Platelets, atherosclerosis and the endothelium: New therapeutic targets?

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs

Volumn 12, Issue 11, 2003, Pages 1765-1776

  Tan, Kiat Tsong ^a   Lip, Gregory Y H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adhesion molecules; Atherosclerosis; Cell signalling; Endothelium; Microparticles; Platelets

Indexed keywords

2' DEOXY 6 N METHYLADENOSINE 3',5' BISPHOSPHATE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID 3 (NITROXYMETHYL)PHENYL ESTER; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; ENZYME ACTIVATOR; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; INOTROPIC AGENT; MILRINONE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PICOTAMIDE; PRODRUG; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; PROSTANOID; PURINE P2Y RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; SILDENAFIL; THROMBOXANE A2; THROMBOXANE A2 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; THROMBOXANE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; THROMBOXANE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; TICLOPIDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTERY INTIMA PROLIFERATION; ATHEROMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLEEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TARGETING; ENDOTHELIUM LESION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; STOMACH EROSION; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; THROMBOGENESIS; THROMBOSIS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASODILATATION;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PLATELETS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUG DESIGN; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; PLATELET ADHESIVENESS;

EID: 0242659107     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.11.1765     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. ROSS R: Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:115-126.
2. MASSBERG S, BRAND K, GRUNER S et al.: A critical role of platelet adhesion in the initiation of atherosclerotic lesion formation. J. Exp. Med. (2002) 196:887-896.
3. COLEMAN RA, SMITH WL, NARUMIYA S: International Union of Pharmacology classification of prostanoid receptors: properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol. Rev. (1994) 46:205-229.
4. FEELISCH M, TE POEL M, ZAMORA R et al.: Understanding the controversy over the identity of EDRF. Nature (1994) 368:62-65.
5. BIRK AV, BROEKMAN MJ, GLADEK EM et al.: Role of extracellular ATP metabolism in regulation of platelet reactivity. J. Lab. Clin. Med. (2002) 140:166-175.
6. FITZPATRICK FA, SOBERMAN R: Regulated formation of eicosanoids. J. Clin. Invest. (2001) 107:1347-1351.
7. PATRIGNANI P, SCIULLI MG, MANARINI S et al.: COX-2 is not involved in thromboxane biosynthesis by activated human platelets. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (1999) 50:661-667.
8. SMITH WL: The eicosanoids and their biochemical mechanisms of action. Biochem. J. (1989) 259:315-324.
9. NAKAGAWA O, TANAKA I, USUI T et al.: Molecular cloning of human prostacyclin receptor cDNA and its gene expression in the cardiovascular system. Circulation (1994) 90:1643-1647.
10. NERI SERNERI GG, MODESTI PA, FORTINI A et al.: Reduction in prostacyclin platelet receptors in active spontaneous angina. Lancet (1984) 2:838-841.
11. FEINSTEIN MB, EGAN JJ, SHA'AFI RI, WHITE J: The cytoplasmic concentration of free calcium in platelets is controlled by stimulators of cyclic AMP production (PGD2, PGE1, forskolin). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1983) 113:598-604.
12. DUSTING GJ, MACDONALD PS: Prostacyclin and vascular function: implications for hypertension and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol. Ther. (1990) 43:323-344.
13. 2 analogues in human platelets. Discrimination of two binding sites linked to distinct effector systems. J. Biol. Chem. (1990) 265:6836-6844.
14. 2 receptors. Fed. Proc. (1987) 46:149-153.
15. SACHINIDIS M, FLESCH Y, KO K et al.: Thromboxane A(2) and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Hypertension (1995) 26:771-780.
16. FITZGERALD DJ, ROY L, CATELLA F, FITZGERALD GA: Platelet activation in unstable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1986) 315:983-989.
17. DAVI G, GRESELE P, VIOLI F et al.: Diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia: and hypertension but not vascular disease per se are associated with persistent platelet activation in vivo. Evidence derived from the study of peripheral arterial disease. Circulation (1997) 96:69-75.
