Human variability for metabolic pathways with limited data (CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, ADH, esterases, glycine and sulphate conjugation)

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 397-421

  Dorne, J L C M ^a   Walton, K ^a   Renwick, A G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Human variability; Pharmacokinetics; Phase I metabolism; Phase II metabolism; Risk assessment; Sensitive subgroups; Uncertainty factors

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; BENZOIC ACID; CHLORZOXAZONE; COCAINE; CYTOCHROME P450; CYTOCHROME P450 2A6; CYTOCHROME P450 2C9; CYTOCHROME P450 2E1; DIFLUNISAL; ESMOLOL; ESTERASE; FLESTOLOL; FLUMAZENIL; FOSINOPRIL; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLYCINE; PARACETAMOL; PRENALTEROL; SALBUTAMOL; SALICYLIC ACID; SULFATE; TOLBUTAMIDE; TRIMETHADIONE; VASOPRESSIN; WARFARIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CONJUGATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME KINETICS; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; ETHNOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFANT; KIDNEY DISEASE; METABOLISM; NEWBORN; NORMAL HUMAN;

EID: 1042290482     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.10.003     Document Type: Article

References (219)

1. Abdallah H.Y., Mayersohn M., Conrad K.A. The influence of age on salicylate pharmacokinetics in humans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 31:1991;380-387.
2. Abei M., Tanaka E., Tanaka N., Matsuzaki Y., Ikegami T., Ishikawa A., Osuga T. Clinical significance of the trimethadione tolerance test in chronic hepatitis. A useful indicator of hepatic drug metabolizing capacity Journal of Gastroenterology. 30:1995;478-484.
3. Abernethy D.R., Kaminsky L.S., Dickinson T.H. Selective inhibition of warfarin metabolism by diltiazem in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 257:1991;411-415.
4. Achari R., Drissel D., Hulse J.D., Bell V., Turlapaty P., Laddu A., Matier W.L. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of flestolol, a short-acting, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 27:1987;60-64.
5. Achari R., Hulse J.D., Drissel D., Matier W.L. Pharmacokinetics of flestolol in man. Preliminary data British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 20:1985;691-694.
6. Achari R., Hulse J.D., Drissel D., Matier W.L., Hulse D.L. Metabolism and urinary excretion of esmolol in man. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 26:1986;44-47.
7. Aitchison J., Brown J.A.C. The Lognormal Distribution. 1966;University Press, Cambridge.
8. Ammon E., Schafer C., Hofmann U., Klotz U. Disposition and first-pass metabolism of ethanol in humans. is it gastric or hepatic and does it depend on gender? Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 59:1996;503-513.
9. Antal E.J., Gillespie W.R., Phillips J.P., Albert K.S. The effect of food on the bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of tolbutamide in diabetic patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 22:1982;459-462.
10. Appel S., Rufenacht T., Kalafsky G., Tetzloff W., Kallay Z., Hitzenberger G., Kutz K. Lack of interaction between fluvastatin and oral hypoglycemic agents in healthy subjects and in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Cardiology. 76:1995;29A-32A.
11. Awni W.M., Hussein Z., Granneman G.R., Patterson K.J., Dube L.M., Cavanaugh J.H. Pharmacodynamic and stereoselective pharmacokinetic interactions between zileuton and warfarin in humans. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 29(2):1995;67-76.
12. Back D.J., Tjia J., Monig H., Ohnhaus E.E., Park B.K. Selective inhibition of drug oxidation after simultaneous administration of two probe drugs, antipyrine and tolbutamide. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 34:1988;157-163.
13. Baraka O.Z., Truman C.A., Ford J.M., Roberts C.J. The effect of propranolol on paracetamol metabolism in man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 29:1990;261-264.
14. Barnett G., Hawks R., Resnick R. Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3:1981;353-366.
15. Benedek I.H., Joshi A.S., Pieniaszek H.J., King S.Y., Kornhauser D.M. Variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of low dose aspirin in healthy male volunteers. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 35:1995;1181-1186.
16. Benowitz N.L., Jacob P. Nicotine metabolism in nonsmokers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 48:1990;473-474.
17. Benowitz N.L., Jacob P. Nicotine metabolism in humans. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 50:1991;462-464.
18. Benowitz N.L., Jacob P. Nicotine and cotinine elimination pharmacokinetics in smokers and nonsmokers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 53:1993;316-323.
19. Benowitz N.L., Jacob P. Metabolism of nicotine to cotinine studied by a dual stable isotope method. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 56:1994;483-493.
20. Benowitz N.L., Jacob P. Effects of cigarette smoking and carbon monoxide on nicotine and cotinine metabolism. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 67:2000;653-659.
21. Benowitz N.L., Jacob P., Denaro C., Jenkins R. Stable isotope studies of nicotine kinetics and bioavailability. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 49:1991;270-277.
22. Benowitz N.L., Jacob P., Jones R.T., Rosenberg J. Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 221:1982;368-372.
23. Benowitz N.L., Jacob P., Olsson P., Johansson C.J. Intravenous nicotine retards transdermal absorption of nicotine. Evidence of blood flow- limited percutaneous absorption Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 52:1992;223-230.
24. Benowitz N.L., Kuyt F., Jacob P., Jones R.T., Osman A.-L. Cotinine disposition and effects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 34:1983;604-611.
25. Benowitz N.L., Perez-Stable E.J., Herrera B., Jacob P. Slower metabolism and reduced intake of nicotine from cigarette smoking in Chinese-Americans. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 94:2002;108-115.
26. Bochner F., Williams D.B., Morris P.A., Siebert D.M., Lloyd J.V. Pharmacokinetics of low-dose oral modified release, soluble and intravenous aspirin in man, and effects on platelet function. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 35:1988;287-294.
27. Bolt H.M., Roos P.H., Thier R. The cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP2E1 in the biological processing of industrial chemicals. consequences for occupational and environmental medicine International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 76:2003;174-185.
28. Boni J.P., Cevallos W.H., DeCleene S., Korth-Bradley J.M. The influence of bromfenac on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic responses to glyburide in diabetic subjects. Pharmacotherapy. 17:1997;783-790.
29. Bonnardot J.P., Levron J.C., Deslauriers M., Brule M.L., Flaisler B., Deligne P. Pharmacokinetics of a continuous etomidate infusion in cirrhotic patients. Revue Annuelle Francaise d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation. 10:1991;443-449.
30. Borgstrom L., Ekman B., Larsson H., Leden I., Lindahl A., Melander A., Wahlin-Boll E. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of controlled-release and enteric-coated formulations of sodium salicylate. Biopharmaceuticals and Drug Disposition. 5:1984;261-272.
31. Brantmark B., Wahlin B.E., Melander A. Bioavailability of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid from rapid- and slow-release formulations, and in combination with dipyridamol. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 22:1982;309-314.
32. Breimer L.T., Hennis P.J., Burm A.G., Danhof M., Bovill J.G., Spierdijk J., Vletter A.A. Pharmacokinetics and EEG effects of flumazenil in volunteers. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 20:1991;491-496.
33. Brier M.E., Bays H., Sloan R., Stalker D.J., Welshman I., Aronoff G.R. Pharmacokinetics of oral glyburide in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Disease. 29:1997;907-911.
34. Buchi K.N., Rollins D.E., Tolman K.G., Achari R., Drissel D., Hulse J.D. Pharmacokinetics of esmolol in hepatic disease. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 27:1987;880-884.
35. Chan E., Pegg M., Mackay A.D., Cole R.B., Rowland M. Stereochemical aspects of warfarin in patients receiving chronic therapy. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 19:1984;571P.
36. Chow M.J., Ambre J.J., Ruo T.I., Atkinson A.J., Bowsher D.J., Fischman M.W. Kinetics of cocaine distribution, elimination, and chronotropic effects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 38:1985;318-324.
37. Cholerton S., Idle M.E., Vas A., Gonzalez F.J., Idle J.R. Comparison of a novel thin-layer chromatographic-fluorescence detection method with a spectrofluorometric method for the determination of 7-hydroxycoumarin in human urine. Journal of Chromatography. 27:1992;325-330.
38. Compton R.F., Sandborn W.J., Lawson G.M., Sheets A.J., Mays D.C., Zins B.J., Tremaine W.J., Lipsky J.J., Mahoney D.W., Zinsmeister A.R., Offords K.P., Hurt A., Evans B.K., Green J. Dose-ranging pharmacokinetic study of nicotine tartrate following single-dose delayed-release oral and intravenous administration. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11:1997;865-874.
39. Cone E.J., Kumor K., Thompson L.K., Sherer M. Correlation of saliva cocaine levels with plasma levels and with pharmacologic effects after intravenous cocaine administration in human subjects. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 12:1988;200-206.
40. Coppack S.W., Lant A.F., McIntosh C.S., Rodgers A.V. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of glibenclamide in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Bristish Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 29:1990;673-684.
41. Costa L.G., Cole T.B., Furlong C.E. Polymorphisms of paraoxonase (PON1) and their significance in clinical toxicology of organophosphates. Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology. 41:2003;37-45.
42. Courtois P., Sener A., Herbaut C., Turc A., Malaisse W.J. Pharmacokinetics of gliquidone, glibenclamide, gliclazide and glipizide in middle-aged and aged subjects. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology. 103:1999;211-222.
43. Cui H.D., Jiang W.D., Zhu X.X., Guo Y., Karras H.O. Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of tablet of micronized glibenclamide in 4 Chinese healthy men. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 14:1993;193-197.
44. Curvall M., Elwin C.E., Kazemi V.E., Warholm C., Enzell C.R. The pharmacokinetics of cotinine in plasma and saliva from non-smoking healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 383:1990;281-287.
45. Dahl-Puustinen M.L., Alm C., Bertilsson L., Christenson I., Ostman J., Thunberg E., Wikstrom I. Lack of relationship between glibenclamide metabolism and debrisoquine or mephenytoin hydroxylation phenotypes. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 30:1990;476-480.
46. Day R.O., Geisslinger G., Paull P., Williams K.M. The effect of tenoxicam on tolbutamide pharmacokinetics and glucose concentrations in healthy volunteers. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 33:1995;308-310.
47. De Bruijn N., Reves J.G., Croughwell N., Clements F., Drissel D.A. Pharmacokinetics of esmolol in anesthetized patients receiving chronic beta blocker therapy. Anesthesiology. 66:1987;323-326.
48. De Ruiter G., Popescu D.T., De Boer A., Smeekens J.B., Breimer D.D. Pharmacokinetics of etomidate in surgical patients. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamique et Therapeutique. 249:1981;180-188.
49. De Schepper P.J., Van Hecken A., Daenens P., Van Rossum J.M. Kinetics of cotinine after oral and intravenous administration to man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 315:1987;583-588.
50. De Vries J., Salphati L., Horie S., Becker C.E., Hoener B.A. Variability in the disposition of chlorzoxazone. Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition. 15:1994;587-597.
51. Debruyne D., Abadie P., Barre L., Albessard F., Moulin M., Zarifian E., Baron J.C. Plasma pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the benzo-diazepine antagonist [11)C] Ro 15-1788 flumazenil) in baboon and human during positron emission tomography studies. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 16:1991;141-152.
