Fluorophobic effect induces the self-assembly of semifluorinated tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers into supramolecular columnar dendrimers which exhibit a homeotropic hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline phase

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 118, Issue 41, 1996, Pages 9855-9866

  Percec, Virgil ^a   Johansson, Gary ^a   Ungar, Goran ^b   Zhou, Jianping ^b  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CROWN ETHER DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; THERMAL ANALYSIS; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 0029961307     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja9615738     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
2. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
3. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
4. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
5. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
6. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
7. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
8. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
9. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
10. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
11. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
12. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
13. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
14. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
15. For recent reviews and highlights on dendrimers, see: (a) Tomalia, D. A. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 243. (b) Bell, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 1077. (c) Bradley, D. Science 1995, 270, 1924. (d) Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 458. (e) Tomalia, D. A. Sci. Amer. 1995, May, 62. (f) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N. In Mesomolecules: From Molecules to Materials; Mendenhall, G. D., Greenberg, A., Liebman, J. F., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: New York, 1995; p 27. (g) Ardoin, N.; Astruc, D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 875. (h) Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. In Modern Acetylene Chemistry; Stang, P. J., Diederich, F., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1995; p 415. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (j) Vögtle, F.; Issberner, J.; Moors, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2413. (k) Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules; Newkome, G. R., Ed.; JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich, 1994; Vol. 1. (l) Tomalia, D. A. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 529. (m) Escamilla, G. H.; Newkome, G. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1937. (n) Tomalia, D. A.; Durst, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193. (o) Dvornic, P. R.; Tomalia, D. A. Chem. Brit. 1994, 641.
16. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
17. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
18. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
19. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
20. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
21. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
22. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
23. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
24. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
25. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
26. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
27. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
28. For a few recent examples on the design of new complex architectures and shapes from dendrimers, see: (dendrimer box) (a) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1994, 266, 1226. (b) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Janssen, R. A. J.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 561. (c) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4417. (molecular ball bearings) (d) Hawker, C. J.; Farrington, P. J.; MacKay, M. E.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4409. (sugar balls) (e) Aoi, K.; Itoh, K.; Okada, M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5391. (chiral dendritic surfaces) (f) Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Peerlings, H. W. I.; de Brabander-van den Berg, E. M. M.; Meijer, E. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1206 and references cited therein, (well-defined micellar aggregates from dendrimers containing block copolymers and amphiphilic surfaces) (g) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8405. (h) Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Keith, J. M.; Baker, G. R.; Escamilla, G. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 666. (i) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Gitsov, I. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 441. (j) Gitsov, I.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3785. (k) van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592. (l) Chapman, T. M.; Hillyer, G. L.; Mahan, E. J.; Shaffer, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11195. (m) Hawker, C. J.; Wooley, K. L.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 1287.
29. For the convergent synthetic approach to dendrimers, see: (a) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1010. (b) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7638. (c) Miller, T. M.; Neenan, T. X. Chem. Mater. 1990, 2, 346.
30. For the convergent synthetic approach to dendrimers, see: (a) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1010. (b) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7638. (c) Miller, T. M.; Neenan, T. X. Chem. Mater. 1990, 2, 346.
31. For the convergent synthetic approach to dendrimers, see: (a) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1010. (b) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7638. (c) Miller, T. M.; Neenan, T. X. Chem. Mater. 1990, 2, 346.
32. For new accelerated synthetic methods to monodendrons and dendrimers, see: (a) Spindler, R.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I 1993, 913. (b) Wooley, K. L.; Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4252. (c) Twyman, L. J.; Beezer, A. E.; Mitchell, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 407. (d) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Henmi, M.; Gitsov, I.; Aoshima, S.; Leduc, M. R.; Grubbs, R. B. Science 1995, 269, 1080. (e) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Grubbs, R. B.; Dao, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10763.
