European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for Stroke Management - Update 2003

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 311-337

  Hacke, Werner ^a   Kaste, Markku ^b   Bogousslavsky, Julien ^b   Brainin, Michael ^b   Chamorro, Angel ^b   Lees, Kennedy ^b   Leys, Didier ^b   Kwiecinski, Hubert ^b   Toni, Danilo ^b   Olsen, Tom Skyhoj ^b   Langhorne, Peter ^b   Diener, Hans Christoph ^b   Hennerici, Michael ^b   Ferro, Jose ^b   Sivenius, Johani ^b   Wahlgren, Nils Gunnar ^b   Bath, Philip ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Acute stroke therapy; Prevention; Rehabilitation; Stroke; Stroke unit

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; CHOLESTEROL; CLONIDINE; CLOPIDOGREL; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; DIHYDRALAZINE; DIPYRIDAMOLE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; INDAPAMIDE; LABETALOL; MANNITOL; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PERINDOPRIL; PRAVASTATIN; PROPRANOLOL; RAMIPRIL; SIMVASTATIN; URAPIDIL;

AGITATION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BLEEDING; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BODY TEMPERATURE; BRADYCARDIA; BRAIN ANGIOGRAPHY; BRONCHOSPASM; CAROTID ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CAROTID ARTERY SURGERY; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFUSION; DECUBITUS; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; ESTROGEN THERAPY; EUROPE; EXTRAINTRACRANIAL ANASTOMOSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEADACHE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG FUNCTION; META ANALYSIS; MUSCLE TWITCH; NAUSEA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT REFERRAL; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE OXIMETRY; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; STROKE; TACHYCARDIA; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VERTIGO; VOMITING;

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; EUROPE; HUMANS; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION;

EID: 10744221456     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000072554     Document Type: Review

References (235)

1. Abbott R, Yin Y, Reed D, Yano K: Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1986;315:717-720.
2. Aboderin I, Venables G, for the Pan European Consensus Meeting on Stroke Management: Stroke management in Europe. J Intern Med 1996;240:173-180.
3. Adams HP Jr, Brott TG, Crowell RM, Furlan AJ, Gomez CR, Grotta J, Helgason CM, Marler JR, Woolson RF, Zivin JA, et al: Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association: Stroke 1994;25:1901-1914.
4. Adams HP Jr, Adams RJ, Brott T, del Zoppo GJ, Furlan A, Goldstein LB, Grubb RL, Higashida R, Kidwell C, Kwiatkowski TG, Marler JR, Hademenos GJ; Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association: Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: A scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association. Stroke 2003;34:1056-1083.
5. Ahmed N, Nasman P, Wahlgren NG: Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 2000;31: 1250-1255.
6. Ahmed N, Wahlgren G: High initial blood pressure after acute stroke is associated with poor functional outcome. J Intern Med 2001;249:467-473.
7. Algra A, van Gijn J: Aspirin at any dose above 30 mg offers only modest protection after cerebral ischaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;60:197-199.
8. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALL-HAT Collaborative Research Group: Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA 2002;288:2998-3007.
9. American Diabetes Association: Aspirin treatment in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23(suppl 1):S61-S62.
10. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration: Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71-86.
11. Asplund K, Marke L-A, Terent A, Gustafsson C, Wester P: Costs and gains in stroke prevention: European perspective. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993;3(suppl):34-42.
12. Baker WH, Howard VJ, Howard G, Toole JF, for the ACAS investigators: Effect of contralateral occlusion on long-term efficacy of endarterectomy in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS). Stroke 2000;31:2330-2334.
13. Bamford J, Dennis M, Sandercock P, Burn J, Warlow C: The frequency, causes and timing of death within 30 days of a first stroke. The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:824-829.
14. Barber PA, Zhang J, Demchuk AM, Hill MD, Buchan AM: Why are stroke patients excluded from TPA therapy? An analysis of patients eligibility. Neurology 2001;56:1015-1020.
15. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, Ferguson GG, Haynes RB, Rankin RN, Clagett GP, Hachinski VC, Sackett DL, Thorpe KE, Meldrum HE: Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1415-1425.
16. Bath PM, Lindenstrom E, Boysen G, De Deyn P, Friis P, Leys D, Marttila R, Olsson J, O'Neill D, Orgogozo J, Ringelstein B, van der Sande J, Turpie AG: Tinzaparin in acute ischaemic stroke (TAIST): A randomised aspirin-controlled trial. Lancet 2001;358:702-710.
17. Becker K, Fruin M, Gooding T, Tirschwell D, Love P, Mankowski T: Community-based education improves stroke knowledge. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;11:34-43.
18. Benavente O, Moher D, Pham B: Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: A meta-analysis. BMJ 1998;317:1477-1480.
19. Bereczki D, Liu M, do Prado GF, Fekete I: Mannitol for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(1):CD001153.
20. Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH, Sandset PM: Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: A double-blind randomised study. HAEST Study Group. Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial. Lancet 2000;355:1205-1210.
21. Bernabei R, Landi F, Gambassi G, et al: Randomised trial of impact of model of integrated care and case management for older people living in the community. BMJ 1998;316:1348-1351.
22. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD et al: Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:557-563.
23. Berrouschot J, Rossler A, Koster J, Schneider D: Mechanical ventilation in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke. Crit Care Med 2000;28:2956-2961.
24. Bhalla A, Sankaralingam S, Dundas R, Swaminathan R, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG: Influence of raised plasma osmolality on clinical outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 2000;31:2043-2048.
25. Bhatt DL, Kapadia SR, Yadav JS, Topol EJ: Update on clinical trials of antiplatelet therapy for cerebrovascular diseases. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10(suppl 5):34-40.
26. Biller J, Feinberg W, Castaldo J, Whittemore A, Harbaugh R, Dempsey R, Caplan L, et al: Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: A statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;97:501-509.
27. Bowes MP, Zivin JA, Thomas GR, Thibodeaux H, Fagan SC: Acute hypertension, but not thrombolysis, increases the incidence and severity of hemorrhagic transformation following experimental stroke in rabbits. Exp Neurol 11996;41:40-46.
28. Brainin M, Bornstein N, Boysen G, Demarin V for the EFNS Task Force on Acute Neurological Stroke Care: Acute neurological stroke care in Europe: results of the European stroke care inventory. Eur J Neurol 2000;7:5-10.
29. Brainin M , Kaste M, Czlonkowska A et al. for the European Federation of Neurological Societies Task Force on Acute Neurological Stroke Care: The role of European neurology. Eur J Neurol 1997;4:435-441.
30. Brainin M, Steiner M: Acute stroke units in Austria are being set up on a national level following evidence-based recommendations and structural quality criteria. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 15(suppl 1):29-32.
31. Brandt T, von Kummer R, Müller-Küppers M, Hacke W: Thrombolyic therapy of acute basilar artery occlusion: Variables affecting recanalization and outcome. Stroke 1996;27:875-881.
32. Britton M, Carlsson A, de Faire U: Blood pressure course in patients with acute stroke and matched controls. Stroke 1986;17:861-864.
33. Broderick J, Brott T, Barsan W, Clarke Haley E, Levy D, Marler J, Sheppard G, Blum C: Blood pressure during the first minutes of focal cerebral ischemia. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1438.
34. Broderick JP, Phillips SJ, O'Fallon WM, Frye RL, Whisnant JP: Relationship of cardiac disease to stroke occurrence, recurrence, and mortality Stroke 1992;23:1250-1256.
35. Brott T, Fieschi C, Hacke W: General therapy of acute ischemic stroke; in Hacke W, Hanley DF, Einhäupl K, Bleck Berlin TP (eds): Neurocritical Care. Heidelberg, Springer, 1994, pp 553-577.
36. Brott T, Reed RL: Intensive care for acute stroke in the community hospital setting. The first 24 hours. Stroke 1989;20:694-697.
37. Camerlingo M, Casto L, Censori B, Ferraro B, Gazzaniga G, Partziguian T, Signore M, Panagia C, Fascendini A, Cesana BM, Mamoli A: Experience with a questionnaire administered by emergency medical service for pre-hospital identification of patients with acute stroke. Neurol Sci 2001;22:357-361.
38. Cannegieter S, Rosendaal F, Witzen A, Van Der Meer F, Vandenbroucke J, Briët E: Optimal oral anticoagulation therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 1995;333:11-17.
39. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC: Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: Asystematic overview. Stroke 2001;32:2426-3223.
40. CAPRIE Steering Committee: A randomised, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329-1339.
41. Carlberg B, Asplund K, Hagg E: Factors influencing admission blood pressure levels in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 1991;22:527-530.
42. Castillo J, Davalos A, Noya M: Aggravation of acute ischemic stroke by hyperthermia is related to an excitotoxic mechanism. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:22-27.
43. CAVATAS Investigators: Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): A randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1729-1737.
44. Chambers BR, You RX, Donnan GA: Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis (Cochrane review); in: Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2002.
45. Chamorro A: Immediate anticoagulation in acute focal brain ischemia revisited: Gathering the evidence. Stroke 2001;32:577-578.
46. Chamorro A, Cervera A, Castillo J, Davalos A, Aponte JJ, Planas AM: Unfractionated heparin is associated with a lower rise of serum vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurosci Lett 2002;16;328:229-232.
47. Chamorro A, Vila N, Ascaso C, Elices E, Schonewille W, Blanc R: Blood pressure and functional recovery in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998;29:1850-1853.
