication of the MLL-gene (MLL-PTD) can clearly be discriminated from AML with MLL-translocations but intercalates with AML with normal karyotype: Gene Expression Study in 184 Cases. Blood 102:606a (abstract).
90. Schreiner SA, Garcia-Cuellar MP, Fey GH, Slany RK (1999): The leukemogenic fusion of MLL with ENL creates a novel transcriptional transactivator. Leukemia 13:1525-1533.
91. Schultz DC, Friedman JR, Rauscher FJ III (2001): Targeting histone deacetylase complexes via KRAB-zinc finger proteins: the PHD and bromodomains of KAP-1 form a cooperative unit that recruits a novel isoform of the Mi-2alpha subunit of NuRD. Genes Dev 15:428-443.
92. Shilatifard A, Lane WS, Jackson KW, Conaway RC, Conaway JW (1996): An RNA polymerase II elongation factor encoded by the human ELL gene. Science 271:1873-1876.
93. Shinobu N, Maeda T, Aso T, Ito T, Kondo T, Koike K, Hatakeyama M (1999): Physical interaction and functional antagonism between the RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL and p53. J Biol Chem 274:17003-17010.
94. Slany RK, Lavau C, Cleary ML (1998): The oncogenic capacity of HRX-ENL requires the transcriptional transactivation activity of ENL and the DNA binding motifs of HRX. Mol Cell Biol 18:122-129.
95. Smith ST, Petruk S, Sedkov Y, Cho E, Tillib S, Canaani E, Mazo A (2004): Modulation of heat shock response by the TAC1 chromatin remodeling complex. Nat Cell Biol 6:162-167.
96. So CW, Cleary ML (2002): MLL-AFX requires the transcriptional effector domains of AFX to transform myeloid progenitors and transdominantly interfere with forkhead protein function. Mol Cell Biol 22:6542-6552.
97. So CW, Cleary ML (2003): Common mechanism for oncogenic activation of MLL by forkhead family proteins. Blood 101:633-639.
98. So CW, Karsunky H, Wong P, Weissman IL, Cleary ML (2003a): Leukemic transformation of hematopietic progenitors by MLL-GAS7 in the absence of Hoxa7 or Hoxa9. Blood 103:3192-3199.
99. So CW, Lin M, Ayton PM, Chen EH, Cleary ML (2003b): Dimerization contributes to oncogenic activation of MLL chimeras in acute leukemias. Cancer Cell 4:99-110.
100. Syntichaki P, Topalidou I, Thireos G (2000): The Gcn5 bromodomain co-ordinates nucleosome remodelling. Nature 404:414-417.
101. Taketani T, Taki T, Sugita K, Furuichi Y, Ishii E, Hanada R, Tsuchida M, Ida K, Hayashi Y (2003): FLT3 mutations in the activation loop of tyrosine kinase domain are frequently found in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with MLL rearrangement and pediatric ALL with hyperdiploidy. Blood 103:1085-1088.
102. Thorsteinsdottir U, Mamo A, Kroon E, Jerome L, Bijl J, Lawrence HJ, Humphries K, Sauvageau G (2002): Overexpression of the myeloid leukemia-associated Hoxa9 gene in bone marrow cells induces stem cell expansion. Blood 99:121-129.
103. Whitman SP, Lui S, Klisovic MI, Vukosavljevic T, Guimond M, Rush LJ, Ruppert AS, Strout MP, Becknell B, Dorrance AM, Bruner RJ, Plass C, Bloomfield CD, Marcucci G, Caligiuri MA (2003): Activation of the silenced MLL (ALL-1) wild-type allele in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with the MLL partial tandem duplication results in enhancement of cell death. Blood 102:221a (abstract).
104. Wiederschain D, Kawai H, Gu J, Shilatifard A, Yuan ZM (2003): Molecular basis of p53 functional inactivation by the leukemic protein MLL-ELL. Mol Cell Biol 23:4230-4246.
105. Wysocka J, Myers MP, Laherty CD, Eisenman RN, Herr W (2003): Human Sin3 deacetylase and trithorax-related Set1/Ash2 histone H3-K4 methyltransferase are tethered together selectively by the cell-proliferation factor HCF-1. Genes Dev 17:896-911.
106. Xia ZB, Anderson M, Diaz MO, Zeleznik-Le NJ (2003): MLL repression domain interacts with histone deacetylases, the polycomb group proteins HPC2 and BMI-1, and the corepressor C-terminal-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:8342-8347.
107. Yagi H, Deguchi K, Aono A, Tani Y, Kishimoto T, Komori T (1998): Growth disturbance in fetal liver hematopoiesis of Mll-mutant mice. Blood 92:108-117.
108. Yano T, Nakamura T, Blechman J, Sorio C, Dang CV, Geiger B, Canaani E (1997): Nuclear punctate distribution of ALL-1 is conferred by distinct elements at the N terminus of the protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7286-7291.
109. Yeoh EJ, Ross ME, Shurtleff SA, Williams WK, Patel D, Mahfouz R, Behm FG, Raimondi SC, Reffing MV, Patel A, Cheng C, Campana D, Wilkins D, Zhou X, Li J, Liu H, Pui CH, Evans WE, Naeve C, Wong L, Downing JR (2002): Classification, subtype discovery, and prediction of outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia by gene expression profiling. Cancer Cell 1:133-143.
110. Yokoyama A, Kitabayashi I, Ayton PM, Cleary ML, Ohki M (2002): Leukemia proto-oncoprotein MLL is proteolytically processed into 2 fragments with opposite transcriptional properties. Blood 100:3710-3718.
111. Yokoyama A, Wang Z, Wysocka J, Sanyal M, Aufiero DJ, Kitabayashi I, Herr W, Cleary ML (2004): Leukemia proto-oncoprotein MLL forms a SET1-like histone methyltransferase complex with menin to regulate Hox gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 24:5639-5649.
112. Yu BD, Hess JL, Horning SE, Brown GA, Korsmeyer SJ (1995): Altered Hox expression and segmental identity in Mll-mutant mice. Nature 378:505-508.
113. Zegerman P, Canas B, Pappin D, Kouzarides T (2002): Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation disrupts binding of nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) repressor complex. J Biol Chem 277:11621-11624.
114. Zeisig BB, Schreiner S, Garcia-Cuellar MP, Slany RK (2003): Transcriptional activation is a key function encoded by MLL fusion partners. Leukemia 17:359-365.
115. Zeisig BB, Milne T, Garcia-Cuellar MP, Schreiner S, Martin ME, Fuchs U, Borkhardt A, Chanda SK, Walker J, Soden R, Hess JL, Slany RK (2004): Hoxa9 and Meis1 are key targets for MLL-ENL-mediated cellular immortalization. Mol Cell Biol 24:617-628.
116. Zeng L, Zhou MM (2002): Bromodomain: an acetyl-lysine binding domain. FEBS Lett 513:124-128.
117. Zhang Y, Reinberg D (2001): Transcription regulation by histone methylation: interplay between different covalent modifications of the core histone tails. Genes Dev 15:2343-2360.