52. Desiraju R.K., Renzi N.L., Nayak R.K., Ng K.T. Pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone in humans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 72:1983;991-994.
53. Ding P.Y., Chu K.M., Hu O.Y., Huang G.M., Jeng J.J., Chang A., Delaney C.L., MacAskill M., Yang B.C., Jemal M., Smith R., Liao W.C. Fosinopril. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Chinese subjects Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 39:1999;155-160.
54. Dohmen K., Baraona E., Ishibashi H., Pozzato G., Moretti M., Matsunaga C., Fujimoto K., Lieber C.S. Ethnic differences in gastric sigma-alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol first-pass metabolism. Alcohol Clinical Experimental Research. 20:1996;1569-1576.
55. Dorne J.L.C.M., Walton K., Renwick A.G. Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. interspecies differences in the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of human CYP1A2 substrates Food and Chemical Toxicology. 39:2001;681-696.
56. Dorne J.L.C.M., Walton K., Renwick A.G. Human variability in glucuronidation in relation to uncertainty factors for risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 39:2001;1153-1173.
57. Dorne J.L.C.M., Walton K., Slob W., Renwick A.G. Human variability in polymorphic CYP2D6 metabolism. is the kinetic default uncertainty factor adequate? Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40:2002;1633-1656.
58. Dorne J.L.C.M., Walton K., Renwick A.G. Human variability in CYP3A4 metabolism and CYP3A4-related uncertainty factors. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 41:2003;201-224.
59. Dorne J.L.C.M., Walton K., Renwick A.G. Polymorphic CYP2C19 and N-acetylation. human variability in kinetics and pathway-related uncertainty factors Food and Chemical Toxicology. 41:2003;225-245.
60. Dorne, J.L.C.M., Walton, K., A.G. Renwick, A.G. 2003c. Human variability in renal excretion and uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology update with DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.002.
61. Duchin K.L., Waclawski A.P., Tu J.I., Manning J., Frantz M., Willard D.A. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and pharmacologic effects of Fosinopril sodium, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in healthy subjects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 31:1991;58-64.
62. Eap C.B., Schnyder C., Besson J., Savary L., Buclin T. Inhibition of CYP2E1 by chlormethiazole as measured by chlorzoxazone pharmacokinetics in patients with alcoholism and in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 64:1998;52-57.
63. El Sayed Y.M., Suleiman M.S., Hasan M.M., Abdel-Hamid M.E., Najib N.M., Sallam E.S., Shubair M.S. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two commercial products containing glibenclamide. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Toxicology. 27:1989;551-557.
64. Farris J.J., Jones B.M. Ethanol Metabolism in male American Indians and whites. Alcohol Clinical Experimental Research. 2:1978;77-81.
65. Fenna D., Mix L., Schaeffer O., Gilbert J.A.L. Ethanol metabolism in various racial groups. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 105:1971;472-475.
66. Feyerabend C., Ings R.M.J., Russell M.A.H. Nicotine pharmacokinetics and its application to intake from smoking. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 192:1985;239-247.
67. Flaherty J.F., Wong B., La Folette G., Warnock D.G., Hulse J.D., Gambertoglio J.G. Pharmacokinetics of esmolol and ASL-8123 in renal failure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 45:1989;321-327.
68. Fleishaker J.C., Phillips J.P. Evaluation of a potential interaction between erythromycin and glyburide in diabetic volunteers. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 31:1991;259-262.
69. Gatti G., Barzaghi N., Attardo P.G., Vitiello B., Perucca E. Pharmacokinetics of salicylic acid following administration of aspirin tablets and three different forms of soluble aspirin in normal subjects. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research. 9:1989;385-389.
70. Ghonheim M.M., Van Hamme M.J. Hydrolysis of etodimate. Anesthesiology. 50:1979;227-229.
71. Girre C., Lucas D., Hispard E., Menez C., Dally S., Menez J.F. Assessment of cytochrome P4502E1 induction in alcoholic patients by chlorzoxazone pharmacokinetics. Biochemical Pharmacology. 47:1994;1503-1508.
72. Gleiter C.H., Schreeb K.H., Freudenthaler S., Thomas M., Elze M., Fieger-Buschges H., Potthast H., Schneider E., Schug B.S., Blume H.H., Hermann R. Lack of interaction between thioctic acid, glibenclamide and acarbose. Bristish Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 48:1999;819-825.
73. Ginsberg G., Smolenski S., Hattis D., Sonawane B. Population distribution of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genetic polymorphism. implications for risk assessment Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 36:2002;297-309.
74. Gow P.J., Ghabrial H., Smallwood R.A., Morgan D.J., Ching M.S. Neonatal hepatic drug elimination. Pharmacology and Toxicology. 88:2001;3-15.
75. Graffner C., Hoffmann K.J., Johnsson G., Lundborg P., Ronn O. Pharmacokinetic studies in man of the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist, prenalterol. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 20:1981;91-97.
76. Greenblatt D.J., Abernethy D.R., Boxenbaum H.G., Matlis R., Ochs H.R., Harmatz J.S., Shader R.I. Influence of age, gender, and obesity on salicylate kinetics following single doses of aspirin. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 29:1986;971-980.
77. Gross A.S., Bridge S., Shenfield G.M. Pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide in ethnic Chinese. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 47:1999;151-156.
78. Hahn R.G., Norberg A., Gabrielsson J., Danielsson A., Jones A.W. Eating a meal increases the clearance of ethanol given by intravenous infusion. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 29:1994;673-677.
79. Hanna J.M. Metabolic responses of Chinese, Japanese and Europeans to alcohol. Alcohol Clinical Experimental Research. 2:1978;89-92.