48. Chinese Acute Stroke Trial (CAST): Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1999;349:1641-1649.
49. Colditz GA, Bonita R, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH: Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med 1988;318:937-941.
50. Corbett D, Thornhill J: Temperature modulation (hypothermic and hyperthermic conditions) and its influence on histological and behavioral outcomes following cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol 2000;10:145-152.
51. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003.
52. Davalos A, Cendra E, Teruel J, Martinez M, Genis D: Deteriorating ischemic stroke: Risk factors and prognosis. Neurology 1990;40:1865-1869.
53. Davalos A, Toni D, Iweins F, Lesaffre E, Bastianello S, Castillo J: Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke: Potential predictors and associated factors in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS). Stroke 1999;30:2631-2636.
54. Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Wellwood I, Warlow CP: Complications after acute stroke. Stroke 1996;27:415-420.
55. Derex L, Adeleine P, Nighoghossian N, Honnorat J, Trouillas P: Factors influencing early admission in a French stroke unit. Stroke 2002;33:153-159.
56. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A: European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996;143:1-13.
57. Diener HC, Ringelstein EB, von Kummer R, Langohr HD, Bewermeyer H, Landgraf H, Hennerici M, Welzel D, Grave M, Brom J, Weidinger G: Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: Results of the TOPAS trial. Therapy of Patients With Acute Stroke (TOPAS) Investigators. Stroke 2001;32:22-29.
58. Di Mascio R, Marchili R, Tognoni G: Cholesterol reduction and stroke occurrence: An overview of randomized clinical trials. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10:85-92.
59. Dippel DW, van Breda EJ, van Gemert HM, van der Worp HB, Meijer RJ, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ: Effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) on body temperature in acute ischemic stroke: A double-blind, randomized phase II clinical trial. Stroke 2001;32:1607-1612.
60. Diringer MN: Management of sodium abnormalities in patients with CNS disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992;15:427-447.
61. Donnan G, Davis S, Chambers B, Gates P, Hankey G, McNeil J, Rosen D, et al.: Trials of streptokinase in severe acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1995;345:578-579.
62. Dressler FA, Craig WR, Castello R, Labovitz AJ: Mobile aortic atheroma and systemic emboli: Efficacy of anticoagulation and influence of plaque morphology on recurrent stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:134-138.
63. Duncan PW: Synthesis of intervention trials to improve motor recovery following stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 1997;3:1-20.
64. Eames PJ, Blake MJ, Dawson SL, Panerai RB, Potter JF: Dynamic cerebral autoregulation and beat to beat blood pressure control are impaired in acute ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:467-472.
65. Echiverri HC, Rubino FA, Gupta SR, Gujrati M: Fusiform aneurysm of the vertebrobasilar arterial system. Stroke 1989;20:1741-1747.
66. ETDRS Investigators: Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 14. JAMA 1992;268:1292-1300.
67. European Stroke Initiative: European Stroke Initiative recommendations for stroke management. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10:335-351.
68. Evenson KR, Rosamond WD, Morris DL: Prehospital and in-hospital delays in acute stroke care. Neuroepidemiology 2001;20:65-76.
69. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study: Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421-1428.
70. Fagan SC, Bowes MP, Lyden PD, Zivin JA: Acute hypertension promotes hemorrhagic transformation in a rabbit embolic stroke model: Effect of labetalol. Exp Neurol 1998;150:153-158.
71. Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C: The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: Final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:1044-1054.
72. Feinberg W, Albers G, Barnett H, Biller J, Caplan L, Carter L, et al: Guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks. From the Ad Hoc Committee on Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischemic Attacks of the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1994;89:2950-2965.
73. Ferro JM, Melo TP, Oliveira V, Crespo M, Canhão P, Pinto AN: A analysis of the admission delay of acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:72-75.
74. Ferro JM, Pinto AN, Falcäo I Rodrigues G, Ferreira J, Falcão F, Azevedo E, Canhão P, Melo TP, Rosas MJ, Oliveira V, Salgado AV: Diagnosis of stroke by the nonneurologist. A validation study Stroke 1998;29:1106-1109.
75. Fukuda H, Kitani M, Takahashi K: Body temperature correlates with functional outcome and the lesion size of cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Scand 1999;100:385-390.
76. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Frye RL, Halperin JL, Kay GN, Klein WW, Levy S, McNamara RL, Prystowsky EN, Wann LS, Wyse DG, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Russell RO, Smith SC, Klein WW, Alonso-Garcia A, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, De Backer G, Flather M, Hradec J, Oto A, Parkhomenko A, Silber S, Torbicki A: ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1231-1266.
77. de Gaetano G: Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: A randomised trial in general practice. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Lancet 001;357:89-95.
78. Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Aschoff A, Schwab S: Hemicraniectomy and moderate hypothermia in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Stroke 2002;33:1584-1588.
