Calamitic bolaamphiphiles with (semi)perfluorinated lateral chains: Polyphilic block molecules with new liquid crystalline phase structures

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 125, Issue 36, 2003, Pages 10977-10996

  Cheng, Xiaohong ^a   Prehm, Marko ^a   Das, Malay Kumar ^a   Kain, Jens ^a   Baumeister, Ute ^a   Diele, Siegmar ^a   Leine, Dag ^a   Blume, Alfred ^a   Tschierske, Carsten ^a  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS;

MESOMORPHIC PROPERTIES;

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

AMPHOPHILE; BIPHENYL DERIVATIVE; BOLAAMPHIPHILE DERIVATIVE; PALLADIUM; PERFLUORO COMPOUND; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CROSS REACTION; CRYSTALLIZATION; HYDROGEN BOND; LIQUID CRYSTAL; MICROSCOPY; PHASE TRANSITION; RADIATION SCATTERING; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 0043235824     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja036213g     Document Type: Article

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39. Selected examples of complex morphologies in linear ABC triblock copolymers: (a) Mogi, Y.; Nomura, M.; Kotsuji, H.; Ohnishi, K.; Matsushita Y.; Noda, I. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 6755-6760. (b) Matsushita, Y.; Tamura, M.; Noda, I. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 3680-3682. (c) Krappe, U.; Stadler, R.; Voigt-Martin, I. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 4558-4561. (d) Breiner, U.; Krappe, U.; Abetz, V.; Stadler, R. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1997, 198, 1051-1083. (e) Breiner, U.; Krappe U.; Stadler R. Macromol. Rapid. Commun. 1996, 17, 567-575. (f) Breiner, U.; Krappe, U.; Jakob, T.; Abetz V.; Stadler, R. Polymer Bull. 1998, 40, 219-226. (g) Auschra, C.; Stadler, R. Maromolecules, 1993, 26, 2171-2174. (h) Abetz, V.; Goldacker, T. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2000, 21, 16-34. (i) Cochran, E. W.; Morse, D. C.; Bates, F. S. Mocromolecules 2000, 36, 782-792. (j) Bailey, T. S.; Hardy, C. M.; Epps, T. H.; Bates, F. S. Macromolecules 2002, 36, 7007-7017.
40. Examples of complex morphologies in ABC heteroann star terpolymers: (a) Sioula, S.; Hadjichristidis, N.; Thomas, E. L. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 8429-8432. (b) Hückstädt, H.; Göpfert A.; Abetz, V. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2000, 201, 296-307.
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42. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
43. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
44. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
45. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
46. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
47. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
48. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
49. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
50. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
51. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
52. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
53. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
54. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
55. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
56. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
57. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
58. Examples of polyphilic calamitic mesogens: (a) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals I; Mingos, D. M. P., Eds.: Springer: Berlin, 1999, 200-240. (b) Kain, J.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Lischka, C.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 11-16. (c) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840. (d) Toumilhac, F.; Blinow, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623 (e) Creed, D.; Gross, J. R. D.; Sullivan, S. L.; Griffin, A. C.; Hoyle, C. E. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 149, 185-193. (f) Robinson, W. K.; Carboni, C.; Kloess, P.; Perkins, S. P.; Coles, H. J. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 25, 301-307. (g) Nishikawa, E.; Samulski, E. T. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1457-1462. (h) Lee, M.; Lee D.-W.; Cho, B.-K.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Zin, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13258-13259. (i) Ohtake, T.; Ogasawara, M.; Ito-Akita, K.; Nishina, N.; Ujiie. S.; Ohno, H.; Kato, T. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 782-789. (j) Neumann, B.; Sauer, C.; Diele S.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1087-1098. (k) Lindner, N.; Kölbel, M.; Sauer, C.; Diele, S.; Jokiranta J. ; Tschierske, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 5261-5273. (l) Ewing, D. F.; Glew, M.; Goodby, J. W.; Haley, J. A.; Kelly. S. M.; Komanschek, B. U.; Letellier, P. ; Mackenzie, G.; Mehl, G. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 871-880. (m) Ujiie, S.; Yano, Y. Chem. Commun. 2000, 79-80. (n) Ibn-Elhaj, M.; Möhwald, H.; Cherkaoui. M. Z.; Zniber, R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 504-516. (o) Sebastiao, P.; Mery, S.; Sieffert, M.; Nicoud, J. F.; Galeme, Y.; Guillon, D. Ferroelectrics 1998, 212, 133-141. (p) Lose, D.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dietzmann, E.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1998, 24, 707-717. (q) Guillon, D.; Osipov, M. A.; Méry, S.; Siffert, M.; Nicoud, J.-F.; Bourgogne, C.; Sebastiao, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2700-2708.