18. KAWASAKI T, OZEKI Y, IGAWA T, KAMBAYASHI J: Increased platelet sensitivity to collagen in individuals resistant to low-dose aspirin. Stroke (2000) 31:591-595.
19. EIKELBOOM JW, HANKEY GJ: Aspirin resistance: a new independent predictor of vascular events? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 41:966-968.
20. ANTITHROMBOTIC TRIALISTS' COLLABORATION: Collaborative metaanalysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. Br. Med. J. (2002) 324:71-86.
21. GUM PA, KOTTKE-MARCHANT K, WELSH PA et al.: A prospective, blinded determination of the natural history of aspirin resistance among stable patients with cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 41:961-965.
22. EIKELBOOM JW, HIRSH J, WEITZ JI et al.: Aspirin-resistant thromboxane biosynthesis and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. Circulation (2002) 105:1650-1655.
23. KARIM S, HABIB A, LEVY-TOLEDANO S et al.: Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 of endothelial cells utilize exogenous or endogenous arachidonic acid for transcellular production of thromboxane. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:12042-12048.
24. 2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free radical-catalyzed mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:9383-9387.
25. 2 receptors. J. Clin. Invest. (1992) 90:136-141.
26. AUDOLY LP, ROCCA B, FABRE JE et al.: Cardiovascular responses to the isoprostanes iPF(2α)-III and iPE(2)-III are mediated via the thromboxane A(2) receptor in vivo. Circulation (2000) 101:2833-2840.
27. GRESELE P, DECKMYN H, NENCI GG, VERMYLEN J: Thromboxane synthase inhibitors, thromboxane receptor antagonists and dual blockers in thrombotic disorders. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1991) 12:158-163.
28. BALSANO F, VIOLI F: Effect of picotamide on the clinical progression of peripheral vascular disease. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Circulation (1993) 87:1563-1569.
29. BUCCELLATI C, CICERI P, BALLERIO R et al.: Evaluation of the effects of anti-thromboxane agents in platelet-vessel wall interaction. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2002) 443:133-141.
30. RATTI S, OUARATO C, CASAGRANDE R et al.: Picotamide, an antithromboxane agent, inhibits the migration and proliferation of arterial myocytes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1998) 355:77-83.
31. COCCOZZA M, PICANO T, OLIVIERO U et al.: Effects of picotamide, an antithromboxane agent, on carotid atherosclerotic evolution. A two-year, double blind, placebo-controlled study in diabetic patients. Stroke (1995) 26:597-601.
32. CAYATTE AJ, DU Y, OLIVER-KRASINSKI J et al.: The thromboxane receptor antagonist S18886 but not aspirin inhibits atherogenesis in apo E-deficient mice: evidence that eicosanoids other than thromboxane contribute to atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2000) 20:1724-1728.
33. GACHET C, CATTANEO M, OHLMANN P et al.: Purinoceptors on blood platelets: further pharmacological and clinical evidence to suggest the presence of two ADP receptors. Br. J. Haematol. (1995) 91:434-444.
34. JIN J, DANIEL JL, KUNAPULI SP: Molecular basis for ADP-induced platelet activation. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:2030-2034.
35. OURY C, TOTH-ZSAMBOKI E, THYS C et al.: The ATP-gated P2X1 ion channel acts as a positive regulator of platelet responses to collagen. Thromb. Haemost. (2001) 86:1264-1271.
36. HOLLOPETER G, JANTZEN H, VINCENT D et al.: Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs. Nature (2001) 409:202-207.
37. SAVI P, PEREILLO JM, UZABIAGA MF et al.: Identification and biological activity of the active metabolite of clopidogrel. Thromb. Haemost. (2000) 84:891-896.
38. BHATT DL, HIRSCH AT, RINGLEB PA et al.: Reduction in the need for hospitalization for recurrent ischemic events and bleeding with clopidogrel instead of aspirin. CAPRIE investigators. Am. Heart J. (2000) 140:67-73.
39. BAURAND A, GACHET C: The P2Y(1) receptor as a target for new antithrombotic drugs: a review of the P2Y(1) antagonist MRS-2179. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. (2003) 21:67-76.
40. MARCUS AJ, BROEKMAN MJ, DROSOPOULOS JH et al.: The endothelial cell ecto-ADPase responsible for inhibition of platelet function is CD39. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 99:1351-1360.
41. ROBSON SC, KACZMAREK E, SIEGEL JB et al.: Loss of ATP diphosphohydrolase activity with endothelial cell activation. J. Exp. Med. (1997) 185:153-163.
42. GANGADHARAN SP, IMAI M, RHYNHART KK et al.: Targeting platelet aggregation: CD39 gene transfer augments nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity in injured rabbit arteries. Surgery (2001) 130:296-303.
43. MARCUS AJ, BROEKMAN MJ, DROSOPOULOS JH et al.: Inhibition of platelet recruitment by endothelial cell CD39/ecto-ADPase: significance for occlusive vascular diseases. Ital. Heart J. (2001) 2:824-830.
44. MARCUS AJ, SAFIER LB, HAJJAR KA et al.: Inhibition of platelet function by an aspirin-insensitive endothelial cell ADPase. Thromboregulation by endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. (1991) 88:1690-1696.
45. LEDENT C, VAUGEOIS JM, SCHIFFMANN SN et al.: Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor. Nature (1997) 388:674-678.
46. SALZMAN EW: Cyclic AMP and platelet function. N. Engl. J. Med. (1978) 286:358-363.
47. MELLION BT, IGNARRO LJ, OHLSTEIN EH et al.: Evidence for the inhibitory role of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in ADP-induced human platelet aggregation in the presence of nitric oxide and related vasodilators. Blood (1981) 57:946-955.
48. MURAD F: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate as a mediator of vasodilation. J. Clin. Invest. (1986) 78:1-5.
49. STASCH JP, BECKER EM, ALONSO-ALIJA C et al.: NO-independent regulatory site on soluble guanylate cyclase. Nature (2001) 410:212-215.
50. WU CC: YC-1 inhibited human platelet aggregation through NO-independent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1995) 116:1973-1978.
51. HASLAM RJ, DICKINSON NT, JANG EK: Cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases in platelets. Thromb. Haemost. (1999) 82:412-423.
52. FELKER GM, BENZA RL, CHANDLER AB et al.: Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME-CHF study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 41:997-1003.
53. DAWSON DL, CUTLER BS, MEISSNER MH, STRANDNESS DE Jr: Cilostazol has beneficial effects in treatment of intermittent claudication: results from a multicenter, randomized, prospective, double-blind trial. Circulation (1998) 98:678-686.
54. THE PROMISE STUDY RESEARCH GROUP: Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:1468-1475.
55. THOMPSON PD, ZIMET R, FORBES WP, ZHANG P: Meta-analysis of results from eight randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the effect of cilostazol on patients with intermittent claudication. Am. J. Cardiol. (2002) 90:1314-1319.
56. IKEDA Y, KIKUCHI M, MURAKAMI H et al.: Comparison of the inhibitory effects of cilostazol, acetylsalicylic acid and ticlopidine on platelet functions ex vivo. Randomized, double-blind cross-over study. Arzneimittelforschung (1987) 37:563-566.
57. SHINODA-TAGAWA T, YAMASAKI Y, YOSHIDA S et al.: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor, cilostazol, prevents the onset of silent brain infarction in Japanese subjects with Type II diabetes. Diabetologia (2002) 45:188-194.
58. TANAKA T, ISHIKAWA T, HAGIWARA M et al.: Effect of cilostazol, a selective cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. Pharmacology (1998) 36:313-320.
59. IKEWAKI K, MOCHIZUKI K, IWASAKI M et al.: Cilostazol, a potent phosphodiesterase Type III inhibitor, selectively increases antiatherogenic high-density lipoprotein subclass LpA-I and improves postprandial lipemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism (2002) 51:1348-1354.
60. SANCHEZ LS, DE LA MONTE SM, FILIPPOV G et al.: Cyclic-GMP-binding, cyclic-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) gene expression is regulated during rat pulmonary development. Pediatr. Res. (1998) 43:163-168.
61. MICHELAKIS E, TYMCHAK W, LIEN D et al.: Oral sildenafil is an effective and specific pulmonary vasodilator in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: comparison with inhaled nitric oxide. Circulation (2002) 105:2398-2403.
62. SASTRY BK, NARASIMHAN C, REDDY NK et al.: A study of clinical efficacy of sildenafil in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Indian Heart J. (2002) 54:410-414.
63. PALMER RM, ASHTON DS, MONCADA S: Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature (1998) 333:664-666.
64. HUANG PL, HUANG Z, MASHIMO H et al.: Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature (1995) 377:196-197.
65. STAMLER JS, LOH E, RODDY MA et al.: Nitric oxide regulates basal systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance in healthy humans. Circulation (1994) 89:2035-2040.
66. SIMON DI, STAMLER JS, LOH E et al.: Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on bleeding time in humans. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1995) 26:339-342.
67. FREEDMAN JE, SAUTER R, BATTINELLI EM et al.: Deficient platelet-derived nitric oxide and enhanced hemostasis in mice lacking the NOSIII gene. Circ. Res. (1999) 84:1421.
68. KADER KN, AKELLA RN, ZIATS NP et al.: eNOS-overexpressing endothelial cells inhibit platelet aggregation and smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. Tissue Eng. (2000) 6:241-251.
69. CARDILLO C, KILCOYNE CM, QUYYUMI AA et al.: Selective defect in nitric oxide synthesis may explain the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation (1998) 97:851-856.
70. ZEIHER AM, DREXLER H, SAUBIER B, JUST H: Endothelium-mediated coronary blood flow modulation in humans. Effects of age, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. J. Clin. Invest. (1993) 92:652-662.
71. SAENZ DE TEJADA I, GOLDSTEIN I, AZADZOI K et al.: Impaired neurogenic and endothelium-mediated relaxation of penile smooth muscle from diabetic men with impotence. N. Engl. J. Med. (1989) 320:1025-1030.
72. MINOR RL Jr, MYERS PR, GUERRA R Jr et al.: Diet-induced atherosclerosis increases the release of nitrogen oxides from rabbit aorta. J. Clin. Invest. (1990) 86:2109-2116.
73. MEHTA JL, LOPEZ LM, CHEN L, COX OE: Alterations in nitric oxide synthase activity, superoxide anion generation, and platelet aggregation in systemic hypertension, and effects of celiprolol. Am. J. Cardiol. (1994) 74:901-905.
74. OHARA Y, PETERSON TE, HARRISON DG: Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J. Clin. Invest. (2003) 91:2546-2551.
75. LANGENSTROER P, PIEPER GM: Regulation of spontaneous EDRF release in diabetic rat aorta by oxygen free radicals. Am. J. Physiol. (1992) 263:H257-H265.
76. •NO with superoxide and oxygen in biological systems: a kinetic approach. Free Radic. Biol. Med. (1995) 19:785-794.
77. TAKEUCHI K, YASUHIRO T, ASADA Y, SUGAWA Y: Role of nitric oxide in pathogenesis of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Digestion (1998) 59:298-307.
78. 2 production. Thromb. Haemost. (1996) 76:791-798.
79. NAPOLI C, ACKAH E, DE NIGRIS F et al.: Chronic treatment with nitric oxide-releasing aspirin reduces plasma low-density lipoprotein oxidation and oxidative stress, arterial oxidation-specific epitopes, and atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99:12467-12470.
80. MOMI S, EMERSON M, PAUL W et al.: Prevention of pulmonary thromboembolism by NCX 4016, a nitric oxide-releasing aspirin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2000) 397:177-185.
81. WALLACE JL, MCKNIGHT W, DEL SOLDATO P et al.: Anti-thrombotic effects of a nitric oxide-releasing, gastric-sparing aspirin derivative. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 96:2711-2718.
82. FIORUCCI S, SANTUCCI L, GRESELE P et al.: Gastrointestinal safety of NO-aspirin (NCX-4016) in healthy human volunteers: a proof of concept endoscopic study. Gastroenterology (2003) 124:600-607.
83. SAVAGE B, SIXMA JJ, RUGGERI ZM: Functional self-association of von Willebrand factor during platelet adhesion under flow. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99:425-430.
84. SAVAGE B, ALMUS-JACOBS F, RUGGERI ZM: Specific synergy of multiple substrate-receptor interactions in platelet thrombus formation under flow. Cell (1998) 94:657-666.
85. FUJIMURA Y, TITANI K, HOLLAND LZ et al.: von Willebrand factor. A reduced and alkylated 52/48-kDa fragment beginning at amino acid residue 449 contains the domain interacting with platelet glycoprotein Ib. J. Biol. Chem. (1986) 261:385.
86. INBAL A, GUREVITZ O, TAMARIN I et al.: Unique antiplatelet effects of a novel S-nitrosoderivative of a recombinant fragment of von Willebrand factor, AR545C: in vitro and ex vivo inhibition of platelet function. Blood (1999) 94:1693-1700.
87. HYNES RO: Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell (1992) 69:11-25.
88. WAGNER CL, MASCELLI MA, NEBLOCK DS et al.: Analysis of GPIIb/ IIIa receptor number by quantification of 7E3 binding to human platelets. Blood (1996) 88:907-914.
89. CRAMER EM, SAVIDGE GF, VAICHENKER W et al.: Alpha-granule pool of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa in normal and pathologic platelets and megakaryocytes. Blood (1990) 75:1220-1227.
90. PEERSCHKE EI: Regulation of platelet aggregation by post-fibrinogen binding events. Insights provided by dithiothreitol-treated platelets. Thromb. Haemost. (1995) 73:862-867.
91. FOX JE, REYNOLDS CC, AUSTIN CD: The role of calpain in stimulus-response coupling: evidence that calpain mediates agonist-induced expression of procoagulant activity in platelets. Blood (1990) 76:2510-2519.
92. SIMS PJ, WIEDMER T, ESMON CT et al.: Assembly of the platelet prothrombinase complex is linked to vesiculation of the platelet plasma membrane. Studies in Scott syndrome: an isolated defect in platelet procoagulant activity. J. Biol. Chem. (1989) 264:17049-17057.
93. CAIRNS JA, THEROUX P, LEWIS HD Jr et al.: Antithrombotic agents in coronary artery disease. Chest (2001) 119:228S-252S.
94. FRENETTE PS, JOHNSON RC, HYNES RO, WAGNER DD: Platelets roll on stimulated endothelium in vivo: an interaction mediated by endothelial P-selectin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:7250-7254.
95. MASSBERG S, ENDERS G, LEIDERER R et al.: Platelet-endothelial cell interactions during ischemia/ reperfusion: the role of P-selectin. Blood (1998) 92:507-515.
96. BERMAN CL, YEO EL, WENCELDRAKE JD et al: A platelet alpha granule membrane protein that is associated with the plasma membrane after activation. Characterization and subcellular localization of platelet activation-dependent granule-external membrane protein. J. Clin. Invest. (1986) 78:130-137.
97. LARSEN E, CELI A, GILBERT GE et al.: PADGEM protein: a receptor that mediates the interaction of activated platelets with neutrophils and monocytes. Cell (1989) 59:305-312.
98. MCEVER RP, CUMMINGS RD: Role of PSGL-1 binding to selectins in leukocyte recruitment. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 100:485-492.
99. TAN KT, LIP GYH, BLANN AD: Post-stroke Inflammatory Response: Effects of Stroke Evolution and Outcome. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. (2003) 5:245-251.
100. HUO Y, SCHOBER A, FORLOW SB et al.: Circulating activated platelets exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Nat. Med. (2003) 9:61-67.
101. PINSKY DJ, NAKA Y, LIAO H et al.: Hypoxia-induced exocytosis of endothelial cell weibel-palade bodies. A mechanism for rapid neutrophil recruitment after cardiac preservation J. Clin. Invest. (1996) 97:493-500.
102. FURMAN MI, BARNARD MR, KRUEGER LA: Circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates are an early marker of acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1998) 31:352-358.
103. AULT KA, CANNON CP, MITCHELL J et al.: Platelet activation in patients after an acute coronary syndrome: results from the TIMI-12 trial. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1999) 33:634-639.
104. KAMATH S, BLANN AD, CAINE GJ et al.: Platelet P-selectin levels in relation to plasma soluble P-selectin and betathromboglobulin levels in atrial fibrillation. Stroke (2002) 33:1237-1242.
105. DAVI G, ROMANO M, MEZZETTI A et al.: Increased levels of soluble P-selectin in hypercholesterolemic patients. Circulation (1998) 97:953-957.
106. KOYAMA H, MAENO T, FUKUMOTO S et al.: Platelet P-selectin expression is associated with atherosclerotic wall thickness in carotid artery in humans. Circulation (2003) 108:524-529.
107. CARON A, THEORET JF, MOUSA SA, MERHI Y: Anti-platelet effects of GPIIb/ IIIa and P-selectin antagonism, platelet activation, and binding to neutrophils. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (2002) 40:296-306.
108. NEMOTO T, BURNE MJ, DANIELS F et al.: Small molecule selectin ligand inhibition improves outcome in ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int. (2001) 60:2205-2214.
109. MOLENAAR TJ, APPELDOORN CC, DE HAAS SA et al.: Specific inhibition of P-selectin-mediated cell adhesion by phage display-derived peptide antagonists. Blood (2002) 100:3570-3577.
110. ZOLDHELYI P, BECK PJ, BJERCKE RJ et al.: Inhibition of coronary thrombosis and local inflammation by a noncarbohydrate selectin inhibitor. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. (2000) 279:H3065-H3075.
111. BLAKE GJ, RIDKER PM: C-reactive protein and other inflammatory risk markers in acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 41S:S37-S42.
112. PRADHAN AD, RIFAI N, RIDKER PM: Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, and the development of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in men. Circulation (2002) 106:820-825.
113. BROWN DA, BREIT SN, BURING J et al.: Concentration in plasma of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 and risk of cardiovascular events in women: a nested case-control study. Lancet (2002) 359:2159-2163.
114. PHIPPS RP: Atherosclerosis: the emerging role of inflammation and the CD40-CD40 ligand system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:6930-6932.
115. BLAKE GJ, RIDKER PM: Inflammatory bio-markers and cardiovascular risk prediction. J. Intern. Med. (2002) 252:283-294.
116. KAMEYOSHI Y, DORSCHNER A, MALLET AI et al.: Cytokine RANTES released by thrombin-stimulated platelets is a potent attractant for human eosinophils. J. Exp. Med. (1992) 176:587-592.
117. VON HUNDELSHAUSEN P, WEBER KS, HUO Y et al.: RANTES deposition by platelets triggers monocyte arrest on inflamed and atherosclerotic endothelium. Circulation (2001) 103:1772-1777.
118. PROUDFOOT AE, POWER CA, HOOGEWERF AJ et al.: Extension of recombinant human RANTES by the retention of the initiating methionine produces a potent antagonist. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:2599-2603.
119. MACK M, PFIRSTINGER J, WEBER C et al.: Chondroitin sulfate A released from platelets blocks RANTES presentation on cell surfaces and RANTES-dependent firm adhesion of leukocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. (2002) 32:1012-1020.
120. HAWRYLOWICZ CM, HOWELLS GL, FELDMANN M: Platelet-derived interleukin 1 induces human endothelial adhesion molecule expression and cytokine production. J. Exp. Med. (1991) 174:785-790.
121. LOPPNOW H, BIL R, HIRT S et al.: Platelet-derived interleukin-1 induces cytokine production, but not proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Blood (1998) 91:134-141.
122. MACH F, SCHONBECK U, SUKHOVA GK et al.: Functional CD40 ligand is expressed on human vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages: implications for CD40-CD40 ligand signaling in atherosclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1997) 94:1931-1936.
123. MACH F, SCHONBECK U, SUKHOVA GK et al.: Reduction of atherosclerosis in mice by inhibition of CD40 signalling. Nature (1998) 394:200-203.
124. LUTGENS E, GORELIK L, DAEMEN MJ et al.: Requirement for CD154 in the progression of atherosclerosis. Nat. Med. (1999) 5:1313-1316.
125. BLAKE GJ, OSTFELD RJ, YUCEL EK et al.: Soluble CD40 ligand levels indicate lipid accumulation in carotid atheroma: an in vivo study with high-resolution MRI. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2003) 23:e11-e14.
126. SCHONBECK U, MACH F, SUKHOVA GK et al.: Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells by T lymphocytes: a role for CD40 signaling in plaque rupture? Circ. Res. (1997) 81:448-454.
127. HEIJNEN HF, SCHIEL AE, FIJNHEER R et al.: Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles: microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules. Blood (1999) 94:3791-3799.
128. DACHARY-PRIGENT J, FREYSSINET JM, PASQUET JM et al.: Annexin V as a probe of aminophospholipid exposure and platelet membrane vesiculation: a flow cytometry study showing a role for free sulfhydryl groups. Blood (1993) 81:2554-2565.
129. CHOW TW, HELLUMS JD, THIAGARAJAN P: Thrombin receptor activating peptide (SFLLRN) potentiates shear-induced platelet microvesiculation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. (2000) 135:66-72.
130. WIEDMER T, SHATTIL SJ, CUNNINGHAM M, SIMS PJ: Role of calcium and calpain in complement-induced vesiculation of the platelet plasma membrane and in the exposure of the platelet Factor Va receptor. Biochemistry (1990) 29:623-632.
131. GILBERT GE, SIMS PJ, WIEDMER T et al.: Platelet-derived microparticles express high affinity receptors for Factor VIII. J. Biol. Chem. (1991) 266:17261-17268.
132. HOFFMAN M, MONROE DM, ROBERTS HR: Coagulation Factor IXa binding to activated platelets and platelet-derived microparticles: a flow cytometric study. Thromb. Haemost. (1992) 68:74-78.
133. NIEUWLAND R, BERCKMANS RJ, ROTTEVEEL-EIJKMAN et al.: Cell-derived microparticles generated in patients during cardiopulmonary bypass are highly procoagulant. Circulation (1997) 96:3534-3541.
134. PRESTON RA, JY W, JIMENEZ JJ et al.: Effects of severe hypertension on endothelial and platelet microparticles. Hypertension (2003) 41:211-217.
135. JOOP K, BERCKMANS RJ, NIEUWLAND R et al.: Microparticles from patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and sepsis support coagulation through multiple mechanisms. Thromb. Haemost. (2001) 85:820.
136. SABATIER F, DARMON P, HUGEL B et al.: Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients display different patterns of cellular microparticles. Diabetes (2002) 51:2840-2845.
137. SINGH N, GEMMELL CH, DALY PA, YEO EL: Elevated platelet-derived microparticle levels during unstable angina. Can. J. Cardiol. (1995) 11:1015-1021.
138. BARRY OP, PRATICO D, LAWSON JA. FITZGERALD GA. Transcellular activation of platelets and endothelial cells by bioactive lipids in platelet microparticles. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 99:2118-2127.
139. BARRY OP, PRATICO D, SAVANI RC, FITZGERALD GA: Modulation of monocyte-endothelial cell interactions by platelet microparticles. J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 102:136-144.