33. For new accelerated synthetic methods to monodendrons and dendrimers, see: (a) Spindler, R.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I 1993, 913. (b) Wooley, K. L.; Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4252. (c) Twyman, L. J.; Beezer, A. E.; Mitchell, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 407. (d) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Henmi, M.; Gitsov, I.; Aoshima, S.; Leduc, M. R.; Grubbs, R. B. Science 1995, 269, 1080. (e) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Grubbs, R. B.; Dao, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10763.
34. For new accelerated synthetic methods to monodendrons and dendrimers, see: (a) Spindler, R.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I 1993, 913. (b) Wooley, K. L.; Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4252. (c) Twyman, L. J.; Beezer, A. E.; Mitchell, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 407. (d) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Henmi, M.; Gitsov, I.; Aoshima, S.; Leduc, M. R.; Grubbs, R. B. Science 1995, 269, 1080. (e) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Grubbs, R. B.; Dao, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10763.
35. For new accelerated synthetic methods to monodendrons and dendrimers, see: (a) Spindler, R.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I 1993, 913. (b) Wooley, K. L.; Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4252. (c) Twyman, L. J.; Beezer, A. E.; Mitchell, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 407. (d) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Henmi, M.; Gitsov, I.; Aoshima, S.; Leduc, M. R.; Grubbs, R. B. Science 1995, 269, 1080. (e) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Grubbs, R. B.; Dao, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10763.
36. For new accelerated synthetic methods to monodendrons and dendrimers, see: (a) Spindler, R.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I 1993, 913. (b) Wooley, K. L.; Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4252. (c) Twyman, L. J.; Beezer, A. E.; Mitchell, J. C. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 407. (d) Fréchet, J. M. J.; Henmi, M.; Gitsov, I.; Aoshima, S.; Leduc, M. R.; Grubbs, R. B. Science 1995, 269, 1080. (e) Hawker, C. J.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Grubbs, R. B.; Dao, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10763.
37. Lehn, J. M. Supramolecular Chemistry; VCH: Weinheim, 1995.
38. For selected examples of recent publications on various metal-binding strategies used in the construction of dendrimers, see: (a) Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Campagna, S.; Ciano, M.: Balzani, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 2944. (b) Constable, E. C.; Harverson, P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 33. (c) Newkome, G. R.; Güther, R.; Cardullo, F. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 467. (d) Campagna, S.; Giannetto, A.; Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Trusso, S.; Mallamace, F.; Micali, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 1754. (e) Liao, Y.-H.; Moss, J. R. Organometallics 1995, 14, 2130. (f) Huck, W. T. S.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Kropman, B. L.; Blank, D. M. A.; Keim, E. G.; Smithers, M. M. A.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8293 and references cited therein.
39. For selected examples of recent publications on various metal-binding strategies used in the construction of dendrimers, see: (a) Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Campagna, S.; Ciano, M.: Balzani, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 2944. (b) Constable, E. C.; Harverson, P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 33. (c) Newkome, G. R.; Güther, R.; Cardullo, F. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 467. (d) Campagna, S.; Giannetto, A.; Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Trusso, S.; Mallamace, F.; Micali, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 1754. (e) Liao, Y.-H.; Moss, J. R. Organometallics 1995, 14, 2130. (f) Huck, W. T. S.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Kropman, B. L.; Blank, D. M. A.; Keim, E. G.; Smithers, M. M. A.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8293 and references cited therein.
40. For selected examples of recent publications on various metal-binding strategies used in the construction of dendrimers, see: (a) Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Campagna, S.; Ciano, M.: Balzani, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 2944. (b) Constable, E. C.; Harverson, P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 33. (c) Newkome, G. R.; Güther, R.; Cardullo, F. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 467. (d) Campagna, S.; Giannetto, A.; Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Trusso, S.; Mallamace, F.; Micali, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 1754. (e) Liao, Y.-H.; Moss, J. R. Organometallics 1995, 14, 2130. (f) Huck, W. T. S.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Kropman, B. L.; Blank, D. M. A.; Keim, E. G.; Smithers, M. M. A.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8293 and references cited therein.