80. Hebron B.S., Edbrooke D.L., Newby D.M., Mather S.J. Pharmacokinetics of etomidate associated with prolonged i.v. infusion. British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 55:1983;281-287.
81. Heimark L.D., Wienkers L., Kunze K., Gibaldi M., Craig E., Trager W.F., O'Reilly R.A., Goulart D.A. The mechanism of the interaction between amiodarone and warfarin in humans. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1992:1992;398-407.
82. Ho P.C., Tierney M.G., McDickinson G.E. An evaluation of the effect of repeated doses of oral activated charcoal on salicylate elimination. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 29:1989;366-369.
83. Ho P.C., Triggs E.J., Bourne D.A., Heazlewood V.J. The effects of age and sex on the disposition of acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolites. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 19:1985;675-684.
84. Hoffmann K.-J., Arfwidsson A., Borg K.O. The metabolic disposition of the selective ß1-adrenoceptor agonist prenalterol in mice, rats, dogs and humans. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 10:1982;173-179.
85. Hsyu P.H., Cox J.W., Pullen R.H., Gee W.L., Euler A.R. Pharmacokinetic interactions between arbaprostil and aspirin in humans. Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition. 10:1989;411-422.
86. Hu O.Y., Ding P.Y., Huang C.S., Hwang G.M., Chu K.M. Pharmacokinetics of Fosinoprilat in Chinese and whites after intravenous administration. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 37:1997;834-840.
87. Hu Y., Kupfer D. Metabolism of the endocrine disruptor pesticide-methoxychlor by human P450s. pathways involving a novel catechol metabolite Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30:2002;1035-1042.
88. Hui K.K., Duchin K.L., Kripalani K.J., Chan D., Kramer P.K., Yanagawa N. Pharmacokinetics of fosinopril in patients with various degrees of renal function. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 49:1991;457-467.
89. Jaber L.A., Antal E.J., Slaughter R.L., Welshman I.R. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 12 weeks of glyburide therapy in obese diabetics. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 45:1993;459-463.
90. Jaber L.A., Antal E.J., Slaughter R.L., Welshman I.R. Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of short- and long-term glyburide therapy in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 17:1994;1300-1306.
91. Jaber L.A., Antal E.J., Welshman I.R. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in young and elderly patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 30:1996;472-475.
92. Jamali F., Khazainia T., Rafiee T.M. Absorption rate limited metabolism of salicylate in man. A consideration in bioavailability assessment International Journal of Pharmacy. 9:1981;221-231.
93. Janssen U., Walker S., Maier K.Von, Gaisberg U., Klotz U. Flumazenil disposition and elimination in cirrhosis. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 46:1989;317-323.
94. Javaid J.I., Musa M.N., Fischman M., Schuster C.R., Davis J.M. Kinetics of cocaine in humans after intravenous and intranasal administration. Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition. 4:1983;9-18.
95. Jeffcoat A.R., Perez R.M., Hill J.M., Sadler B.M., Cook C.E. Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation snorting), or smoking. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17:1989;153-159.
96. Jones A.W., Jonsson K.A. Between-subject and within-subject variations in the pharmacokinetics of ethanol. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 37:1994;427-431.
97. Jones A.W., Hahn R.G., Stalberg H.P. Pharmacokinetics of ethanol in plasma and whole blood. estimation of total body water by the dilution principle European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 42:1992;445-448.
98. Jones A.W., Jonsson K.A., Kechagias S. Effect of high-fat, high-protein, and high-carbohydrate meals on the pharmacokinetics of a small dose of ethanol. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 44:1997;521-526.
99. Jones R.D., Chan K., Roulson C.J., Brown A.G., Smith I.D., Mya G.H. Pharmacokinetics of flumazenil and midazolam. British Journal of Anesthesia. 70:1993;286-292.
100. Jonsson A., Rydberg T., Sterner G., Melander A. Pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide and its metabolites in diabetic patients with impaired renal function. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 53:1998;429-435.
101. Kamali F. No influence of ciprofloxacin on ethanol disposition. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interaction study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 47:1994;71-74.
102. Kamali F., Thomas S.H.L., Ferner R.E. Paracetamol disposition in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 35:1993;58-61.
103. Kharasch E.D., Thummel K.E., Mhyre J., Lillibridge J.H. Single-dose disulfiram inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism. a clinical probe for P450 2E1 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 53:1993;643-650.
104. Kim R.B., O'Shea D., Wilkinson G.R. Interindividual variability of chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation in men and women and its relationship to CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 57:1995;645-655.
105. Kirchheiner J., Brockmoller J., Meineke I., Bauer S., Rohde W., Meisel C., Roots I. Impact of CYP2C9 amino acid polymorphisms on glyburide kinetics and on the insulin and glucose response in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 71:2002;286-296.
106. Kirchheiner J., Bauer S., Meineke I., Rohde W., Prang V., Meisel C., Roots I., Brockmoller J. Impact of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on tolbutamide kinetics and the insulin and glucose response in healthy volunteers. Pharmacogenetics. 12:2002;101-109.
107. Kivisto K.T., Lehto P., Neuvonen P.J. The effects of different doses of sodium bicarbonate on the absorption and activity of non-micronized glibenclamide. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Toxicology. 31:1993;236-240.
108. Klotz U., Duka T., Dorow R., Doenicke A. Flunitrazepam and lormetazepam do not affect the pharmacokinetics of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 19:1985;95-98.
109. Kobayashi S., Tanaka E., Oguchi K., Yoshida T., Kuroiwa Y., Yasuhara H. A method for estimation of hepatic drug-metabolizing capacity. determination of concentration of trimethadione and its metabolite in human serum Journal of Pharmacology and Dynamics. 7:1984;329-335.
110. Kostis J.B., Garland W.T., Delaney C., Norton J., Liao W.C. Fosinopril. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in congestive heart failure Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 58:1995;660-665.
111. Kubacka R.T., Antal E.J., Juhl R.P., Welshman I.R. Effects of aspirin and ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in healthy subjects. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 30:1996;20-26.
112. Kubota K., Ishizaki T. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of benzoic acid following oral administration of sodium benzoate to humans. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 41:1991;363-368.
113. Kumor K., Sherer M., Thompson L., Cone E., Mahaffey J., Jaffe J.H. Lack of cardiovascular tolerance during intravenous cocaine infusions in human volunteers. Life Sciences. 42:1988;2063-2071.
114. Kurata N., Nishimura Y., Iwase M., Fsicher N.E., Tang B.K., Inaba T., Yasuhara H. Trimethadione metabolism by human liver cytochrome P450. evidence for the involvement of CYP2E1 Xenobiotica. 28:1998;1041-1047.
115. Kyerematen G.A., Damiano M.D., Dvorchik B.H., Vesell E.S. Smoking-induced changes in nicotine disposition. application of a new HPLC assay for nicotine and its metabolites Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 326:1982;769-780.
116. Lands W.E. A review of alcohol clearance in humans. Alcohol. 15:1998;147-160.
117. Le Bel M., Ferron L., Masson M., Pichette J., Carrier C. Benzyl alcohol metabolism and elimination in neonates. Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11:1988;347-356.
118. Leclercq I., Desager J.P., Horsmans Y. Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 64:1998;144-149.
119. Lee C.R., Pieper J.A., Hinderliter A.L., Blaisdell J.A., Goldstein J.A. Evaluation of cytochrome P4502C9 metabolic activity with tolbutamide in CYP2C91 heterozygotes. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 72:2002;562-571.
120. Lee C.R., Pieper J.A., Frye R.F., Hinderliter A.L., Blaisdell J.A., Goldstein J.A. Tolbutamide, flurbiprofen, and losartan as probes of CYP2C9 activity in humans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 43:2003;84-91.
121. Lieber C.S. Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): the first 30 years (1968-1998) - a review. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research. 23:1999;991-1007.
122. Loebstein R., Yonath H., Peleg D., Almog S., Rotenberg M., Lubetsky A., Roitelman J., Harats D., Halkin H., Ezra D. Interindividual variability in sensitivity to warfarin- nature or nurture? Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 70:2001;159-164.
123. Loewen G.R., Herman R.J., Ross S.G., Verbeeck R.K. Effect of dose on the glucuronidation and sulphation kinetics of diflunisal in man. single dose studies British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 26:1988;31-39.
124. Lucey M.R., Hill E.M., Young J.P., Demo-Dananberg L., Beresford T.P. The influences of age and gender on blood ethanol concentrations in healthy humans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60:1999;103-110.
125. Madsen H., Enggaard T.P., Hansen L.L., Klitgaard N.A., Brosen K. Fluvoxamine inhibits the CYP2C9 catalyzed biotransformation of tolbutamide. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 69:2001;41-47.
126. Malerczyk V., Badian M., Korn A., Lehr K.R., Waldhausl W. Dose linearity assessment of glimepride (amaryl) tablets in healthy volunteers. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interaction. 11:1994;341-357.
127. Marchand L.L., Wilkinson G.R., Wilkens L.R. Genetic and dietary predictors of CYP2E1 activity. a phenotyping study in Hawaii Japanese using chlorzoxazone Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention. 8:1999;495-500.
128. Marshall A.W., Kingstone D., Boss M., Morgan M.Y. Ethanol elimination in males and females. relationship to menstrual cycle and body composition Hepatology. 3:1983;701-706.
129. Mason W.D., Winer N. Kinetics of aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid following oral administration of aspirin as a tablet and two buffered solutions. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 70:1981;262-265.
130. McDonald J.I., Wallace S.M., Mahachai V., Verbeeck R.K. Both phenolic and acyl glucuronidation pathways of diflunisal are impaired in liver cirrhosis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 42:1992;471-474.
131. Miners J.O., Attwood J., Birkett D.J. Influence of sex and oral contraceptive steroids on paracetamol metabolism. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 16:1983;503-509.
132. Miners J.O., Attwood D., Birkett D.J. Determinants of acetaminophen metabolism. effect of inducers and inhibitors of drug metabolism on acetaminophen's metabolic pathways Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 35:1984;480-486.
133. Miners J.O., Robson R.A., Birkett D.J. Paracetamol metabolism in pregnant women. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 22:1986;359-362.
134. Miners J.O., Penhall R., Robson R.A., Birkett D.J. Comparison of paracetamol metabolism in young adult and elderly males. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 35:1988;157-160.
135. Miners J.O., Birkett D.J. Cytochrome P4502C9. an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 45:1998;525-538.
136. Minocha A., Rahal P.S., Brier M.E., Levinson S.S. Omeprazole therapy does not affect pharmacokinetics of orally administered ethanol in healthy male subjects. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 21:1995;107-109.
137. Mizoi Y., Adachi J., Fukunaga T., Kogame M., Ueno Y., Nojo Y., Fujiwara S. Individual and ethnic differences in ethanol elimination. Alcohol and Alcoholism Supplement. 1:1987;389-394.
138. Mizoi Y., Kogame M., Fukunaga T., Eno Y., Dachi J., Ujiwara S. Polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase and ethanol elimination. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2:1985;393-396.
