Significant involvement of CCL2 (MCP-1) in inflammatory disorders of the lung

Microcirculation

Volumn 10, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 273-288

  Rose Jr , C Edward ^a   Sung, Sung Sang J ^a   Fu, Shu Man ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Bronchiolitis obliterans; CCL2; CCR2; Chemokines; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Indexed keywords

ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; BLEOMYCIN; CELL RECEPTOR; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CYTOKINE; EOTAXIN; FLUORESCEIN ISOTHIOCYANATE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HISTAMINE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; LEUKOTRIENE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; OVALBUMIN; PARASITE ANTIGEN; PROCOLLAGEN; RANTES; RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AIRWAY DYNAMICS; ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ARTICLE; ATTENUATION; BACTEREMIA; BASOPHIL; BRONCHIOLITIS; CELL POLARITY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE COURSE; FIBROBLAST; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GRAFT REJECTION; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION COMPLICATION; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; LEISHMANIASIS; LEUKOCYTE; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG GRANULOMA; LUNG LAVAGE; LUNG MYCOSIS; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; LYMPH NODE; LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MAST CELL; MONOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFLAMMATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL TIME; TH2 CELL; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; ANIMAL; ASTHMA; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INFLAMMATION; LUNG; METABOLISM; REVIEW;

ANIMALIA; BOS;

ANIMALS; ASTHMA; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; CHEMOKINE CCL2; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INFLAMMATION; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; PULMONARY FIBROSIS; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT;

EID: 0242305121     PISSN: 10739688     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.mn.7800193     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Alam R, York J, Boyars M, Stafford S, Grant JA, Lee J, Forsythe P, Sim T, Ida N. (1996). Increased MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-lα in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of allergic asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:1398-1404.
2. Andrew DP, Chang M, McNinch J, Wathen ST, Rihanek M, Tseng J, Spellberg JP, Elias CG. (1998). STCP-1 (MDC) CC chemokine acts specifically on chronically activated Th2 lymphocytes and is produced by monocytes on stimulation with Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. J Immunol 161:5027-5038.
3. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Clermont G, Newbold RC, Pinsky MR. (1996). What's the incidence and mortality of ARDS in the US? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:A592.
4. Antoniades HN, Neville-Golden J, Galanopoulos T, Kradin RL, Valente AJ, Graves DT. (1992). Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mRNA in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:5371-5375.
5. Arcasoy SM, Kotloff RM. (1999). Lung transplantation. N Engl J Med 340:1081-1091.
6. Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, Dreyfuss D, Gattinoni L, Hudson L, Lamy M, Marini JJ, Matthay MA, Pinsky MR, Spragg R, Suter PM. (1998). The American-European Consensus Conferenee on ARDS, part 2: Ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1332-1347.
7. Belperio JA, Keane MP, Burdick MD, Lynch JP III, Xue YY, Berlin A, Ross DJ, Kunkel SL, Charo IF, Strieter RM. (2001). Critical role for the chemokine MCP-1/CCR2 in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Clin Invest 108:547-556.
8. -/- mice. J Immunol 165:2603-2611.
9. Boehler A, Estenne M. (2000). Obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. Curr Opin Pulm Med 6:133-139.
10. Bonecchi R. Bianchi G, Bordignon PP, D'Ambrosio D, Lang R, Borsatti A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Gray PA, Mantovani A, Sinigaglia F. (1998). Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of type 1 T helper cells (Th1s) and Th2s. J Exp Med 187:129-133.
11. Boring L, Gosling J, Chensue SW, Kunkel SL, Farese RV, Broxmeyer HE, Charo I. (1997). Impaired monocyte migration and reduced type 1 (Th1) cytokine responses in C-C chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice. J Clin Invest 100:2552-2561.
12. Brockelmann TJ, Limper AH, Colby TV, McDonald JA. (1991). Transforming growth factor β1 is present at sites of extracellular matrix gene expression in human pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 6642-6646.