59. Selected examples of calamitic LC with perfluorinated segments: (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389-396. (b) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169-173. (c) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P. J. Phys. II 1996, 6, 1597-1605. (d) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P.; Durliat, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 52-60. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 164-175. (f) Diele, S.; Lose, D.; Kruth, H.; Pelzl, G.; Guittard, F.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 603-608. (g) Guittard, F.; Taffin de Givenchy, E.; Geribaldi, S.; Cambon, A. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 100, 85-96. (h) Guillevic, M.-A.; Bruce, D. W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 153-156.
60. Selected examples of calamitic LC with perfluorinated segments: (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389-396. (b) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169-173. (c) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P. J. Phys. II 1996, 6, 1597-1605. (d) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P.; Durliat, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 52-60. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 164-175. (f) Diele, S.; Lose, D.; Kruth, H.; Pelzl, G.; Guittard, F.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 603-608. (g) Guittard, F.; Taffin de Givenchy, E.; Geribaldi, S.; Cambon, A. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 100, 85-96. (h) Guillevic, M.-A.; Bruce, D. W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 153-156.
61. Selected examples of calamitic LC with perfluorinated segments: (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389-396. (b) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169-173. (c) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P. J. Phys. II 1996, 6, 1597-1605. (d) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P.; Durliat, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 52-60. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 164-175. (f) Diele, S.; Lose, D.; Kruth, H.; Pelzl, G.; Guittard, F.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 603-608. (g) Guittard, F.; Taffin de Givenchy, E.; Geribaldi, S.; Cambon, A. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 100, 85-96. (h) Guillevic, M.-A.; Bruce, D. W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 153-156.
62. Selected examples of calamitic LC with perfluorinated segments: (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389-396. (b) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169-173. (c) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P. J. Phys. II 1996, 6, 1597-1605. (d) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P.; Durliat, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 52-60. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 164-175. (f) Diele, S.; Lose, D.; Kruth, H.; Pelzl, G.; Guittard, F.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 603-608. (g) Guittard, F.; Taffin de Givenchy, E.; Geribaldi, S.; Cambon, A. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 100, 85-96. (h) Guillevic, M.-A.; Bruce, D. W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 153-156.
63. Selected examples of calamitic LC with perfluorinated segments: (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389-396. (b) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169-173. (c) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P. J. Phys. II 1996, 6, 1597-1605. (d) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P.; Durliat, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 52-60. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 164-175. (f) Diele, S.; Lose, D.; Kruth, H.; Pelzl, G.; Guittard, F.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 603-608. (g) Guittard, F.; Taffin de Givenchy, E.; Geribaldi, S.; Cambon, A. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 100, 85-96. (h) Guillevic, M.-A.; Bruce, D. W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 153-156.
64. Selected examples of calamitic LC with perfluorinated segments: (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389-396. (b) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169-173. (c) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P. J. Phys. II 1996, 6, 1597-1605. (d) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P.; Durliat, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 52-60. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 164-175. (f) Diele, S.; Lose, D.; Kruth, H.; Pelzl, G.; Guittard, F.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 603-608. (g) Guittard, F.; Taffin de Givenchy, E.; Geribaldi, S.; Cambon, A. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 100, 85-96. (h) Guillevic, M.-A.; Bruce, D. W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 153-156.
65. Selected examples of calamitic LC with perfluorinated segments: (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389-396. (b) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169-173. (c) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P. J. Phys. II 1996, 6, 1597-1605. (d) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P.; Durliat, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 52-60. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 164-175. (f) Diele, S.; Lose, D.; Kruth, H.; Pelzl, G.; Guittard, F.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 603-608. (g) Guittard, F.; Taffin de Givenchy, E.; Geribaldi, S.; Cambon, A. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 100, 85-96. (h) Guillevic, M.-A.; Bruce, D. W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 153-156.
66. Selected examples of calamitic LC with perfluorinated segments: (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389-396. (b) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169-173. (c) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P. J. Phys. II 1996, 6, 1597-1605. (d) Pensec, S.; Tournilhac, F.-G.; Bassoul, P.; Durliat, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 52-60. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 164-175. (f) Diele, S.; Lose, D.; Kruth, H.; Pelzl, G.; Guittard, F.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 603-608. (g) Guittard, F.; Taffin de Givenchy, E.; Geribaldi, S.; Cambon, A. J. Fluorine Chem. 1999, 100, 85-96. (h) Guillevic, M.-A.; Bruce, D. W. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 153-156.
67. Examples of taper-shaped molecules: (a) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Ungar, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000. 122, 10273-10281.
68. (b) Percec. V.; Cho, W.-D.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1302-1315.
69. (c) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2011-2025.
70. (d) Percec, V.; Holerca, M. N.; Uchida, S.; Cho, W.-D.; Ungar, G.; Lee, Y.; Yeardley, D. J. P. Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8. 1106-1117.
71. Examples of taper-shaped LC with perfluorinated chains: (a) Johanssson. G. J.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhau, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646-660. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855-9866. (c) Percec, V.; Glodde, M.; Bera, T. K.; Miura, Y.; Shiyanovskaya, I.; Singer, K. D.; Balagurusamy, V. S. K.; Heiney, P. A. Schnell, I.; Rapp, A.; Spiess, H.-W.; Hudson, S. D.; Duan, H. Nature 2002, 419, 384-387. (d) Cheng, X. ; Das, M. K.; Diele, S.; Tschierske, C. Langmuir 2002, 18, 6521-6529.
72. Examples of taper-shaped LC with perfluorinated chains: (a) Johanssson. G. J.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhau, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646-660. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855-9866. (c) Percec, V.; Glodde, M.; Bera, T. K.; Miura, Y.; Shiyanovskaya, I.; Singer, K. D.; Balagurusamy, V. S. K.; Heiney, P. A. Schnell, I.; Rapp, A.; Spiess, H.-W.; Hudson, S. D.; Duan, H. Nature 2002, 419, 384-387. (d) Cheng, X. ; Das, M. K.; Diele, S.; Tschierske, C. Langmuir 2002, 18, 6521-6529.
73. Examples of taper-shaped LC with perfluorinated chains: (a) Johanssson. G. J.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhau, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646-660. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855-9866. (c) Percec, V.; Glodde, M.; Bera, T. K.; Miura, Y.; Shiyanovskaya, I.; Singer, K. D.; Balagurusamy, V. S. K.; Heiney, P. A. Schnell, I.; Rapp, A.; Spiess, H.-W.; Hudson, S. D.; Duan, H. Nature 2002, 419, 384-387. (d) Cheng, X. ; Das, M. K.; Diele, S.; Tschierske, C. Langmuir 2002, 18, 6521-6529.
74. Examples of taper-shaped LC with perfluorinated chains: (a) Johanssson. G. J.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhau, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646-660. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855-9866. (c) Percec, V.; Glodde, M.; Bera, T. K.; Miura, Y.; Shiyanovskaya, I.; Singer, K. D.; Balagurusamy, V. S. K.; Heiney, P. A. Schnell, I.; Rapp, A.; Spiess, H.-W.; Hudson, S. D.; Duan, H. Nature 2002, 419, 384-387. (d) Cheng, X. ; Das, M. K.; Diele, S.; Tschierske, C. Langmuir 2002, 18, 6521-6529.
75. Different columnar phases were reported for thermotropic and lyotropic mesophases of calamitic p-terphenyl derivatives with lateral polar groups: (a) Hildebrandt, F.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Festag, R.; Kleppinger, R.; Wendorff, J. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1631-1633. (b) Hildebrandt, F.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Festag, R.; Wittenberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 564-567. (c) Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Wittenberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 10669-10675. (d) Plehnert, R.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 2611-2626.
76. Different columnar phases were reported for thermotropic and lyotropic mesophases of calamitic p-terphenyl derivatives with lateral polar groups: (a) Hildebrandt, F.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Festag, R.; Kleppinger, R.; Wendorff, J. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1631-1633. (b) Hildebrandt, F.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Festag, R.; Wittenberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 564-567. (c) Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Wittenberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 10669-10675. (d) Plehnert, R.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 2611-2626.
77. Different columnar phases were reported for thermotropic and lyotropic mesophases of calamitic p-terphenyl derivatives with lateral polar groups: (a) Hildebrandt, F.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Festag, R.; Kleppinger, R.; Wendorff, J. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1631-1633. (b) Hildebrandt, F.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Festag, R.; Wittenberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 564-567. (c) Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Wittenberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 10669-10675. (d) Plehnert, R.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 2611-2626.
78. Different columnar phases were reported for thermotropic and lyotropic mesophases of calamitic p-terphenyl derivatives with lateral polar groups: (a) Hildebrandt, F.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Festag, R.; Kleppinger, R.; Wendorff, J. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1631-1633. (b) Hildebrandt, F.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Festag, R.; Wittenberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 564-567. (c) Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C.; Wittenberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 10669-10675. (d) Plehnert, R.; Schröter, J. A.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 2611-2626.
79. Examples for oligomesogens and dendrimers with laterally attached mesogenic units: (a) Saez, I. M.; Goodby, J. W.; Richardson, R. M. Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7. 2758-2764. (b) Barberá, J.; Giménez, R.; Marcos, M.; Serrano, J. L. Liq. Cryst. 2002, 29, 309-314.
80. Examples for oligomesogens and dendrimers with laterally attached
81. SmA and SmC phases were reported for calamitic molecules with terminal semiperfluorinated chains and lateral aliphatic substituents: (a) Arehart. S. V.; Pugh, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119. 3027-3037. (b) Small, A. C.; Hunt, D. K.; Pugh, C. Liq. Cryst. 1999, 26, 849-857. (c) Pugh, C.; Bae, J.-Y.; Dharia, J.; Ge, J. J.; Cheng, S. Z. D. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5188-5200. (d) Pugh, C. ; Small, A. C.; Helfer, C. A.; Mattice, W. L. Liq. Cryst. 2001, 28, 991-1001.
82. SmA and SmC phases were reported for calamitic molecules with terminal semiperfluorinated chains and lateral aliphatic substituents: (a) Arehart. S. V.; Pugh, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119. 3027-3037. (b) Small, A. C.; Hunt, D. K.; Pugh, C. Liq. Cryst. 1999, 26, 849-857. (c) Pugh, C.; Bae, J.-Y.; Dharia, J.; Ge, J. J.; Cheng, S. Z. D. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5188-5200. (d) Pugh, C. ; Small, A. C.; Helfer, C. A.; Mattice, W. L. Liq. Cryst. 2001, 28, 991-1001.
83. SmA and SmC phases were reported for calamitic molecules with terminal semiperfluorinated chains and lateral aliphatic substituents: (a) Arehart. S. V.; Pugh, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119. 3027-3037. (b) Small, A. C.; Hunt, D. K.; Pugh, C. Liq. Cryst. 1999, 26, 849-857. (c) Pugh, C.; Bae, J.-Y.; Dharia, J.; Ge, J. J.; Cheng, S. Z. D. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5188-5200. (d) Pugh, C. ; Small, A. C.; Helfer, C. A.; Mattice, W. L. Liq. Cryst. 2001, 28, 991-1001.
84. SmA and SmC phases were reported for calamitic molecules with terminal semiperfluorinated chains and lateral aliphatic substituents: (a) Arehart. S. V.; Pugh, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119. 3027-3037. (b) Small, A. C.; Hunt, D. K.; Pugh, C. Liq. Cryst. 1999, 26, 849-857. (c) Pugh, C.; Bae, J.-Y.; Dharia, J.; Ge, J. J.; Cheng, S. Z. D. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5188-5200. (d) Pugh, C. ; Small, A. C.; Helfer, C. A.; Mattice, W. L. Liq. Cryst. 2001, 28, 991-1001.
85. Zniber, R.; Achour, R.; Cherkaoui, M. Z.; Donnio, B.; Gehringer, L.; Guillon, D. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12. 2208-2213.
86. (a) Kölbel, M.; Beyersdorff, T.; Sletvold, I., Tschierske, C.; Kain, J.; Diele, S. Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1146-1149.
87. (b) Kölbel, M.; Beyersdorff, T.; Cheng, X. H.; Tschierske, C.; Kain, J.; Diele, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6809-6818.
88. Weissflog, W. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1998; Vol 2B, pp 835-863.
89. (a) Frank, H. S.; Wen, W.-Y. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1957, 24, 133-140.
90. (b) Bellamy, L. J.; Pace, R. L. Spectrochim. Acta 1966, 525-534.
91. (c) Kleeberg, H. In Intermolecular Forces, An Introduction to Modern Methods and Results; Huyskens, P. L., Luck, W. A. P., Zeegers, T., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, 1999; pp 251-280.
92. The strong incompatibility of the polar 2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy groups and other diol groups with alkyl chains is well documented and widely used for the design of amphotropic liquid crystals: (a) Tschierske. C. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1996, 21, 775-852. (b) Blunk, D.; Praefcke, K.; Vill, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1998; Vol 3, pp 305-340. (c) Tschierske, C.; Brezesinski, G.; Kuschel, F.; Zaschke, H. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Lett. 1989, 6, 139-144. (d) van Doren, H. A.; van der Geest, R.; Kellog, R. M.; Wynberg, H. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1990, 109, 197-203. (e) Lattermann, G.; Staufer, G. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 4, 347-355. (f) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1991, 10, 539-548. (g) Vill, V.; Hashim, R. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 395-409.
93. The strong incompatibility of the polar 2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy groups and other diol groups with alkyl chains is well documented and widely used for the design of amphotropic liquid crystals: (a) Tschierske. C. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1996, 21, 775-852. (b) Blunk, D.; Praefcke, K.; Vill, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1998; Vol 3, pp 305-340. (c) Tschierske, C.; Brezesinski, G.; Kuschel, F.; Zaschke, H. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Lett. 1989, 6, 139-144. (d) van Doren, H. A.; van der Geest, R.; Kellog, R. M.; Wynberg, H. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1990, 109, 197-203. (e) Lattermann, G.; Staufer, G. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 4, 347-355. (f) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1991, 10, 539-548. (g) Vill, V.; Hashim, R. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 395-409.
94. The strong incompatibility of the polar 2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy groups and other diol groups with alkyl chains is well documented and widely used for the design of amphotropic liquid crystals: (a) Tschierske. C. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1996, 21, 775-852. (b) Blunk, D.; Praefcke, K.; Vill, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1998; Vol 3, pp 305-340. (c) Tschierske, C.; Brezesinski, G.; Kuschel, F.; Zaschke, H. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Lett. 1989, 6, 139-144. (d) van Doren, H. A.; van der Geest, R.; Kellog, R. M.; Wynberg, H. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1990, 109, 197-203. (e) Lattermann, G.; Staufer, G. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 4, 347-355. (f) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1991, 10, 539-548. (g) Vill, V.; Hashim, R. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 395-409.
95. The strong incompatibility of the polar 2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy groups and other diol groups with alkyl chains is well documented and widely used for the design of amphotropic liquid crystals: (a) Tschierske. C. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1996, 21, 775-852. (b) Blunk, D.; Praefcke, K.; Vill, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1998; Vol 3, pp 305-340. (c) Tschierske, C.; Brezesinski, G.; Kuschel, F.; Zaschke, H. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Lett. 1989, 6, 139-144. (d) van Doren, H. A.; van der Geest, R.; Kellog, R. M.; Wynberg, H. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1990, 109, 197-203. (e) Lattermann, G.; Staufer, G. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 4, 347-355. (f) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1991, 10, 539-548. (g) Vill, V.; Hashim, R. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 395-409.
96. The strong incompatibility of the polar 2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy groups and other diol groups with alkyl chains is well documented and widely used for the design of amphotropic liquid crystals: (a) Tschierske. C. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1996, 21, 775-852. (b) Blunk, D.; Praefcke, K.; Vill, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1998; Vol 3, pp 305-340. (c) Tschierske, C.; Brezesinski, G.; Kuschel, F.; Zaschke, H. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Lett. 1989, 6, 139-144. (d) van Doren, H. A.; van der Geest, R.; Kellog, R. M.; Wynberg, H. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1990, 109, 197-203. (e) Lattermann, G.; Staufer, G. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 4, 347-355. (f) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1991, 10, 539-548. (g) Vill, V.; Hashim, R. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 395-409.
97. The strong incompatibility of the polar 2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy groups and other diol groups with alkyl chains is well documented and widely used for the design of amphotropic liquid crystals: (a) Tschierske. C. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1996, 21, 775-852. (b) Blunk, D.; Praefcke, K.; Vill, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1998; Vol 3, pp 305-340. (c) Tschierske, C.; Brezesinski, G.; Kuschel, F.; Zaschke, H. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Lett. 1989, 6, 139-144. (d) van Doren, H. A.; van der Geest, R.; Kellog, R. M.; Wynberg, H. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1990, 109, 197-203. (e) Lattermann, G.; Staufer, G. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 4, 347-355. (f) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1991, 10, 539-548. (g) Vill, V.; Hashim, R. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 395-409.
98. The strong incompatibility of the polar 2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy groups and other diol groups with alkyl chains is well documented and widely used for the design of amphotropic liquid crystals: (a) Tschierske. C. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1996, 21, 775-852. (b) Blunk, D.; Praefcke, K.; Vill, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1998; Vol 3, pp 305-340. (c) Tschierske, C.; Brezesinski, G.; Kuschel, F.; Zaschke, H. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Lett. 1989, 6, 139-144. (d) van Doren, H. A.; van der Geest, R.; Kellog, R. M.; Wynberg, H. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1990, 109, 197-203. (e) Lattermann, G.; Staufer, G. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 4, 347-355. (f) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1991, 10, 539-548. (g) Vill, V.; Hashim, R. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 395-409.
99. To avoid confusion the term (cylinder) shell is used for the shell of bolaamphiphilic units arranged around a lipophilic column [(cylinder) core]. In the resulting 2D lattice shells of adjacent cylinders form the (cylinder) walls, i.e. these cylinder walls separate the cylinder cores.
100. The model of the p2gg phase has been revised (see section 2.2) and is different from the earlier proposed structures.
101. h phases of compounds 1/12-1/18, but on the basis of the new model for the p2gg phases and the other results reported herein the alternative star-like model can be excluded.
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103. Disclike LC with perfluorinated chains: (a) Dahn, U.; Erdelen, C.; Ringsdorf, H.; Festag, R.; Wendorff, J. H.; Heiney, P. A.; Maliszewskyj, N. C. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 19, 759-764. (b) Terasawa, N.; Monobe, H.; Kiyohara, K.; Shimizu, Y. Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 214-215.
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124. The synthesis of this compound will be reported in a separate paper.
125. Herein, the value h = 0.45 nm was used in all calculations, independent of the actual position of the maximum of the wide-angle scattering in the diffraction pattern. The reason is that the bolaamphiphilic units (their average diameter is 0.45 nm) are responsible for the lattice of the cylinder shells. whereas the semiperfluoralkyl chains only fill the channels within this structure. Because the cross section of the perfluorinated segments is larger than the rest of the molecules, there is a drift of the maximum of the diffuse scattering in the X-ray diffraction pattern to larger D-values with increasing degree of flourination. However, this shift is due to a change of a molecular parameter rather than due to a change of the structrure. Because the diameter of the flourinated segments is larger than that of the nonfluorinated bolaamphiphilic moieties, which form the cylinder walls, there is a mixing of the chains of adjacent (hypothetical) unit cells along the cylinder, i.e. the perfluorinated chains in one unit cell also contribute to the space filling in the adjacent unit cell. This is in line with the models of the mesophases (see Figures 4f, 6c, and 10b), where some vacant space is available for parts of the chains from the neighboring cells.
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127. The molecular lengths are calculated as the distance between the ends of the terminal propane-2,3-diol units and have a value between 1.7 and 2.1 nm, depending on the conformation assumed for the propane-2,3-diol units. The molecular length of 2.1 nm is found in all cylinder structures of compounds 1/n, 2/n, and 5/n. It seems that the organization into cylinders leads to a maximum stretching of the bolaamphiphilic cores due to the confined geometry in which the flexible chains are enclosed. To get minimal interfaces the cross section of the cylinders should be as large as possible, which leads to a stretching of the cylinder walls. In contrast, a value of only 1.7 nm was found for a correlated layer structure.61 Within layer structures, expansion of the lipophilic regions is easily achieved by changing the thickness of the nonpolar sublayers, so that the conformation of the hydrogen bonding is more independent from the organization of the nonpolar chains. Here the molecules organize in such a way that a maximum number of hydrogen-bonding sites are utilized most efficiently. This is obviously achieved if the propane-2,3-diol groups adopt a compact conformation with strong interdigitation.
128. In the p2gg phase of the hydrocarbon compounds 1/10-1/12 a number of 19-23 molecules per unit cell was calculated,21 which is also in perfect agreement with the pentagonal cylinder model.
129. 2·4·3·], for details see: (a) Grünbaum, B.; Shepard, G. C. Tillings and Patterns; W. H. Freeman: New York, 1986. (b) Simon, J.; Bassoul, P. Design of Molecular Materials: Supramolecular Engineering; John Wiley: Chinchester, 2000.
130. 2·4·3·], for details see: (a) Grünbaum, B.; Shepard, G. C. Tillings and Patterns; W. H. Freeman: New York, 1986. (b) Simon, J.; Bassoul, P. Design of Molecular Materials: Supramolecular Engineering; John Wiley: Chinchester, 2000.
131. Also a SmA+ structure21b could be possible for this mesophase.
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137. sq phases: (a) Ohta, K.; Watanabe, T.; Hasebe, H.; Morizumi, Y.; Fujimoto, T.; Lelievre, D.; Simon, J. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 196, 13-26. (b) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 203, 149-158. (c) Komatsu, T.; Ohta, K.; Watanabe, T.; Ikemoto, H.; Fujimoto, T.; Yamamoto, I. J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 537-540. (d) Hatsusaka, K.; Ohta, K.; Yamamoto, I.; Shirai, H. J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 11, 423-433.
138. sq phases: (a) Ohta, K.; Watanabe, T.; Hasebe, H.; Morizumi, Y.; Fujimoto, T.; Lelievre, D.; Simon, J. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 196, 13-26. (b) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 203, 149-158. (c) Komatsu, T.; Ohta, K.; Watanabe, T.; Ikemoto, H.; Fujimoto, T.; Yamamoto, I. J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 537-540. (d) Hatsusaka, K.; Ohta, K.; Yamamoto, I.; Shirai, H. J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 11, 423-433.
139. sq phases: (a) Ohta, K.; Watanabe, T.; Hasebe, H.; Morizumi, Y.; Fujimoto, T.; Lelievre, D.; Simon, J. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 196, 13-26. (b) Praefcke, K.; Marquardt, P.; Kohne, B.; Stephan, W. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 203, 149-158. (c) Komatsu, T.; Ohta, K.; Watanabe, T.; Ikemoto, H.; Fujimoto, T.; Yamamoto, I. J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 537-540. (d) Hatsusaka, K.; Ohta, K.; Yamamoto, I.; Shirai, H. J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 11, 423-433.
140. In Figure 5c, the cross-sectional shape of the cylinder cores is represented by a circle; however, the shape of the cylinder shells is a square. Therefore, the cylinder cores must, in actual fact, have a cross-sectional shape which is between a circle (minimized interfacial areas) and a square (maximal space filling), i.e. it should be a "square with rounded comers". Related arguments also concern the models of all other columnar phases discussed herein.
141. h) and 3/12 (Lam) only one single new columnar mesophase is induced, as expected.
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