139. Molander L., Hansson A., Lunell E., Alainentalo L., Hoffmann M., Larsson R. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in kidney failure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 68:2000;250-260.
140. Molander L., Hansson A., Lunell E. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in healthy elderly people. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 69:2001;57-65.
141. Molz K.H., Klimmek R., Dilger C., Pabst G., Weber W., Muller M., Jaeger H. Bioequivalence and pharmacodynamics of a modified glibenclamide formulation in healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung. 39:1989;1280-1282.
142. Montgomery P.R., Berger L.G., Mitenko P.A., Sitar D.S. Salicylate metabolism. effects of age and sex in adults Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 39:1986;571-576.
143. Moolenaar F., Oldenhof N.J., Groenewoud W., Huizinga T. Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. VI. Absorption rate and bioavailability of acetylsalicylic acid and its calcium salt after oral and rectal administration. Pharmacy Weekbulletin. 114:1979;243-253.
144. Morgan D.J., Paull J.D., Richmond B.H., Wilson-Evered E., Ziccone S.P. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral salbutamol and its sulphate conjugate. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 22:1986;587-593.
145. Muller M., Weimann H.J., Eden G., Weber W., Michaelis K., Dilger C., Achtert G. Steady state investigation of possible pharmacokinetic interactions of moxonidine and glibenclamide. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 18:1993;277-283.
146. Mumenthaler M.S., Taylor J.L., O'Hara R., Fisch H.U., Yesavage J.A. Effects of menstrual cycle and female sex steroids on ethanol pharmacokinetics. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research. 23:1999;250-255.
147. Murphy S.E., Johnson L.M., Pullo D.A. Characterization of multiple products of cytochrome P450 2A6-catalyzed cotinine metabolism. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 12:1999;639-645.
148. Nakajima M., Yamamoto T., Nunoya K., Yokoi T., Nagashima K., Inoue K., Funae Y., Shimada N., Kamataki T., Kuroiwa Y. Role of human cytochrome P4502A6 in C-oxidation of nicotine. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 24:1996;1212-1217.
149. Nakajima M., Yamamoto T., Nunoya K., Yokoi T., Nagashima K., Inoue K., Funae Y., Shimada N., Kamataki T., Kuroiwa Y. Characterization of CYP2A6 involved in 3′-hydroxylation of cotinine in human liver microsomes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 277:1996;1010-1015.
150. Niemi M., Backman J.T., Neuvonen M., Neuvonen P.J., Kivisto K.T. Effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide and glipizide. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 69:2001;400-406.
151. Niopas I., Daftsios A.C. A validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of glibenclamide in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 28:2002;653-657.
152. Norberg A., Jones W.A., Hahn R.G., Gabrielsson J.L. Role of variability in explaining ethanol pharmacokinetics. research and forensic applications Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42:2003;1-31.
153. Nuutinen H., Lindros K., Hekali P., Salaspuro M. Elevated blood acetate as indicator of fast ethanol elimination in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol. 2:1985;623-626.
154. Ohashi K., Sakamoto K., Sudo T., Tateishi T., Harada K., Fujimura A., Ebihara A., Tanaka E. The effect of diltiazem on heptic drug oxidation assessed by antipyrine and trimethadione. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 31:1991;1132-1136.
155. Osborne N.J., Tonkin A.L., Miners J.O. Interethnic differences in drug glucuronidation. a comparison of paracetamol metabolism in Caucasians and Chinese British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 32:1991;765-767.
156. Oscarson M., Gullsten H., Rautio A., Bernal M.L., Sinues B., Dahl M.L., Stengard J.H., Pelkonen O., Raunio H., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Genotyping of human cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), a nicotine C-oxidase. FEBS Letters. 438:1998;201-205.
157. O'Shea D., Kim R.B., Wilkinson G.R. Modulation of CYP2E1 activity by isoniazid in rapid and slow N-acetylators. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 43:1997;99-103.
158. Peart G.F., Boutagy J., Shenfield G.M. The metabolism of glyburide in subjects of known debrisoquin phenotype. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 45:1989;277-284.
159. Perez-Stable E.J., Herrera B., Jacob P., Benowitz N.L. Nicotine metabolism and intake in black and white smokers. JAMA. 280:1998;152-156.
160. Priskorn M., Sidhu J.S., Larsen F., Davis J.D., Khan A.Z., Rolan P.E. Investigation of multiple dose citalopram on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of racemic warfarin. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 44:1997;199-202.
161. Raunio H., Rautio A., Gullsten H., Pelkonen O. Polymorphisms of CYP2A6 and its practical consequences. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 52:2001;357-363.
162. Rautio A., Kraul H., Kojo A., Salmela E., Pelkonen O. Interindividual variability of coumarin 7-hydroxylation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacogenetics. 2:1992;227-233.
163. Relling M.W., Aoyama T., Gonzalez F.J., Meyer U.A. Tolbutamide and mephenytoin hydroxylation by human P450s in the CYP2C subfamily. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 12:1990;163-172.
164. Renwick A.G., Lazarus N.R. Human variability and noncancer risk assessment - an analysis of the default uncertainty factor. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 27:1998;3-20.
165. Rettie A.E., Korzekwa K.R., Kunze K.L., Lawrence R.F., Eddy A.C. Aoyama, T Gelboin, H. V, Gonzalez, F.J, Trager, W.F., Hydroxylation of warfarin by human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P-450: a role for P-4502C9 in the etiology of S-Warfarin-drug interactions. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 5:1992;54-59.
166. Ritschel W.A., Brady M.E., Tan H.S., Hoffmann K.A., Yiu I.M., Grummich K.W. Pharmacokinetics of coumarin and its 7-hydroxy-metabolites upon intravenous and peroral administration of coumarin in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 12:1977;457-461.
167. Ritschel W.A., Hoffmann K.A. Pilot study on bioavailability of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin upon peroral administration of coumarin in a sustained-release dosage form. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21:1981;294-300.
168. Ritschel W.A., Hoffmann K.A., Tan H.S., Sanders P.R. Pharmacokinetics of coumarin upon i.v. administration in man. Arzneimittelforschung. 26:1976;1382-1387.
169. Roberts M.S., Rumble R.H., Wanwimolruk S., Thomas D., Brooks P.M. Pharmacokinetics of aspirin and salicylate in elderly subjects and in patients with alcoholic liver disease. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 25:1983;253-261.
170. Robertson P., Hellriegel E.T., Arora S., Nelson M. Effect of modafinil at steady state on the single-dose pharmacokinetic profile of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 42:2002;205-214.
171. Robson R.A., Miners J.O., Whitehead A.G., Birkett D.J. Specificity of the inhibitory effect of dextropropoxyphene on oxidative drug metabolism in man. effects on theophylline and tolbutamide disposition British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 23:1987;772-775.
172. Roncari G., Timm U., Zell M., Zumbrunnen R., Weber W. Flumazenil kinetics in the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 45:1993;585-587.
173. Roncari G., Ziegler W.H., Guentert T.W. Pharmacokinetics of the new benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 in man following intravenous and oral administration. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 22:1986;421-428.
174. Rosenberg J., Benowitz N.L., Jacob P., Wilson K.M. Disposition kinetics and effects of intravenous nicotine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 284:1980;517-522.
175. Rumble R.H., Roberts M.S., Denton M.J. Effects of posture and sleep on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its metabolites. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 20:1991;167-173.
176. Rydberg T., Jonsson A., Melander A. Comparison of the kinetics of glyburide and its active metabolites in humans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 20:1995;283-295.
177. Sartor G., Melander A., Schersten B., Wahlin B.E. Influence of food and age on the single-dose kinetics and effects of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 17:1980;285-293.
178. Scherer G., Jarczyk L., Heller W.D., Biber A., Neurath G.B., Adlkofer F. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine, cotinine, and 3′-hydroxycotinine in cigarette smokers. Klinische Wochenschrift 66 Supplement. 1988;5-11.
179. Schrurer M., Bias Imhoff U., Schulz H.U., Schwantes U., Riechers A.M. Lack of influence of glycine on the single dose pharmacokinetics of acetylsalicylic acid in man. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 34:1996;282-287.
180. Schuttler J., Wilms M., Lauven P.M., Stoeckel H., Koenig A. Pharmacokinetics of etomidate in man. Anaesthesist Berlin. 29:1980;658-661.
181. Schwinghammer T.L., Antal E.J., Kubacka R.T., Hackimer M.E., Johnston J.M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in young and elderly nondiabetic adults. Clinical Pharmacology. 10:1991;532-538.
182. Sfez M., Le Mapihan Y., Levron J.C., Gaillard J.L., Rosemblatt J.M., Le Moing J. [Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of etomidate in children and in adults] Comparaison de la pharmacocinetique de l'etomidate chez l'enfant et chez l'adulte. Annuelle Francaise d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation. 9:1990;127-131.
183. Shon J.H., Yoon Y.R., Kim K.A., Lim Y.C., Lee K.J., Park J.Y., Cha I.J., Flockhart D.A., Shin J.G. Effects of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms on the disposition of and blood glucose lowering response to tolbutamide in humans. Pharmacogenetics. 12:2002;111-119.
184. Short T.G., Young K.K., Tan P., Tam Y.H., Gin T., Oh T.E. Midazolam and flumazenil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following simultaneous administration to human volunteers. Acta Anaethesiologica Scandinavia. 38:1994;350-356.
185. Siegmund W., Zschiesche M., Franke G., Amon I. Effects of nocloprost clathrate on absorption of acetylsalicylic acid. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 32:1994;51-57.
186. Singhvi S.M., Duchin K.L., Morrison R.A., Willard D.A., Everett D.W., Frantz M. Disposition of fosinopril sodium in healthy subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 25:1988;9-15.
187. Spraul M., Streeck A., Nieradzik M., Berger M. Uniform elimination pattern for glibenclamide in healthy Caucasian males. Arzneimittelforschung. 39:1989;1449-1450.
188. Sum C.Y., Yacobi A., Kartzinel R., Stampfli H., Davis C.S., Lai C.M. Kinetics of esmolol, an ultra-short-acting beta blocker, and of its major metabolite. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 34:1983;427-434.
189. Takahashi H., Kashima T., Nomoto S., Iwade K., Tainaka H., Shimizu T., Nomizo Y., Muramoto N., Kimura S., Echizen H. Comparisons between in-vitro and in-vivo metabolism of (S)-warfarin. catalytic activities of cDNA-expressed CYP2C9, its Leu359 variant and their mixture versus unbound clearance in patients with the corresponding CYP2C9 genotypes Pharmacogenetics. 8:1998;365-373.
190. Tanaka E., Nakamura K. Comparison of trimethadione and antipyrine as indicators of oxidative drug metabolizing capacity in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 36:1989;629-632.
191. Tanaka E., Ishikawa A., Ono A., Okamura T., Misawa S. Age-related changes in trimethadione oxidizing capacity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 23:1987;355-357.
192. Tanaka E., Ishikawa A., Ono A., Okamura T., Misawa S. Trimethadione metabolism in patients with normal liver and in patients with chronic liver disease. Journal of Pharmacobiodynamics. 10:1987;499-502.