79. Georgilis K, Plomaritoglou A, Dafni U, Bassiakos Y, Vemmos K: Aetiology of fever in patients with acute stroke. J Intern Med 1999;246:203-209.
80. Gerberding JL: Hospital-onset infections: A patient safety issue. Ann Int Med 2002;137:665.
81. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Becker K, Furberg CD, Gorelick PB, Hademenos G, Hill M, Howard G, Howard VJ, Jacobs B, Levine SR, Mosca L, Sacco RL, Sherman DG, Wolf PA, del Zoppo GJ: Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke 2001;32:280-299.
82. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, Blumenthal R, Davidson M, Hlatky M, Hsia J, Hulley S, Herd A, Khan S, Newby LK, Waters D, Vittinghoff E, Wenger N: Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:49-57.
83. Graham DI: Ischemic brain damage following emergency blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients. Acta Med Scand 1982;678(suppl):61-69.
84. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Schnitzler P, Spiel M, Lichy C, Hacke W: Fever and infection early after ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 1999;171:115-120.
85. Gray CS, Taylor R, French JM, Alberti KG, Venables GS, James OF, Shaw DA, Cartlidge NE, Bates D: The prognostic value of stress hyperglycaemia and previously unrecognized diabetes in acute stroke. Diabet Med 1987;4:237-240.
86. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ: Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the nurses' health study. A prospective, observational study. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:1-8.
87. Grossman E, Messerli FH, Grodzicki T, Kowey P: Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA 1996;276:1328-1331.
88. Hacke W, Brott T, Caplan L, Meier D, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Donnan G, Heiss WD, Wahlgren NG, Spranger M, Boysen F, Marler JR: Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: Controlled trials and clinical experience. Neurology 1999;53(7 suppl 4):S3-S14.
89. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Davalos A, Meier D, Larrue V, Bluhmki E, Davis S, Donnan G, Schneider D, Diez Tejedor E, Trouillas P: Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet 1998;352:1245-1251.
90. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, Toni D, Lesaffre E, et al: Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995;274:1017-1025.
91. Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M, Spranger M, De-Georgia M, von Kummer R: 'Malignant' middle cerebral artery territory infarction: Clinical course and prognostic signs. Arch Neurol 1996;53:309-315.
92. Hacke W, Zeumer H, Ferbert A, Brückmann H, Del Zoppo G: Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke 1988;19:1216-1222.
93. Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P: Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome: A meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke 2000;31:410-414.
94. Hankey GJ, Warlow CP: Treatment and secondary prevention of stroke: Evidence, costs, and effects on individuals and populations. Lancet 1999;354:1457-1463.
95. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers S, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Menard J, Rahn KH, Wedel H, Westerling S: Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 1998;351:1755-1762.
96. Harper G, Castleden CM, Potter JF: Factors affecting changes in blood pressure after acute stroke. Stroke 1994;25:1726-1729.
97. Harraf F, Sharma AK, Brown MM, Lees KR, Vass RI, Kalra L: A multicentre observational study of presentation and early assessment of acute stroke. BMJ 2002;325:17.
98. Hart RG, Halperin JL, McBride R, Benavente O, Man-Son-Hing M, Kronmal RA: Aspirin for the primary prevention of stroke and other major vascular events: Meta-analysis and hypotheses. Arch Neurol 2000;57:326-332.
99. Hart RG, Sherman DG, Easton JD, Cairns J: Prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Neurology 1998;51:674-681.
100. Hatashita S, Hoff JT, Ishii S: Focal brain edema associated with acute arterial hypertension. J Neurosurg 1986;64:643-649.
101. He K, Rimm EB, Merchant A, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A: Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men. JAMA 2002;288:3130-3136.
102. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.
103. Hesse S: Locomotor therapy in neurorehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation 2001;16:133-139.
104. Hommel M, for the FISS bis Investigators group: Fraxiparin in acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8:63-68.
105. Horner J, Massey E, Riski J, et al.: Aspiration following stroke: Clinical correlates and outcome. Neurology 1988;38:1359-1362.
106. Hu FB, Willett WC: Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 2002;288:2569-2578.
107. Huff JS: Stroke mimics and chameleons. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2002;20:583-595.
108. Hughes RA, Barnes MP, Baron JC, Brainin M: Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces. Eur J Neurol 2001;6:549-550.
109. Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group: Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002;346:549-556.
110. Indredavik B, Bakke F, Solberg R, Rokseth R, Haaheim LL, Holme I: Benefit of a stroke unit: A randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1991;22:1026-1031.
111. Indredavik B, Slordahl SA, Bakke F, Rokseth R, Haheim LL: Stroke unit treatment: Long-term effects. Stroke 1997;28:1861-1866.
112. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group: The International Stroke Trial (IST): A randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997:349:1569-1581.
113. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P, Sharpe BL, Chan RKT, Meldrum HE, Barnett HJM: The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1693-1700.