13. -/- mice: the role of mast cells. J Immunol 163:2160-2167.
14. Charo IF, Myers SJ, Herman A, Franci C, Connolly AJ, Coughlin SR. (1994). Molecular cloning and functional expression of two monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptors reveals alternative splicing of the carboxyl-terminal tails. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2752-2756.
15. 3H]5HT release. Immunology 86:434-440.
16. Dinarello CA, Ikejima T, Warner SJC, Orencole SF, Lonnemann G, Cannon JG, Libby P. (1987). Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. I. Induction of circulating interleukin-1 in rabbits in vivo and in human mononuclear cells in vitro. J Immunol 139:1902-1910.
17. Donnelly SC, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Walz A, Robertson CR, Carter DC, Grant IS, Pollok AJ, Haslett C. (1993). Interleukin-8 and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in at-risk patients. Lancet 341:643-647.
18. Drath DB. (1985). Enhanced superoxide release and tumoricidal activity by a postlavage, in situ pulmonary macrophage population in response to activation by Mycobacterium bovis BCG exposure. Infect Immun 49:72-75.
19. Drazen JM, Arm JP, Austen KF. (1996). Sorting out the cytokines of asthma. J Exp Med 183:1-5.
20. Elssner A, Jaumann F, Dobmann S, Behr J, Schwaiblmair M, Reichenspurner H, Furst H, Briegel J, Vogelmeier C. (2000). Elevated levels of interleukin-8 and transforming growth factor-beta in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: proinflammatory role of bronchial epithelial cells. Munich Lung Transplant Group. Transplantation 70:362-367.
21. Fantuzzi L, Borghi P, Ciolli V, Pavlakis G, Belardelli F, Gessani S. (1999). Loss of CCR2 expression and functional response to monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) during the differentiation of human monocytes: role of secreted MCP-1 in the regulation of the chemotactic response. Blood 94:875-883.
22. Folkard SG, Westwick J, Millar AB. (1997). Production of interleukin-8, RANTES and MCP-1 in intrinsic and extrinsic asthmatics. Eur Respir J 10:2097-2104.
23. Frade JMR, Mellado M, delReal G, Gutierez-Ramos JC, Lind P, Martinez AC. (1997). Characterization of the CCR-2 chemokine receptor: functional CCR2 receptor expression in B cells. J Immunol 159:5576-5584.
24. Garcia-Zepeda EA, Combadiere C, Rotherberg ME, Sarafi MN, Lavigne F, Hamid Q, Murphy PM, Luster AD. (1996). Human monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4 is a novel C-C chemokine with activities on monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils induced in allergic and nonallergic inflammation that signals through the CC chemokine receptors (CCR)-2 and -3. J Immunol 157:5613-5626.
25. Gautam SC, Noth CJ, Janakiraman N, Pindolia KR, Chapman RA. (1995). Induction of chemokine mRNA in bone marrow stromal cells: modulation by TGF-β1 and IL-4. Exp Hematol 23:482-491.
26. Gharaee-Kermani M, Denholm EM, Phan SH. (1996). Costimulation of fibroblast collagen and transforming growth factor beta-1 gene expression by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 via specific receptors. J Biol Chem 271:17779-17784.
27. Giri SN, Hyde DM, Hollinger MA. (1993). Effect of antibody to transforming growth factor β on bleomycin induced accumulation of lung collagen in mice. Thorax 48:959-966.
28. Gong X, Gong W, Kuhns DB, Ben Baruch A, Howard OM, Wang JM. (1997). Monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2) uses CCR1 and CCR2B as its functional receptors. J Biol Chem 272:11682-11685.
29. Gonzalo J-A, Lloyd CM, Wen D, Albar JP, Wells TN, Proudfoot A, Martinez AC, Dorf M, Bjerke T, Coyle AJ, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. (1998). The coordinated action of CC chemokines in the lung orchestrates allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Exp Med 188:157-167.