193. Tanaka E., Ishikawa A., Yamamoto Y., Fukao K., Iwasaki Y., Misawa S. The metabolism and excretion of trimethadione in patients with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and renal dysfunction. Journal of Pharmacobiodynamics. 12:1989;145-148.
194. Tanaka E., Ishikawa A., Yamamoto Y., Osada A., Tsuji K., Fukao K., Iwasaki Y. Comparison of hepatic drug-oxidizing activity after simultaneous administration of two probe drugs, caffeine and trimethadione, to human subjects. Pharmacology and Toxicology. 72:1993;31-33.
195. Tanaka E., Yamamoto Y., Ishikawa A., Osada A., Tsuji K., Fukao K. Effect of cigarette smoking on caffeine and trimethadione N-demethylation catalyzed by different cytochrome P450 isozymes in patients with cirrhosis. International Hepathology Communication. 2:1994;341-346.
196. Tanaka E., Ishikawa A., Horie T. In vivo and in vitro trimethadione oxidation activity of the liver from various animal species including mouse, hamster, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and human. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 18:1999;12-16.
197. Thomas R.C., Ikeda G.J. The metabolic fate of tolbutamide in man and in the rat. Journal of Medical Chemistry. 9:1966;507-510.
198. Tiseo P.J., Foley K., Friedhoff L.T. The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 46:1998;45-50.
199. Toon S., Hopkins K.J., Garstang F.M., Diquet B., Gill T.S., Rowland M. The warfarin-cimetidine interaction. stereochemical considerations British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21:1986;245-246.
200. Tremaine L.M., Wilner K.D., Preskorn S.H. A study of the potential effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of tolbutamide. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 32 Supplement. 1:1997;31-36.
201. Trnavska Z., Trnavsky K. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of salicylates. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 25:1983;679-682.
202. Van Beem H., Manger F.W., Van Boxtel C., Van Betem N. Etomidate anaesthesia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. pharmacokinetic data Anaesthesia. 38:1983;61-62.
203. Van der Rijt C., Drost R.H., Schalm S.W., Schramel M. Pharmacokinetics of flumazenil in fulminant hepatic failure [1]. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 41:1991;501.
204. Van Hamme M., Ghoneim M.M., Ambre J.J. Pharmacokinetics of etomidate, a new intravenous anesthetic. Anesthesiology. 49:1978;274-277.
205. Verbeeck R.K., Loewen G.R., McDonald J.I., Herman R.J. The effect of multiple dosage on the kinetics of glucuronidation and sulphation of diflunisal in man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 29:1990;381-389.
206. Veronese M.E., Miners J.O., Randles D., Gregov D., Birkett D.J. Validation of the tolbutamide metabolic ratio for population screening with use of sulfaphenazole to produce model phenotypic poor metabolizers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 47:1986;403-411.
207. Vigano G., Garagiola U., Gaspari F. Pharmacokinetic study of a new oral buffered acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) formulation in comparison with plain ASA in healthy volunteers. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research. 11:1991;129-135.
208. Wall T.L., Nemeroff C.B., Ritchie J.C., Ehlers C.L. Cortisol responses following placebo and alcohol in Asians with different ALDH2 genotypes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 55:1998;207-213.
209. Wang Z., Gorski J.C., Hamman M.A., Huang S.M., Lesko L.J., Hall S.D. The effects of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on human cytochrome P450 activity. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 70:2001;317-326.
210. Whiting B., Williams R.L., Lorenzi M., Varady J.C., Robins D.S. Effect of naproxen on glucose metabolism and tolbutamide kinetics and dynamics in maturity onset diabetics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 11:1981;295-302.
211. WHO, 1999. World Health Organisation, International programme on chemical safety: principles for the assessment of risk to human health from exposure to chemicals. Environmental Health Criteria 210, World Health Organisation, Geneva.
212. Wiest D.B., Trippel D.L., Gillette P.C., Garner S.S. Pharmacokinetics of esmolol in children. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 49:1991;618-623.
213. Williams R.L., Blaschke T.F., Meffin P.J., Melmon K.L., Rowland M. Influence of acute viral hepatitis on disposition and plasma binding of tolbutamide. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 21:1977;301-309.
214. Wilson J.T., Brown R.D., Bocchini J.A., Kearns G.L. Efficacy, disposition and pharmacodynamics of aspirin, acetaminophen and choline salicylate in young febrile children. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 4:1982;147-180.
215. Wynne H.A., Cope L.H., Herd B., Rawlins M.D., James O.F.W., Woodhouse K.W. The association of age and frailty with paracetamol conjugation in man. Age and Ageing. 19:1990;419-424.
216. Yamada S., Yamamoto T., Suou T., Fujii T., Takayama M., Amisaki T., Tabuchi F., Kobayashi J., Hasegawa M., Hoshino U. Clinical significance of benzoate-metabolizing capacity in patients with chronic liver disease. pharmacokinetic analysis Research Communication in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology. 76:1992;53-62.
217. Zevin S., Jacob P., Benowitz N.N. Cotinine effects on nicotine metabolism. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 61:1997;649-654.
218. Zins B.J., Sandborn W.J., Mays D.C., Lawson G.M., McKinney J.A., Tremaine W.J., Mahoney D.W., Zinsmeister A.R., Hurt R.D., Offord K.P., Lipsky J.J. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine tartrate after single-dose liquid enema, oral, and intravenous administration. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 37:1997;426-436.
219. Zuccaro P., Pacifici R., Pichini S., Avico U., Federzoni G., Pini L.A., Sternieri E. Influence of antacids on the bioavailability of glibenclamide. Drugs and Experimental Clinical Research. 15:1989;165-169.