41. For selected examples of recent publications on various metal-binding strategies used in the construction of dendrimers, see: (a) Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Campagna, S.; Ciano, M.: Balzani, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 2944. (b) Constable, E. C.; Harverson, P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 33. (c) Newkome, G. R.; Güther, R.; Cardullo, F. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 467. (d) Campagna, S.; Giannetto, A.; Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Trusso, S.; Mallamace, F.; Micali, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 1754. (e) Liao, Y.-H.; Moss, J. R. Organometallics 1995, 14, 2130. (f) Huck, W. T. S.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Kropman, B. L.; Blank, D. M. A.; Keim, E. G.; Smithers, M. M. A.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8293 and references cited therein.
42. For selected examples of recent publications on various metal-binding strategies used in the construction of dendrimers, see: (a) Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Campagna, S.; Ciano, M.: Balzani, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 2944. (b) Constable, E. C.; Harverson, P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 33. (c) Newkome, G. R.; Güther, R.; Cardullo, F. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 467. (d) Campagna, S.; Giannetto, A.; Serroni, S.; Denti, G.; Trusso, S.; Mallamace, F.; Micali, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 1754. (e) Liao, Y.-H.; Moss, J. R. Organometallics 1995, 14, 2130. (f) Huck, W. T. S.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Kropman, B. L.; Blank, D. M. A.; Keim, E. G.; Smithers, M. M. A.; Reinhoudt, D. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8293 and references cited therein.
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65. For experiments which concluded that tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers and polypodands self-assemble via ion-mediated and H-bonding processes into supramolecular rod-like shapes, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 217. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (f) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (g) Tomazos, D.; Out, G.; Heck, J. A.; Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Möller, M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 509. (h) Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V.; Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G. Adv. Mat. Opt. Electr. 1994, 4, 303.
66. For experiments which concluded that tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers and polypodands self-assemble via ion-mediated and H-bonding processes into supramolecular rod-like shapes, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 217. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (f) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (g) Tomazos, D.; Out, G.; Heck, J. A.; Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Möller, M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 509. (h) Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V.; Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G. Adv. Mat. Opt. Electr. 1994, 4, 303.
67. For experiments which concluded that tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers and polypodands self-assemble via ion-mediated and H-bonding processes into supramolecular rod-like shapes, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 217. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (f) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (g) Tomazos, D.; Out, G.; Heck, J. A.; Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Möller, M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 509. (h) Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V.; Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G. Adv. Mat. Opt. Electr. 1994, 4, 303.
68. For experiments which concluded that tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers and polypodands self-assemble via ion-mediated and H-bonding processes into supramolecular rod-like shapes, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 217. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (f) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (g) Tomazos, D.; Out, G.; Heck, J. A.; Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Möller, M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 509. (h) Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V.; Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G. Adv. Mat. Opt. Electr. 1994, 4, 303.
69. For experiments which concluded that tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers and polypodands self-assemble via ion-mediated and H-bonding processes into supramolecular rod-like shapes, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 217. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (f) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (g) Tomazos, D.; Out, G.; Heck, J. A.; Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Möller, M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 509. (h) Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V.; Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G. Adv. Mat. Opt. Electr. 1994, 4, 303.
70. For experiments which concluded that tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers and polypodands self-assemble via ion-mediated and H-bonding processes into supramolecular rod-like shapes, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 217. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (f) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (g) Tomazos, D.; Out, G.; Heck, J. A.; Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Möller, M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 509. (h) Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V.; Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G. Adv. Mat. Opt. Electr. 1994, 4, 303.
71. For experiments which concluded that tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers and polypodands self-assemble via ion-mediated and H-bonding processes into supramolecular rod-like shapes, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 217. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (f) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (g) Tomazos, D.; Out, G.; Heck, J. A.; Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Möller, M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 509. (h) Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V.; Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G. Adv. Mat. Opt. Electr. 1994, 4, 303.