30. Gonzalo J-A, Pan Y, Lloyd CM, Jia G-Q, Yu G, Dussault B, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Coyle AJ, Gearing D, Gutierrez-Ramos J-C. (1999). Mouse monocyte-derived chemokine is involved in airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation. J Immunol 163:403-411.
31. Goodman RB, Strieter RM, Martin DP, Steinberg KP, Milberg JA, Maunder RJ, Kunkel SL, Walz A, Hudson LD, Martin TR. (1996). Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:602-611.
32. Gu L, Tseng S, Horner RM, Tam C, Loda M, Rollins BJ. (2000). Control of Th2 polarization by the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Nature 404:407-411.
33. Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Lloyd C, Kapsenberg ML, Gonzalo JA, Coyle AJ. (2000). Non-redundant functional groups of chemokines operate in a coordinate manner during the inflammatory response in the lung. Immunol Rev 177:31-42.
34. Heffner JE, Shoemaker SA, Canham EM, Patel M, McMurtry IF, Morris HG, Repine JE. (1983). Acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine-stimulated human platelets causing pulmonary hypertension and edema in isolated rabbit lungs. J Clin Invest 71:351-357.
35. Hogaboam CM, Bone-Larson CL, Lipinski S, Lukacs NW, Chensue SW, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL. (1999). Differential monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and chemokine receptor 2 expression by murine lung fibroblasts derived from Th1- and Th2-type pulmonary granuloma models. J Immunol 163:2193-2201.
36. Holgate ST, Bodey KS, Janezic A, Frew AJ, Kaplan AP, Teran LM. (1997). Release of RANTES, MIP-1α, and MCP-1 into asthmatic airways following endobronchial allergen challenge. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:1377-1383.
37. Homey B, Zlotnik A. (1999). Chemokines in allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 11:626-634.
38. Jarnagin K, Grunberger D, Mulkins M, Hemmerich S, Paavola C, Bloom A, Bhakta S, Diehl F, Freedman R, McCarley D, Polsky I, Ping-Tsou A, Kosaka A, Handel TM. (1999). Identification of surface residues of the monocyte chemotactic protein 1 that affect signaling through the receptor CCR2. Biochemistry 38: 16167-16177.
39. Johnston B, Burns AR, Suematsu M, Issekutz TB, Woodman RC, Kubes P. (1999). Chronic inflammation upregulates chemokine receptors and induces neutrophil migration to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. J Clin Invest 103:1269-1276.
40. Karpus WJ, Lukacs NW, Kennedy KJ, Smith WS, Hurst SD, Barrett TA. (1997). Differential CC chemokine-induced enhancement of T helper cell cytokine production. J Immunol 158:4129-4136.
41. Keane MP, Belperio JA, Moore TA, Moore BB, Arenberg DA, Smith RE, Burdick MD, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM. (1999). Neutralization of the CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 162:5511-5518.
42. Kim Y-B, Sung SJ, Kuziel WA, Feldman S, Fu SM, Rose CE Jr. (2001). Enhanced airway Th2 response after allergen challenge in mice deficient in CC chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2). J Immunol 166:5183-5192.
43. King TE, Costabel U, Cordier J-F, DoPico GA, Du Bois R, Lynch D, Lynch JP, Myers J, Panos R, Raghu G, Schwartz D, Smith CM. (2002). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:646-664.
44. Kitamura M. (1997). Identification of an inhibitor targeting macrophage production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as TGF-beta 1. J Immunol 159:1404-1411.
45. Kodama N, Yamaguchi E, Hizawa N, Furuya K, Kojima J, Oguri M, Takahashi T, Kawakami Y. (1998). Expression of RANTES by bronchoalveolar lavage cells in nonsmoking patients with interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 18:526-531.
46. Kuziel WA. Morgan SJ, Dawson TC, Griffin S, Smithies O, Ley K, Maeda N. (1997). Severe reduction in leukocyte adhesion and monocyte extravasation in mice deficient in CC chemokine receptor 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12053-12058.
47. Leonard EJ, Skeel A, Yoshimura T. (1991) Biological aspects of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). ln: Chemotactic Cytokines. (J Westwick, IJD Lindley, and SL Kunkel, Eds.) Plenum Press. New York. 57-64.
48. Leonard EJ, Yoshimura T. (1990). Neutrophil attractant/activation protein-1 (NAP-1 [interleukin-8]). Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2:479-486.
49. Lloyd CM, Delaney T, Nguyen T, Tian J, Martinez AC, Coyle AJ, Gutierrez-Ramos J-C. (2000). CC chemokine receptor (CCR)3/eotaxin is followed by CCR4/monocyte-derived chemokine in mediating pulmonary T helper lymphocyte type 2 recruitment after serial antigen challenge in vivo. J Exp Med 191: 265-273.
50. Lu B, Rutledge BJ, Gu L, Fiorillo J, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, North R, Gerard C, Rollins BJ. (1998). Abnormalities in monocyte recruitment and cytokine expression in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-deficient mice. J Exp Med 187:601-608.
51. Lukacs NW, Strieter RM, Warmington K, Lincoln P, Chensue SW, Kunkel SL. (1997). Differential recruitment of leukocyte populations and alteration of airway hyperreactivity by C-C family chemokines in allergic airway inflammation. J Immunol 158:4398-4404.
52. MacLean JA, De Sanctis GT, Ackerman KG, Drazen JM, Sauty A, DeHaan E, Green FH, Charo IF, Luster AD. (2000). CC chemokine receptor-2 is not essential for the development of antigen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Immunol 165:6568-6575.
53. Marshall RP, Bellingan G, Webb S, Puddicombe A, Goldsack N, McAnulty RJ, Laurent GJ. (2000). Fibroproliferation occurs early in the acute respiratory distress syndrome and impacts on outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1783-1788.
54. Matsukawa A, Lukacs NW, Standiford TJ, Chensue SW, Kunkel SL. (2000). Adenoviral-mediated over-expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 differentially alters the development of Th1 and Th2 type responses in vivo. J Immunol 164:1699-1704.
55. Maunder RJ, Hudson LD. (1991). Clinical risks associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. In: Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. (WM Zapol and F Lemaire, Eds.) Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. 1-22.
56. Maus U, Herold S, Muth H, Maus R, Ermert L, Ermert M, Weissmann N, Rosseau S, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Lohmeyer J. (2001). Monocytes recruited into the alveolar air space of mice show a monocytic phenotype but upregulate CD14. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280:L58-L68.
57. Moore BB, Paine R III, Christensen PJ, Moore TA, Sitterding S, Ngan R, Wilke CA, Kuziel WA, Toews GB. (2001). Protection from pulmonary fibrosis in the absence of CCR2 signaling. J Immunol 167:4368-4377.
58. Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hebert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, Power CA. (2000). International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharm Rev 52:145-176.
59. Nakano Y, Kasahara T, Mukaida N, Ko Y-C, Nakano M, Matushima K. (1994). Protection against lethal bacterial infection in mice by monocyte-chemotactic and -activating factor. Infect Immun 62:377-383.
60. Nathan CF. (1987). Secretory products of macrophages. J Clin Invest 79:319-326.
61. Nocker RE, Out TA, Weller FR, Mul EP, Jansen HM, van der Zee JS. (1999). Influx of neutrophils into the airway lumen at 4 h after segmental allergen challenge in asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 119:45-53.
62. Ochensberger B, Tassera L, Bifrare D, Rihs S, Dahinden CA. (1999). Regulation of cytokine expression and leukotriene formation in human basophils by growth factors, chemokines and chemotactic agonists. Eur J Immunol 29:11-22.
63. Ognibene FP, Martin SE, Parker MM, Schlesinger T, Roach P, Burch C, Shelhamer JH, Parrillo JE. (1986). Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia. New Engl J Med 315:547-55l.
64. Peters W, Scott HM, Chambers HF, Flynn JL, Charo IF, Ernst JD. (2001). Chemokine receptor 2 serves an early and essential role in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7958-7963.
65. Polentarutti N, Allavena P, Bianchi G, Giardina G, Basile A, Sozzani S, Mantovani A, Introna M. (1997). IL-2-regulated expression of the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 receptor (CCR2) in human NK cells. J Immunol 158:2689-2694.
66. Ponath PD, Qin S, Ringler DJ, Clark-Lewis I, Wang J, Kassam N, Smith H, Shi X, Gonzalo J-A, Newman W, Gutierrez-Ramos J-C, Mackay CR. (1996). Cloning of the human eosinophil chemoattractant, eotaxin. J Clin Invest 97:604-612.
67. Rabin RL, Park MK, Liao F, Swofford R, Stephany D, Farber JM. (1999). Chemokine receptor responses on T cells are achieved through regulation of both receptor expression and signaling. J Immunol 162:3840-3850.
68. Repine JE, Beehler CJ. (1991). Neutrophils and adult respiratory distress syndrome: two interlocking perspectives in 1991. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:251-252.
69. Rollins BJ, Pober JS. (1991). Interleukin-4 induces the synthesis and secretion of MCP-1/JE by human endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 138:1315-1319.
70. Rollins BJ, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, Pober JS. (1990). Cytokine-activated human endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a monocyte chemoattractant, MCP-1/JE. Am J Pathol 1:36:1229-1233.
71. Rosseau S, Hammerl P, Maus U, Walmrath HD, Schutte H, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Lohmeyer J. (2000). Phenotypic characterization of alveolar monocyte recruitment in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279:L25-L35.
72. Rovin BH, Lu L, Saxena R. (1999). A novel polymorphism in the MCP-1 gene regulatory region that influences MCP-1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 259:344-348.
73. Rutledge BJ, Rayburn H, Rosenberg R, North RJ, Gladue RP, Corless CL, Rollins BJ. (1995). High level monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in transgenic mice increases their susceptibility to intracellular pathogens. J Immunol 155:4838-4843.
74. Salcedo R, Ponce ML, Young HA, Wasserman K, Ward JM, Kleimnan HK, Oppenheim JJ, Murphy WJ. (2000). Human endothelial cells express CCR2 and respond to MCP-1: direct role of MCP-1 in angiogenesis and tumor progression. Blood 96:34-40.
75. Sarafi MN, Garcia-Zepeda EA, MacLean JA, Charo IF, Luster AD. (1997). Murine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-5): a novel CC chemokine that is a structural and functional homologue of human MCP-1. J Exp Med 185:99-109.
76. Scholma J, Slebos DJ, Boezen HM, van den Berg JW, Van Der BW, de Boer WJ, Koeter GH, Timens W, Kauffman HF, Postma DS. (2000). Eosinophilic granulocytes and interleukin-6 level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are associated with the development of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2221-2225.
77. Seitz M, Loetscher P, Dewald B, Towbin H, Gallati H, Baggiolini M. (1995). Interleukin-10 differentially regulates cytokine inhibitor and chemokine release from blood mononuclear cells and fibroblasts. Eur J Immunol 25:1129-1132.
78. Sekine Y, Yasufuku K, Heidler KM, Cummings OW, Van Rooijen N, Fujisawa T, Brown J, Wilkes DS. (2000). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and RANTES are chemotactic for graft infiltrating lymphocytes during acute lung allograft rejection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23:719-726.
79. Sironi M, Munoz C, Pollicino T, Siboni A, Sciacca FL, Bernasconi S, Vecchi A, Colotta F, Mantovani A. (1993). Divergent effects of interleukin- 10 on cytokine production by mononuclear phagocytes and endothelial cells. Eur J Immunol 23:2692-2695.
80. Standiford TJ, Rolfe MW, Kunkel SL, Lynch JP III, Burdick MD, Gilbert AR, Orringer MB, Whyte RI, Strieter RM. (1993). Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha expression in interstitial lung disease. J Immunol 151:2852-2863.
81. Strieter RM. (2001). Mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis: conferenee summary. Chest 120:77S-85S.
82. Strieter RM, Remick DG, Lynch JP, Genord M, Raiford C, Spengler R, Kunkel SL, (1989). Differential regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes: a cellular and molecular analysis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1:57-63.
83. Swain SL, Weinberg AD, English M, Huston G. (1990). IL-4 directs the development of Th2-like helper effectors. J Immunol 145:3796-3806.
84. Szalai C, Kozma GT, Nagy A, Bojszko A, Krikovszky D, Szabo T, Falus A. (2001). Polymorphism in the gene regulatory region of MCP-1 is associated with asthma susceptibility and severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:375-381.
85. Takeshita A, Chen Y, Watanabe A, Kitano S, Hanazawa S. (1995). TCF-beta induces expression of monocyte chemoattractant JE/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 via transcriptional factor AP-1 induced by protein kinase in osteoblastic cells. J Immunol 155:419-426.
86. Tokuda A, Itakura M, Onai N, Kimura H, Kuriyama T, Matsushima K. (2000). Pivotal role of CCR1-positive leukocytes in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. J Immunol 164:2745-2751.
87. Traynor TR, Herring AC, Dorf ME, Kuziel WA, Toews GB, Huffnagle GB. (2002). Differential roles of CC chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and CCR2 in the development of T1 immunity. J Immunol 168:4659-4666.
88. Traynor TR, Kuziel WA, Toews GB, Huffnagle GB. (2000). CCR2 expression determines T1 versus T2 polarization during pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J Immunol 164:2021-2027.
89. Uguccioni M, D'Apuzzo M, Loetscher M, Dewald B, Baggiolini M. (1995). Actions of the chemotactic cytokines MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β on human monocytes. Eur J Immunol 25:64-68.
90. Vecchi A, Massimiliano L, Ramponi S, Luini W, Bernasconi S, Bonecchi R, Allavena P, Parmentier M, Mantovani A, Sozzani S. (1999). Differential responsiveness to constitutive vs. inducible chemokines of immature and mature mouse dendritic cells. J Leuk Biol 66:489-494.
91. Warmington KS, Boring L, Ruth JH, Sonstein J, Hogaboam CM, Curtis JL, Kunkel SL, Charo IR, Chensue SW. (1999). Effect of C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) knockout on type-2 (Schistosomal antigen-elicited) pulmonary granuloma formation. Analysis of cellular recruitment and cytokine responses. Am J Pathol 154:1407-1416.
92. Wilder JA, Collie DDS, Wilson BS, Bice DE, Lyons CR, Lipscomb MF. (1999). Dissociation of airway hyperresponsiveness from immunoglobulin E and airway eosinophilia in a murine model of allergic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20:1326-1334.
93. Wills-Karp M, Luyimbazi J, Xu X, Schofield B, Neben TY, Karp CL, Donaldson DD. (1998). Interleukin 13: central mediator of allergic asthma. Science 282: 2258-2261.
94. Wong L-M, Myers SJ, Tsou CL, Gosling J, Arai H, Charo IF. (1997). Organization and differential expression of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor genes. J Biol Chem 272:1038-1045.
95. Zhang K, Gharaee-Kermani M, Jones ML, Warren JS, Phan SH. (1994). Lung monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 153:4733-4741.
96. Zhu JF, Valente AJ, Lorenzo JA, Carnes D, Graves DT. (1994). Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in human osteoblastic cells stimulated by proinflammatory mediators. J Bone Miner Res 9: 1123-1130.
97. Ziesche R, Hofbauer E, Wittmann K, Pelkov V, Block LH. (1999). A preliminary study of long-term treatment with interferon gamma-1b and low-dose prednisolone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 341:1264-1269.