114. Iranzo A, Santamaría J, Berenguer J, Sánchez M, Chamorro A: Prevalence and clinical importance of sleep apnea in the first night after cerebral infarction. Neurology 2002;58:911-916.
115. Italian Acute Stroke Study Group: Haemodilution in acute stroke: Results of the Italian Haemodilution Trial. Lancet 1988;1:318-321.
116. James P, Ellis CJ, Whitlock RML., McNeil AR, Henley J, Anderson NE: Relation between troponin T concentration and mortality in patients presenting with an acute stroke: Observational study. BMJ 2000;320:1502-1504.
117. Jansen PAF, Schulte BPM, Poels EFJ, Gribnau FWJ: Course of blood pressure after cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1987;89:243-246.
118. Johansson BB: Brain plasticity and stroke rehabilitation. The Willis lecture. Stroke 2000;31:223-230.
119. Jørgensen HS, Kammersgaard LP, Houth J, et al: Who benefits from treatment and rehabilitation in a stroke Unit? A community-based study. Stroke 2000;31:434-439.
120. Jørgensen H, Nakayama H, Raaschou H, Larsen K, Hübbe P, Olsen T: The effect of a stroke unit: Reductions in mortality, discharge rate to nursing home, length of hospital stay and cost. A community-based study. Stroke 1995;26:1176-1182.
121. Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS: Effect of blood pressure and diabetes on stroke in progression. Lancet 1994;16;344:156-159.
122. Kalra E, Eade J: Role of stroke rehabilitation units in managing severe disability after stroke. Stroke 1995;26:2031-2034.
123. Kaplan N: Hypertensive emergencies. In: Kaplan N (ed): Clinical Hypertension. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1990.
124. Kasner SE, Wein T, Piriyawat P, Villar-Cordova CE, Chalela JA, Krieger DW, Morgenstern LB, Kimmel SE, Grotta JC: Acetaminophen for altering body temperature in acute stroke: A randomized clinical trial. Stroke 2002;33:130-134.
125. Kaste M, Fogelholm R, Rissanen A: Economic burden of stroke and the evaluation of new therapies. Public Health 1998;112:103-112.
126. Kaste M, Palomaki H, Sarna S: Where and how should elderly stroke patients be treated? A randomized trial. Stroke 1995;26:249-253.
127. Kaste M, Roine RO: General stroke management and stroke units; in Grotta JC, Choi D, Mohr JP, Weir B, Wolf PA (eds): Stroke: Physiology, Diagnosis and Management. Philadelphia, Hartcourt Health Sciences, in press.
128. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH: Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women. JAMA 1993;269:232-236.
129. Kay R, Wong KS, Yu YL: Low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. New Engl J Med 1995;333:1588-1593.
130. Khechinashvili G, Asplund K: Electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute stroke: A systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;14:67-76.
131. van Kooten F, Hoogerbrugge N, Naarding P, Koudstaal PJ: Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke is not caused by stress. Stroke 1993;24:1129-1132.
132. Kothari R, Hall K, Brott T, Broderick J: Early stroke recognition: Developing and out-of-hospital NIH Stroke Scale. Acad Emerg Med 1997;4:986-990.
133. Kramer AM, Steiner JF, Schenkler RE, et al: Outcomes and costs after hip fracture and stroke: A comparison of rehabilitation stettings. JAMA 1997;1277:396-404.
134. Kwan J, Sandercock P: In-hospital care pathways for stroke (Cochrane review); in: Cochrane Library,Issue 1, 2003. Update Software.
135. Langhorne P, Pollock A, for the Stroke Unit Trial-ists' Collaboration: What are the components of effective stroke unit care? Age Ageing 2002;31:365-371.
136. Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C, Dick F, Taylor GS, Murray G: Medical complications after stroke: A multicenter study. Stroke 2000;31:1223-1229.
137. Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Berger K, Buring JE, Manson JE: Exercise and risk of stroke in male physicians. Stroke 1999;30:1-6.
138. Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PMW, Philips SJ, Sandercock PAG, for the IST Collaborative Group: Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2002;33:1315.
139. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al: Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-2191.
140. Lindstrom E, Boysen G, Christiansen LW, Nansen BR, Nielsen PW: Reliability of Scandinavian neurological stroke scale. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991;1:103-107.
141. Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B, Welch KM, Mascha EJ, Levine S, Haley EC, Grotta J, Marler J: Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 1994;25:2220-2226.
142. Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, Zuber M, Cabanes L, Derumeaux G, Coste J: Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1740-1746.
143. Meade T: Low dose warfarin and aspirin in preventing IHD. Practitioner 1998;242:799-803.
144. Meyer JS, Shimazu K, Fukuhuchi, Ohuchi T, Okamoto S, Koto A: Impaired neurogenic cerebrovascular control and dysautoregulation after stroke. Stroke 1973;4:169-186.