72. For experiments which concluded that tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers and polypodands self-assemble via ion-mediated and H-bonding processes into supramolecular rod-like shapes, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 217. (b) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (f) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (g) Tomazos, D.; Out, G.; Heck, J. A.; Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Möller, M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 16, 509. (h) Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V.; Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G. Adv. Mat. Opt. Electr. 1994, 4, 303.
73. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
74. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698.
75. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
76. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
77. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
78. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
79. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
80. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
81. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
82. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
83. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
84. For experiments which demonstrate that polymers containing tapered monodendrons which conceptually were derived from hemiphasmidic mesogens produce macromolecular rod-like architectures, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30-(2), 450. (b) Heck, J.; Percec, V. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(1), 263. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32(3), 698. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J. J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 591. (e) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1990, 24, 255. (f) Percec, V.; Heck, J. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 55 and 431. (g) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4957. (h) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33(1), 152. (i) Percec, V.; Lee, M.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 931. (j) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Alvarez-Castillo, A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (k) References 16c,d,f. (l) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.: Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464.
85. For X-ray characterization of a more ordered hexagonal phase obtained from macromolecular and supramolecular dendrimers which provides a structural arrangement of the monodendrons in the column, see: (a) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S.; Schneider, A.-I.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 6129. (b) Kwon, Y. K.; Danko, C.; Chvalun, S.; Blackwell, J.; Heck, J. A.; Percec, V. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 87, 103. (c) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S. N.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 1552.
86. For X-ray characterization of a more ordered hexagonal phase obtained from macromolecular and supramolecular dendrimers which provides a structural arrangement of the monodendrons in the column, see: (a) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S.; Schneider, A.-I.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 6129. (b) Kwon, Y. K.; Danko, C.; Chvalun, S.; Blackwell, J.; Heck, J. A.; Percec, V. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 87, 103. (c) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S. N.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 1552.
87. For X-ray characterization of a more ordered hexagonal phase obtained from macromolecular and supramolecular dendrimers which provides a structural arrangement of the monodendrons in the column, see: (a) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S.; Schneider, A.-I.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 6129. (b) Kwon, Y. K.; Danko, C.; Chvalun, S.; Blackwell, J.; Heck, J. A.; Percec, V. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 87, 103. (c) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S. N.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 1552.
88. For some brief reviews on the design of macromolecular and supramolecular rod-like architectures obtained from tapered and conformationally flexible rod-like building blocks, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1031. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (e) Percec, V.; Johansson, G. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 96, 173. (f) Percec, V. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 2031. (g) Percec, V.: Johansson, G.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 43.
89. For some brief reviews on the design of macromolecular and supramolecular rod-like architectures obtained from tapered and conformationally flexible rod-like building blocks, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1031. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (e) Percec, V.; Johansson, G. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 96, 173. (f) Percec, V. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 2031. (g) Percec, V.: Johansson, G.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 43.
90. For some brief reviews on the design of macromolecular and supramolecular rod-like architectures obtained from tapered and conformationally flexible rod-like building blocks, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1031. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (e) Percec, V.; Johansson, G. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 96, 173. (f) Percec, V. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 2031. (g) Percec, V.: Johansson, G.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 43.
91. For some brief reviews on the design of macromolecular and supramolecular rod-like architectures obtained from tapered and conformationally flexible rod-like building blocks, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1031. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (e) Percec, V.; Johansson, G. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 96, 173. (f) Percec, V. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 2031. (g) Percec, V.: Johansson, G.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 43.
92. For some brief reviews on the design of macromolecular and supramolecular rod-like architectures obtained from tapered and conformationally flexible rod-like building blocks, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1031. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (e) Percec, V.; Johansson, G. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 96, 173. (f) Percec, V. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 2031. (g) Percec, V.: Johansson, G.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 43.
93. For some brief reviews on the design of macromolecular and supramolecular rod-like architectures obtained from tapered and conformationally flexible rod-like building blocks, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1031. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (e) Percec, V.; Johansson, G. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 96, 173. (f) Percec, V. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 2031. (g) Percec, V.: Johansson, G.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 43.
94. For some brief reviews on the design of macromolecular and supramolecular rod-like architectures obtained from tapered and conformationally flexible rod-like building blocks, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1031. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (e) Percec, V.; Johansson, G. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 96, 173. (f) Percec, V. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 2031. (g) Percec, V.: Johansson, G.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 43.
95. For a few fundamental publications on fluorinated materials, see: (a) Smart, B. E. In Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Commercial Applications; Banks, R. E., Smart, B. E., Tatlow, J. C., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1994; p 57. (b) Feiring, A. E. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1657. (c) Eaton, D. F.; Smart, B. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2821. (d) Bunn, C. W.; Howells, E. R. Nature 1954, 174, 549.
96. For a few fundamental publications on fluorinated materials, see: (a) Smart, B. E. In Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Commercial Applications; Banks, R. E., Smart, B. E., Tatlow, J. C., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1994; p 57. (b) Feiring, A. E. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1657. (c) Eaton, D. F.; Smart, B. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2821. (d) Bunn, C. W.; Howells, E. R. Nature 1954, 174, 549.
97. For a few fundamental publications on fluorinated materials, see: (a) Smart, B. E. In Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Commercial Applications; Banks, R. E., Smart, B. E., Tatlow, J. C., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1994; p 57. (b) Feiring, A. E. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1657. (c) Eaton, D. F.; Smart, B. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2821. (d) Bunn, C. W.; Howells, E. R. Nature 1954, 174, 549.
98. For a few fundamental publications on fluorinated materials, see: (a) Smart, B. E. In Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Commercial Applications; Banks, R. E., Smart, B. E., Tatlow, J. C., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1994; p 57. (b) Feiring, A. E. J. Macromol. Sci.:-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1657. (c) Eaton, D. F.; Smart, B. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2821. (d) Bunn, C. W.; Howells, E. R. Nature 1954, 174, 549.
99. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic LC phases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Koden, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Ishii, Y.; Funada, S.; Matsuura, M.; Awani, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1989, 6, 285. (c) Nguyen, H. T.: Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (d) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (e) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (f) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Warayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591. (g) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater., in press.
100. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic LC phases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Koden, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Ishii, Y.; Funada, S.; Matsuura, M.; Awani, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1989, 6, 285. (c) Nguyen, H. T.: Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (d) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (e) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (f) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Warayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591. (g) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater., in press.
101. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic LC phases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Koden, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Ishii, Y.; Funada, S.; Matsuura, M.; Awani, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1989, 6, 285. (c) Nguyen, H. T.: Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (d) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (e) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (f) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Warayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591. (g) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater., in press.
102. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic LC phases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Koden, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Ishii, Y.; Funada, S.; Matsuura, M.; Awani, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1989, 6, 285. (c) Nguyen, H. T.: Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (d) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (e) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (f) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Warayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591. (g) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater., in press.
103. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic LC phases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Koden, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Ishii, Y.; Funada, S.; Matsuura, M.; Awani, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1989, 6, 285. (c) Nguyen, H. T.: Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (d) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (e) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (f) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Warayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591. (g) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater., in press.
104. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic LC phases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Koden, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Ishii, Y.; Funada, S.; Matsuura, M.; Awani, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1989, 6, 285. (c) Nguyen, H. T.: Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (d) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (e) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (f) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Warayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591. (g) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater., in press.
105. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic LC phases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Koden, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Ishii, Y.; Funada, S.; Matsuura, M.; Awani, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1989, 6, 285. (c) Nguyen, H. T.: Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (d) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (e) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (f) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Warayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591. (g) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Smith, K. Chem. Mater., in press.
106. For representative publications on thermotropic liquid crystal phases from semifluorinated alkanes, see: (a) Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1985, 2, 111. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285. (c) Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911. (d) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 210, 59.
