Induction of smectic layering in nematic liquid crystals using immiscible components. 1. Laterally attached side-chain liquid crystalline poly(norbornene)s and their low molar mass analogs with hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon substituents

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 119, Issue 13, 1997, Pages 3027-3037

  Arehart, Stephen V ^a   Pugh, Coleen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUOROCARBONS; HYDROCARBONS; INITIATORS (CHEMICAL); LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS; MODELS; PHASE TRANSITIONS; RING OPENING POLYMERIZATION; TEMPERATURE; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

MOLAR MASS ANALOGS; NEMATIC MESOPHASES; POLYNORBORNENES; SMECTIC LAYERING;

NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS;

NORBORNENE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; DRUG STRUCTURE; LIQUID CRYSTAL; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; THERMAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0031547529     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja963687p     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Demus D.; Zaschke H. Flussige Kristalle in Tabellen II, VEB Deutscher Verlag: Leipzig, 1984.
2. Gray, G. W.; Goodby, J. W. Smectic Liquid Crystals. Textures and Structures, Leonard Hall: Glasgow, 1984.
3. Reinitzer, F. Monatsch Chem. 1888, 9, 421.
4. First SCLCP reported: Bacceredda, M.; Magagnini, P. L.; Pizzirani, G.; Giusti, P. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed. 1971, 9, 303.
5. (a) Percec, V.; Pugh, C. In Side Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers; McArdle, C. B., Ed.; Chapman and Hall: New York, 1989; Chapter 3.
6. (b) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D. In Comprehensive Polymer Science; First Supplement; Aggarwal, S. L., Russo, S., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1992; Chapter 14.
7. See for example: (a) Liquid Crystals, Applications and Uses; Bahadur, B., Ed.; World Scientific: Singapore, 1991. (b) Attard, G. S. Trends Polym. Sci. 1993, 1, 79. (c) Fukuda, A.; Takanishi, Y.; Isozaki, T.; Ishikawa, K.; Takezoe, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 997.
8. See for example: (a) Liquid Crystals, Applications and Uses; Bahadur, B., Ed.; World Scientific: Singapore, 1991. (b) Attard, G. S. Trends Polym. Sci. 1993, 1, 79. (c) Fukuda, A.; Takanishi, Y.; Isozaki, T.; Ishikawa, K.; Takezoe, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 997.
9. See for example: (a) Liquid Crystals, Applications and Uses; Bahadur, B., Ed.; World Scientific: Singapore, 1991. (b) Attard, G. S. Trends Polym. Sci. 1993, 1, 79. (c) Fukuda, A.; Takanishi, Y.; Isozaki, T.; Ishikawa, K.; Takezoe, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 997.
10. (a) Hessel, F.; Finkelmann, H. Polym. Bull. 1985, 14, 375.
11. (b) Hessel, F.; Herr, R.-P.; Finkelmann, H. Makromol. Chem. 1987, 188, 1597.
12. (c) Keller, P.; Hardouin, F.; Mauzac, M.; Achard, M. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1988, 155, 171.
13. (d) Hardouin, F.; Mery, S.; Achard, M. F.; Mauzac, M.; Davidson, P.; Keller, P. Liq. Cryst. 1990, 8, 565.
14. Hessel, F.; Finkelmann, H. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 2275.
15. Pugh, C.; Shrock, R. R. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 6593.
16. Pugh, C.; Kiste, A. L. Unpublished results.
17. Höpken, J.; Möller, M. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 2482.
18. Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1985, 2, 111.
19. (a) Viney, C.; Russell, T. P.; Depero, L. E., Tweig, R. J. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 168, 63.
20. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Russell, T. P.; Deprero, L. E. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 5, 1783.
21. Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911.
22. (a) Rabolt, J. F.; Russel, T. P.; Tweig, R. J. Macromolecules 1984, 17, 2786.
23. (b) Russel, T. P.; Rabolt, J. F.; Tweig, R. J.; Siemens, R. L.; Farmer, B. L. Macromolecules 1986, 19, 1135.
24. (c) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285.
25. (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312.
26. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354.
27. Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325.
28. Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277.
29. (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1928.
30. (b) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611.
31. (c) Wilson, L. M.; Stuhn, B.; Rennie, A. R. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 923.
32. (a) Budovskaya, L. D.; Ivanova, V. N.; Oskar, L. N.; Lukasov, S. V.; Baklagina, Y. G.; Sidorovich, A. V.; Nasledov, D. M. Polym. Sci. U.S.S.R. 1990, 32, 502.
33. (b) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. In Integration of Fundametal Polymer Science and Technology; Lemstra, P. J., Kleinjjes, L. A., Eds.; Elsevier Applied Science: New York, 1990: Vol. 5, p 413.
34. (c) Volkov, V. V.; Platé, N. A.; Takahara, A.; Kajiyama, T.; Amaya, N.; Murata, Y. Polymer 1992, 33, 1316.
35. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070.
36. (a) Shimizu, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Kutsumizu, S.; Yano, S. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6694.
37. (b) Shimizu, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Kutsumizu, S.; Yano, S. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 156.
38. (c) Shimizu, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Ohkawa, M.; Kutsumizu, S.; Yano, S. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3540.
39. (a) Jariwala, C. P.; Sundell, P.-E. G.; Hoyle, C. E.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 6352.
40. (b) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129.
41. Höpken, J.; Möller, M.; Lee, M.; Percec, V. Makromol. Chem. 1992, 193, 275.
42. Liu, H.; Nohira, H. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 20, 581.
43. (a) Tournilhac, F. G.; Bosio, L; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452.
44. (b) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. A.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85.
45. (c) Tournilhac, F. G.; Simon, J. Ferroelectrics 1991, 114, 283.
46. (d) Tournilhac, F.; Blinov, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621.
47. (e) Tournilhac, F. G.; Bosio, L; Simon, J.; Blinov, L. M.; Yablonsky, S. V. Liq. Cryst. 1993, 14, 405.
48. Lobko, T. A.; Ostrovskii, B. J.; Pavluchenko, A. I.; Sulianov, S. N. Liq. Cryst. 1993, 15, 361.
49. LaFitte, J.-D.; Mauzac, M.; Twieg, R. J.; Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 223.
50. Ruhmann, R.; Thiele, T.; Wolff, D.; Prescher, D.; Springer, J. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 307.
51. (a) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389.
52. (b) Twieg, R.; Betterton, K.; DiPietro, R.; Graven, D.; Nguyen, C.; Nguyen, H. T.; Babeau, A.; Destrade, C.; Sigaud, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 217, 201.
53. (a) Koden, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Ishii, Y.; Funada, F.; Matsuura, M.; Awane, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1989, 6, 185.
54. (b) Pavluchenko, A. I.; Smirnova, N. I.; Petrov, V. F.; Fialkov, Yu. A.; Shelyazhenko, S. V.; Yagupolsky, L. M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 209, 225.
55. (c) Doi, T.; Sakurai, Y.; Tamatani, A.; Takenaka, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Nishihata, Y.; Terauchi, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 169.
56. (d) Kromm, P.; Cotrait, M.; Nguyen, H. T. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 20, 95.
57. (e) Cumming, W. J.; Gaudiana, R. A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 20, 283.
58. (a) Janulis, E. P., Jr.; Novack, J. C.; Papapolymerou, G. A.; Tristani-Kendra, M.; Huffman, W. A. Ferroelectrics 1988, 85, 375.
59. (b) Janulis, E. P.; Osten, D. W.; Radcliffe, M. D.; Novack, J. C.; Tristani-Kendra, M.; Epstein, K. A.; Keyes, M.; Johnson, G. C.; Savu, P. M.; Spawn, T. D. Proc. SPIE Liq. Cryst. Mat., Devices Appl. 1987, 146, 1665.
60. (a) Dahn, U.; Erdelen, C.; Ringsdorf, H.; Festag, R.; Wendorff, J. H.; Heiney, P. A.; Maliszewskyy, N. C. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 19, 759.
61. (b) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Möller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807.
62. (c) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646.
63. C-n-i phase sequence: Achard, M. F.; Lecommandoux, S.; Hardouin, F. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 19, 581.
64. Pugh, C. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 325.
65. (a) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Narayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591.
66. (b) Pugh, C.; Liu, H.; Arehart, S. V., Narayanan, R. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 293.
67. Pugh, C.; Kiste, A. L. Prog. Polym. Sci., in press.
68. Schwickert, H.; Strobl, G.; Kimig, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 95, 2800.
69. Dee, G. T.; Sauer, B. B.; Haley, B. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 6106.
70. (a) Vilalta, P. M.; Weiss, R. G. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 12, 531.
71. (b) Guittard, F.; Sixou, P.; Cambon, A. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 19, 667.
72. A homeotropic texture appears black between cross polarizers because the long axis of the mesogens are oriented parallel to the direction of light.
73. Blinov, L. M. Electro-optical and Magneto-optical Properties of Liquid Crystals: Wiley: New York, 1983.
74. Demus, D.; Richter, L. Textures of Liquid Crystals; Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, 1978.
75. Polymer Handbook, 3rd ed.; Brandrup, J., Immergut, E. H., Eds.; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1989.
76. The transition temperature from the monotropic sc mesophase to the SA mesophase can be observed by reheating the cooled sample before it recrystallizes, i.e. immediately after it forms the sc phase upon cooling.
77. Bovey, F. A.; Abere, J. F.; Rathmann, G. B.; Sandberg, C. L. J. Polym. Sci. 1955, 15, 520.
78. The DSC traces (enthalpies) of both the model compounds and poly-(norbornene)s are normalized within each series but not relative to each other; the polynorbomene traces are magnified relative to the model compounds.
79. (a) Schrock, R. R.; Murdzek, J. S.; Bazan, G. C.; Robbins, J.; DiMare, M.; O'Regan, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3875.
80. (b) Fox, H. H.; Yap, K. B.; Robbins, J.; Cai, S.; Schrock, R. R. Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 2287.
81. Wang, F.; Roovers, J. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 1994, 32, 2413.
82. Jacobine, A. F.; Glaser, D. M.; Nakos, S. T. ACS Polym. Mat. Sci. Eng. 1989, 60, 211.