Fluorophobic effect in the self-assembly of polymers and model compounds containing tapered groups into supramolecular columns

Macromolecules

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 646-660

  Johansson, G ^a   Percec, V ^a   Ungar, G ^b   Zhou, J P ^b  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000529341     PISSN: 00249297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ma9511558     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. For selected publications on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of their polymers, see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar. G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31.
2. For selected publications on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of their polymers, see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar. G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31.
3. For selected publications on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of their polymers, see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar. G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31.
4. For selected publications on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of their polymers, see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar. G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31.
5. For selected publications on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of their polymers, see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1 1993, 2799. (d) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (e) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar. G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31.
6. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137.
7. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137.
8. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups, see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 77, 237. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1719. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Johansson, G.; Tomazos, D.; Kawasumi, M.; Chu, P.; Ungar, G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 254, 137.
9. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled from tapered building blocks, see: (a) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S.; Schneider, A.-I.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 6129. (b) Kwon, Y. K.; Danko, C.; Chvalun, S.; Blackwell, J.; Heck, J.; Percec, V. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 87, 103. (c) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S. N.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 1552.
10. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled from tapered building blocks, see: (a) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S.; Schneider, A.-I.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 6129. (b) Kwon, Y. K.; Danko, C.; Chvalun, S.; Blackwell, J.; Heck, J.; Percec, V. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 87, 103. (c) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S. N.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 1552.
11. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled from tapered building blocks, see: (a) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S.; Schneider, A.-I.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 6129. (b) Kwon, Y. K.; Danko, C.; Chvalun, S.; Blackwell, J.; Heck, J.; Percec, V. Macromol. Symp. 1994, 87, 103. (c) Kwon, Y. K.; Chvalun, S. N.; Blackwell, J.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 1552.
12. (a) Smart, B. E. In Organofluorine Chemistry. Principles and Commercial Applications; Banks, R. E., Smart, B. E., Tatlow, J. C., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1994, p 57.
13. (b) Feiring, A. E. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1657.
14. (c) Eaton, D. F.; Smart, B. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2821.
15. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic mesophases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (c) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (d) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (e) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Narayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591.
16. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic mesophases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (c) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (d) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (e) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Narayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591.
17. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic mesophases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (c) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (d) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (e) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Narayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591.
18. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic mesophases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (c) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (d) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (e) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Narayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591.
19. For examples on the stabilization of thermotropic mesophases by replacing perhydrogenated with perfluorinated segments: (a) Tournilhac, F.; Bosio, L.; Nicoud, J. F.; Simon, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 452. (b) Nguyen, H. T.; Sigaud, G.; Achard, M. F.; Hardouin, F.; Tweig, R. J.; Betterton, K. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 10, 389. (c) Chiang, Y. H.; Ames, A. E.; Gaudiana, R. H.; Adams, T. G. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 208, 85. (d) Takenaka, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1748. (e) Pugh, C.; Arehart, S.; Liu, H.; Narayanan, R. J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, A31, 1591.
20. For representative publications on thermotropic liquid crystal phases from semifluorinated alkanes, see: (a) Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1985, 2, 111. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285. (c) Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911. (d) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 210, 59.
21. For representative publications on thermotropic liquid crystal phases from semifluorinated alkanes, see: (a) Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1985, 2, 111. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285. (c) Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911. (d) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 210, 59.
22. For representative publications on thermotropic liquid crystal phases from semifluorinated alkanes, see: (a) Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1985, 2, 111. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285. (c) Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911. (d) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 210, 59.
23. For representative publications on thermotropic liquid crystal phases from semifluorinated alkanes, see: (a) Mahler, W.; Guillon, D.; Skoulios, A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Lett. 1985, 2, 111. (b) Viney, C.; Twieg, R. J.; Gordon, B. R.; Rabolt, J. F. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 198, 285. (c) Höpken, J.; Pugh, C.; Richtering, W.; Möller, M. Makromol. Chem. 1988, 189, 911. (d) Höpken, J.; Faulstich, S.; Möller, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 210, 59.
24. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
25. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
26. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
27. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
28. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
29. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
30. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
31. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
32. For selected examples of thermotropic mesophases formed from semifluorinated polymers, see: (a) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6312. (b) Davidson, T.; Griffin A. C.; Wilson, L. M.; Windle, A. H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 354. (c) Jariwala, C. P.; Mathias, L. J. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5129. (d) Hoyle, C. E.; