Treatment and secondary prevention of stroke: Evidence, costs, and effects on individuals and populations

Lancet

Volumn 354, Issue 9188, 1999, Pages 1457-1463

  Hankey, Graeme J ^a,b   Warlow, Charles P ^c  

^a ROYAL PERTH HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^c NHS LOTHIAN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DIURETIC AGENT; HEPARIN; STATIN; WARFARIN;

BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SMOKING; STROKE;

EID: 0033598606     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04407-4     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Warlow C.P., Dennis M.S., van Gijn J., Hankey G.J., Sandercock P.A.G., Bamford J., Wardlaw J. Practical management of stroke. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1996; chap 11.
2. Roberts L., Counsell C. Assessment of clinical outcomes in acute stroke trials. Stroke. 29:1998;986-991.
3. Kelly-Hayes M., Robertson J.T., Broderick J.P., Duncan P.W., Hershey L.A., Roth E.J., Thies W.H., Trombly C.A. The American Heart Association Stroke Outcome Classification. Stroke. 29:1998;1274-1280.
4. Cochrane Library [database on disk and CD ROM]. Cochrane Collaboraton; 1999, Issue 1, Oxford: Update Software; 1999. Updated quarterly.
5. Glanville J., Haines M., Auston I. Finding information on clinical effectiveness. BMJ. 317:1998;200-203.
6. Hankey G.J. Stroke: how large a public health problem, and how can the neurologist help? Arch Neurol. 56:1999;748-754.
7. Altman D.G. Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat. BMJ. 317:1998;1309-1312.
8. Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services. Schedule of pharmaceutical benefits for approved pharmacists and medical practitioners (Nov 1, 1998), Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 1998.
9. Bamford J., Sandercock P., Dennis M.et al. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project - 1981-1986: methodology, demography and incident cases of first-ever stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 51:1988;1373-1380.
10. Bonita R., Anderson C.S., Broad J.B., Jamrozik K.D., Stewart-Wynne E.G., Anderson N.E. Stroke incidence and case fatality in Australia: a comparison of the Auckland and Perth population-based stroke registers. Stroke. 25:1994;552-557.
11. Thorvaldsen P., Asplund K., Kuulasmaa K., Rajakangas A-M., Schroll M. Stroke incidence, case fatality, and mortality in the WHO MONICA project. Stroke. 26:1995;361-367.
12. Hankey G.J., Warlow C.P. Transient ischaemic attacks of the brain and eye. 1994;Saunders, London.
13. Brown R.D., Petty G.W., O'Fallon W.M., Wiebers D.O., Whisnant J.P. Incidence of transient ischemic attack in Rochester, Minnesota, 1985-1989. Stroke. 29:1998;2109-2113.
14. Bamford J., Sandercock P., Dennis M., Burn J., Warlow C. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project - 1981-1986: II: Incidence, case fatality rates and overall outcome at one year of cerebral infarction, primary intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 53:1990;16-22.
15. Anderson C.S., Jamrozik K.D., Broadhurst R.J., Stewart-Wynne E.G. Predicting survival for one year among different subtypes of strokes: results from the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke. 25:1994;1935-1944.
16. Bonita R., Solomon N., Broad J.B. Prevalence of stroke and stroke-related disability: estimates from the Auckland Stroke Studies. Stroke. 28:1997;1898-1902.
17. Hankey G.J., Jamrozik K., Broadhurst R.J., Forbes S., Burvill P.W., Anderson C.S., Stewart-Wynne E.G. Long-term risk of recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke. 29:1998;2491-2500.
18. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised in-patient (stroke unit) care after stroke (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software, 1999. Updated quarterly.
19. Sudlow C.L.M., Warlow C.P. Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological subtypes: results from an International Collaboration. Stroke. 28:1997;491-499.
20. Warlow C.P., Dennis M.S., van Gijn J., Hankey G.J., Sandercock P.A.G., Bamford J., Wardlaw J. Practical management of stroke. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1996, chap 17.
21. Bergman L., van der Meulen J.H.P., Limburg M., Habbema J.D.F. Costs of medical care after first-ever stroke in the Netherlands. Stroke. 26:1995;1830-1836.
22. Chen Z.M., Sandercock P.A.G. Indications for early aspirin use in acute ischaemic stroke: a combined analysis of over 40,000 randomised patients. Stroke. 30:1999;243. abstr.
23. Wardlaw J.M., Yamaguchi T., del Zoppo G. Thrombolytic therapy versus control in acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Oxford: Update Software. Updated quarterly.
24. Katzan I.L., Furlan A.J., Way L.E., Frank J.I., Harper D.L., Hinchey J.A., Sila C.A. A systematic audit of IV tPA in Cleveland Area Hospitals. Stroke. 30:1999;266. abstr.
25. Jorgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Kammersgaard L.P., Raaschou H.O., Olsen T.S. Predicted impact of intravenous thrombolysis on prognosis of general population of stroke patients: simulation model. BMJ. 319:1999;288-289.
26. Sandercock P.A.G., Gubitz G., Counsell C., Signorini D. Immediate anticoagulant therapy for acute ischaemic stroke I: a systematic review of 21 randomised trials of anticoagulant vs control, including 23,374 patients. Stroke. 30:1999;248. abstr.
27. Blood pressure lowering for the secondary prevention of stroke: rationale and design for PROGRESS (Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study). J Hypertension. 14(suppl 2):1996;41-46.
28. Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke: gathering the evidence. Stroke. 28:1997;2557-2562.
29. Rodgers A., Neal B., MacMahon S. The effects of blood pressure lowering in cerebrovascular disease. Neurol Rev Int. 2(1):1997;12-15.
30. Jamrozik K., Broadhurst R.J., Anderson C.S., Stewart-Wynne E.G. The role of lifestyle factors in the etiology of stroke: a population-based case-control study in Perth, Western Australia. Stroke. 25:1994;51-59.
31. Hankey G.J. Smoking and risk of stroke. J Cardiovasc Risk. 5:1999;207-211.
32. Cholesterol diastolic blood pressure and stroke: 13000 strokes in 450000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet. 346:1995;1647-1653.
33. Blood pressure cholesterol and stroke in eastern Asia. Lancet. 352:1998;1801-1807.
34. Bucher H.C., Griffith L.E., Guyatt G.H. Effect of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors on stroke: a meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 128:1998;89-95.
35. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 339:1998;1349-1357.
36. Plehn J.F., Davis B.R., Sacks F.M.et al. Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Study. Circulation. 99:1999;216-223.
37. Algra A., van Gijn J. Aspirin at any dose above 30 mg offers only modest protection after cerebral ischaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 60:1996;197-199.
38. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ. 308:1994;81-106.
39. Hankey G.J., Sudlow C.L.M., Dunbabin D.W. Thienopyridine derivatives (ticlopidine, clopidogrel) versus aspirin in the secondary prevention of stroke and other important vascular events among high risk patients (protocol for a Cochrane Review). in: The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software. 1999. Updated quarterly.
40. Diener H.C., Cunha L., Forbes C., Sivenius J., Smets P., Lowenthal A. European Stroke Prevention Study 2: dipyridamole and acetylsalicyclic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci. 143:1996;1-13.
41. Hankey G.J. One year after CAPR.I.E., IST and ESPS 2: any changes in concepts? Cerebrovasc Dis. 8(suppl 5):1998;1-7.
42. Anticoagulants versus aspirin and the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole versus aspirin only in patients with transient ischaemic attacks or nondisabling ischaemic stroke: ESPRIT (European and Australian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial). Stroke 1999; 30: 487.
43. Koudstaal P. Secondary prevention following stroke or TIA in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: anticoagulant therapy versus control (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Oxford: Update Software. 1999. Updated quarterly.
44. Sudlow M., Thomson R., Thwaites B., Rodgers H., Kenny R.A. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and eligibility for anticoagulants in the community. Lancet. 352:1998;1167-1171.
45. Asplund K., Marke L-A., Terent A., Gustafsson C., Wester P.O. Costs and gains in stroke prevention: European perspective. Cerebrovasc Dis. 3(suppl 1):1993;34-42.
46. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet. 351:1998;1379-1387.
47. Hankey G.J., Slattery J.M., Warlow C.P. The prognosis of hospital-referred transient ischaemic attacks. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 54:1991;793-802.
48. Smurawska L.T., Bowyer B., Rowed D., Maggisano R., Oh P., Norris J.W. Changing practice and costs of carotid endarterectomy in Toronto, Canada. Stroke. 29:1998;2014-2017.
49. Drummond M.F., Jefferson D. Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ. BMJ. 313:1996;275-283.
50. Russell L.B., Gold M.R., Siegel J.E., Daniels N., Weinstein M.C. The role of cost-effective analysis in health and medicine. JAMA. 276:1996;1172-1177.
51. Fagan S.C., Morgenstern L.B., Petitta A.et al. Cost-effectiveness of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke. Neurology. 50:1998;883-890.
52. Taylor T.N., Davis P.H., Turner J.C., Holmes J., Meyer J.W., Jacobsen M.F. Lifetime cost of stroke in the United States. Stroke. 27:1996;1459-1466.
53. Holloway R.G., Witter D.M. Jr., Lawton K.B., Lipscomb J., Samsa G. Inpatient costs of specific cerebrovascular events at five academic medical centers. Neurology. 46:1996;856-860.
54. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Quality of Care and Health Outcomes Committee. Clinical practice guidelines: prevention of stroke: the role of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and carotid endarterectomy. Canberra: NHMRC, 1996: 4.
55. Rose G. The strategy of preventive medicine. 1992;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
56. Rothwell P.M., Warlow C.P. Prediction of benefit from carotid endarterectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study. Lancet. 353:1999;2105-2110.
57. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 348:1996;1329-1339.