145. Miltner WH, Bauder H, Sommer M, Dettmers C, Taub E: Effects of constraint-induced movement therapy on patients with chronic motor deficits after stroke: A replication. Stroke 1999;30:586-592.
146. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM, Levin B, Sacco RL, Furie KL, Kistler JP, Albers GW, Pettigrew LC, Adams HP Jr, Jackson CM, Pullicino P: A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1444-1451.
147. Mori K, Aoki A, Yamamoto T, Maeda M: Aggressive decompressive surgery in patients with massive hemispheric embolic cerebral infarction associated with severe brain swelling. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143:483-492.
148. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N: Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2000;356:1955-1964.
149. Norris J: Effects of cerebrovascular lesions on the heart. Neurol Clin 1983;1:87-101.
150. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators: Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445-453.
151. Olsen TS: Post-stroke epilepsy. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2001;3:340-344.
152. Oppenheimer S, Hachinski V: Complications of acute stroke. Lancet 1992;339:721-724.
153. Oppenheimer SM, Keden G, Martin WM: Left-insular cortex lesions perturb cardiac autonomic tone in humans. Clin Auton Res 1996;6:131-140.
154. PATS Collaborating Group: Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995;108:710-717.
155. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R, Wheatley K, Hennekens C, Jamrozik K, Warlow C, Hafner B, Thompson E, Norton S: Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988;296:313-316.
156. Porteous GH, Corry MD, Smith WS: Emergency medical services dispatcher identification of stroke and transient ischemic attack. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999;3:211-216.
157. Power WJ: Acute hypertension after stroke: The scientific basis for treatment decisions. Neurology 1993;43:461-467.
158. PROGRESS Collaborative Group: Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033-1041.
159. Prough DS, Zornow MH: Hypertonic maintenance fluids for patients with cerebral edema: Does the evidence support a 'phase II' trial? Crit Care Med 1998;26:421-422.
160. Pulsinelli W, Levy D, Sigsbee B, Scherer P, Plum F: Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1983;74:540-544.
161. Qizilbash N, Lewington SL, Lopez-Arrieta JM: Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(2):CD000064.
162. Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Bhardwaj A, Mirski M, Schnitzer MS, Hanley DF, Ulatowski JA: Use of hypertonic (3%) saline/acetate infusion in the treatment of cerebral edema: Effect on intracranial pressure and lateral displacement of the brain. Crit Care Med 1998;26:440-446.
163. Reith J, Jœrgensen H, Pedersen P, Nakayama H, Raaschou H, Jeppesen L, Olsen T: Body temperature in acute stroke: Relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality and outcome. Lancet 1996;347:422-425.
164. Reynolds K, Lewis LB, Nolen JDL, Kinney GL, Sathya B, He J: Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke. A meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:579-588.
165. Rieke K, Schwab S, Krieger D, von Kummer R, Aschoff A, Schuchardt V, Hacke W: Decompressive surgery in space-occupying hemispheric infarction: Results of an open, prospective trial. Crit Care Med 1995;23:1576-1587.
166. Righetti E, Celani MG, Cantisani TA, Sterzi R, Boysen G, Ricci S: Glycerol for acute stroke: A Cochrane systematic review. J Neurol 2002;249:445-451.
167. Ringleb PA, Bertram M, Keller E, Hacke W: Hypertension in patients with cerebrovascular accident. To treat or not to treat? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:2179-2181.
168. Ronning OM, Guldvog B: Should stroke victims routinely receive supplemental oxygen? A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1999;30:2033-2037.
169. Roubin GS, New G, Iyer SS, Vitek JJ, Al-Mubarak N, Liu MW, Yadav J, Gomez C, Kuntz RE: Immediate and late clinical outcomes of carotid artery stenting in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: A 5-year prospective analysis. Circulation 2001;103:532-537.
170. Rothwell PM, Eliasziv M, Gutnikov SA, Fox AJ, Taylor DW, Mayberg MR, Warlow CP, Barnett HJM: Analysis of pooled data from the randomized controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet 2003;361:107-116.
171. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FH, Linares E, Schaefer EJ, Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J: Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:410-418.
172. Schellinger PD, Fiebach JB, Hacke W (2003): Imaging-based decision making in thrombolytric therapy for ischemic stroke - Present state. Stroke 34:575-583.
173. Schwab S, Georgiadis D, Berrouschot J, Schellinger PD, Graffangino C, Mayer SA: Feasibility and safety of moderate hypothermia after massive hemispheric infarction. Stroke 2001;32:2033-2035.
174. Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M, Keller E, Bertram M, Hacke W: Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 1998;29:2461-2466.
175. Schwab S, Steiner T, Aschoff A, Schwarz S, Steiner HH, Jansen O, Hacke W: Early hemicraniectomy in patients with complete middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 1998;29:1888-1893.
176. Schwarz S, Georgiadis D, Aschoff A, Schwab S: Effects of hypertonic (10%) saline in patients with raised intracranial pressure after stroke. Stroke 2002;33:136-140.
177. Schwarz S, Schwab S, Bertram M, Aschoff A, Hacke W: Effects of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution and mannitol in patients with increased intracranial pressure after stroke. Stroke 1998;29:1550-1555.
178. Shackford SR, Zhuang J, Schmoker J: Intravenous fluid tonicity: effect on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral oxygen delivery in focal brain injury. J Neurosurg 1992;76:91-98.
179. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema JW, Kamper AM, Macfarlane PW, Meinders AE, Norrie J, Packard CJ, Perry IJ, Stott DJ, Sweeney BJ, Twomey C, Westendorp RG, for the PROSPER Study Group (PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk) : Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:1623-1630.
180. Sherman DG, Atkinson RP, Chippendale T, Levin KA, Ng K, Futrell N, Hsu CY, Levy DE: Intravenous ancrod for treatment of acute ischemic stroke: the STAT study: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke Treatment with Ancrod Trial. JAMA 2000;283:2395-2403.
181. Shinton R, Beevers G: Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ 1989;298:789-794.
182. Silver F, Norris J, Lewis A, Hachinski V: Early mortality following stroke: A prospective review. Stroke 1984;15:492-496.
183. Sivenius J, Pyörälä K, Heinonen OP, Salonen J, Riekkinen P: The significance of intensity of rehabilitation in the recovery of stroke - A controlled trial. Stroke 1985;16:928-931.
184. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L: Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2001;358:1305-1315.
185. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group: Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. N Engl J Med 1989;321:129-135.
186. Stegmayr B, Vinogradova T, Malyutina S, et al: Widening gap of stroke between east and west. Eight-year trends in occurrence and risk factors in Russia and Sweden. Stroke 2000;31:2-8.
187. Steiner T, Mendoza G, De Georgia M, Schellinger P, Holle R, Hacke W: Prognosis of stroke patients requiring mechanical ventilation in a neurological critical care unit. Stroke 1997;28:711-715.
188. Steiner T, Ringleb P, Hacke W: Treatment options for large hemispheric stroke. Neurology 2001;57:S61-S68.
189. Strand T: Evaluation of long-term outcome and safety after hemodilution therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1992;23:657-662.
190. Strand T, Asplund K, Eriksson S, Hagg E, Lithner F, Wester P: A non-intensive stroke unit reduces functional disability and the need for long-term hospitalization. Stroke 1985;16:29-34.
191. Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA: New evidence for stroke prevention: Scientific review. JAMA 2002;288:1388-1395.
192. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration: Organised in-patient (stroke unit) care for stroke; in: Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2002. Update Software.
193. Syrjanen J, Valtonen VV, Iivanainen M, Kaste M, Huttunen JK: Preceding infection as an important risk factor for ischaemic brain infarction in young and middle-aged patients. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988;296:1156-1160.
194. Taub E, Miller NE, Novack TA, et al: Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:347-354.
195. Teasdale G, Jennett B: Assessment and prognosis of coma after head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1976;34:45-55.
196. The ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA Study Group Investigators: Better outcome with early stroke treatment: A pooled analysis of ATLAN-TIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2003;in revision.
197. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group: A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1261-1266.
198. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group: Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomised trial. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1191-2000.
199. The European Ad Hoc Consensus Group: European strategies for early intervention in stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1996;6:315-324.
200. The European Ad Hoc Consensus Group: Optimizing intensive care in stroke: A European perspective. A report of an Ad Hoc Consensus Group meeting. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997;7:113-128.
201. The European Atrial Fibrillation Study Group: Optimal oral anticoagulation therapy in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and recent cerebral ischemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:5-10.
202. The European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group: Risk of stroke in the distribution of an asymptomatic carotid artery. Lancet 1995;345:209-212.
203. The Hemodilution in Stroke Study Group: Hypervolemic hemodilution treatment of acute stroke: Results of a randomized multicenter trial using pentastarch. Stroke 1989;20:317-323.
204. The Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group: Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002;346:549-556.
205. The INDIANA (Individual Data Analysis of Anti-hypertensive Intervention Trials) Project Collaborators: Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke: Gathering the evidence. Stroke 1997;28:2557-2562.
206. The Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial - Europe Study Group: Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute ischaemic stroke. N Engl Med 1996;335:145-150.
207. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group (NINDS): Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581-1587.
208. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group: A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. Ann Neurol 1997;42:857-865.
209. The TOAST Publication Committee: Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 and outcome after acute ischemic stroke. JAMA 1998;279:1265-1272.
210. Thomas SH, Kociszewski C, Schwamm LH, Wedel SK: The evolving role of helicopter emergency medical services in the transfer of stroke patients to specialized centers. Prehosp Emerg Care 2002;6:210-204.
211. Thomassen L, Brainin M, Demarin V, Grond M, Toni D, Venables GS, for the EFNS Task Force on Acute Neurological Stroke Care: Acute stroke treatment in Europe: a questionnaire-based survey on behalf of the EFNS task force on acute neurological stroke care. Eur J Neurol, in press.
212. Toni D, Fiorelli M, Gentile M, Bastianello S, Sacchetti ML, Argentino C, Pozzilli C, Fieschi C: Progressing neurological deficit secondary to acute ischemic stroke. A study on predictability, pathogenesis, and prognosis. Arch Neurol 1995;52:670-675.
213. Toni D, De Michele M, Fiorelli M, Bastianello S, Camerlingo M, Sacchetti ML, Argentino C, Fieschi C: Influence of hyperglycaemia on infarct size and clinical outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients with intracranial arterial occlusion. J Neurol Sci 1994;123:129-33.
214. Toni D, Sacchetti ML, Argentino C, Gentile M, Cavalletti C, Frontoni M, Fieschi C: Does hyperglycaemia play a role on the outcome of acute ischaemic stroke patients? J Neurol 1992;239:382-386.
215. Turkington PM, Bamford J, Wanklyn P, Elliott MW: Prevalence and predictors of upper airway obstruction in the first 24 h after acute stroke. Stroke 2002;33:2037-2042.
216. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR: Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. JAMA 1999;281:2005-2012.
217. Unterberg AW, Kiening KL, Hartl R, Bardt T, Sarrafzadeh AS, Lanksch WR: Multimodal monitoring in patients with head injury: evaluation of the effects of treatment on cerebral oxygenation. J Trauma 1997;42:532-537.
218. Vandoni RE, Lironi A, Tschantz P: Bacteriuria during urinary tract catheterization: suprapubic versus urethral route: A prospective randomized trial. Acta Chir Belg 1994;94:12-16.
219. Vingerhoets F, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Van Melle G: Atrial fibrillation after acute stroke. Stroke 1993;24:26-30.
220. Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Kernan WN, Sarrel PM, Suissa S, Horwitz RI: A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1243-1249.
221. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Walker M: Smoking cessation and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men. JAMA 1995;274:155-160.
222. Wardlaw JM: Overview of Cochrane thrombolysis meta-analysis. Neurology 2001;57(5 suppl 2):S69-S76.
223. Wardlaw J, Warlow C: Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischaemic stroke - The updated cochrane database of systemtic reviews metaanalysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:124.
224. Weimar C, Glahn J, von Reutern GM, Kloth A, Busse O, Diener HC: Treatment of ischemic stroke in 14 neurologic stroke units. An evaluation of the stroke databank of the German Stroke Aid Foundation. Nervenarzt 2002b;73:342-348.
225. Weimar C, Roth MP, Zillessen G, Glahn J, Wimmer ML, Busse O, Haberl RL, Diener HC; German Stroke Date Bank Collaborators: Complications following acute ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol 2002b;48:133-140.
226. Wein TH, Staub L, Felberg R, Hickenbottom SL, Chan W, Grotta JC, Demchuck AM, Groff J, Bartholomew LK, Morgenstern LB: Activation of emergency medical services for acute stroke in a nonurban population: The TLL Temple Foundation Stroke Project. Stroke 2000;31:1925-1928.
227. Weir CJ, Murray GD, Dyker AG, Lees KR: Is hyperglycaemia an independent predictor of poor outcome after acute stroke? Results of a long-term follow-up study. BMJ 1997;3;314:1303-1306.
228. Werner C, Bardeleben A, Mauritz KH, Kirker S, Hesse S: Treadmill training with partial body weight support and physiotherapy in stroke patients: A preliminary comparison. Eur J Neurol 2002;9:639-644.
229. Wester P, Radberg J, Lundgreen B, Peltonen M: Factors associated with delayed admission to hospital and in-hospital delays in acute stroke and TIA. A prospective, multicenter study. Stroke 1999;30:40-48.
230. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group: Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOP). Circulation 1998;97:1440-1445.
231. WHO Task Force on Stroke and Other Cerebrovascular Disorders: Stroke - 1989. Recommendations on stroke prevention, diagnosis, and therapy: Report of the WHO Task Force on Stroke and Other Cerebrovascular Disorders. Stroke 1989;20:1407-1431.
232. Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ: Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1988;259:1025-1029.
233. Wolfe CDA, Giroud M, Kolomisnky-Rabas P, et al: Variations in stroke incidence and survival in 3 areas of Europe. Stroke 2000;31:2074-2079.
234. Yoon SS, Byles J: Preceptions in the general public and patients with stroke: A qualitative study. BMJ 2002;324:1065-1070.
235. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcome Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-153.