107. For representative publications on thermotropic liquid crystal phases from semifluorinated alkanes, see: (a) Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1985, 2, 111. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285. (c) Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911. (d) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 210, 59.
108. For representative publications on thermotropic liquid crystal phases from semifluorinated alkanes, see: (a) Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1985, 2, 111. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285. (c) Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911. (d) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 210, 59.
109. For representative publications on thermotropic liquid crystal phases from semifluorinated alkanes, see: (a) Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1985, 2, 111. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285. (c) Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911. (d) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 210, 59.
110. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
111. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
112. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
113. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
114. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
115. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
116. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
117. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
118. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
119. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6212. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin, A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windl, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1921. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 347. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347. (j) Ref 21f.
120. For selected publications on lyotropic systems from semifluorinated compounds, see: (a) Elbert, R.; Folda, T.; Ringsdorf, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 7687. (b) Turberg, M. P.; Brady, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7797. (c) Kawahara, H.; Hamada, M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kunitake, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3002. (d) Ishikawa, Y.; Kuwahara, H.; Kunitake, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8530. (e) Giulieri, F.; Krafft, M. P.; Riess, J. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1514.
121. For selected publications on lyotropic systems from semifluorinated compounds, see: (a) Elbert, R.; Folda, T.; Ringsdorf, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 7687. (b) Turberg, M. P.; Brady, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7797. (c) Kawahara, H.; Hamada, M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kunitake, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3002. (d) Ishikawa, Y.; Kuwahara, H.; Kunitake, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8530. (e) Giulieri, F.; Krafft, M. P.; Riess, J. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1514.
122. For selected publications on lyotropic systems from semifluorinated compounds, see: (a) Elbert, R.; Folda, T.; Ringsdorf, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 7687. (b) Turberg, M. P.; Brady, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7797. (c) Kawahara, H.; Hamada, M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kunitake, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3002. (d) Ishikawa, Y.; Kuwahara, H.; Kunitake, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8530. (e) Giulieri, F.; Krafft, M. P.; Riess, J. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1514.
123. For selected publications on lyotropic systems from semifluorinated compounds, see: (a) Elbert, R.; Folda, T.; Ringsdorf, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 7687. (b) Turberg, M. P.; Brady, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7797. (c) Kawahara, H.; Hamada, M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kunitake, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3002. (d) Ishikawa, Y.; Kuwahara, H.; Kunitake, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8530. (e) Giulieri, F.; Krafft, M. P.; Riess, J. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1514.
124. For selected publications on lyotropic systems from semifluorinated compounds, see: (a) Elbert, R.; Folda, T.; Ringsdorf, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 7687. (b) Turberg, M. P.; Brady, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7797. (c) Kawahara, H.; Hamada, M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kunitake, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3002. (d) Ishikawa, Y.; Kuwahara, H.; Kunitake, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8530. (e) Giulieri, F.; Krafft, M. P.; Riess, J. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1514.
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133. For general reviews on main chain and side chain LC polymers which show different trends of phase transition temperatures-molecular weight dependence, see: (a) Percec, V.; Pugh, C. In Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers; McArdle. C. B., Ed.; Chapman and Hall: New York, 1989; p 30. (b) Percec, V.: Tomazos, D. In Comprehensive Polymer Science, First. Suppl.; Allen, G., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1992; p 209. (c) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D. Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 548. (d) Percec, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystal Research; Collings, P. J., Patel, J. S., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, in press.
134. For general reviews on main chain and side chain LC polymers which show different trends of phase transition temperatures-molecular weight dependence, see: (a) Percec, V.; Pugh, C. In Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers; McArdle. C. B., Ed.; Chapman and Hall: New York, 1989; p 30. (b) Percec, V.: Tomazos, D. In Comprehensive Polymer Science, First. Suppl.; Allen, G., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1992; p 209. (c) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D. Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 548. (d) Percec, V. In Handbook of Liquid Crystal Research; Collings, P. J., Patel, J. S., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, in press.
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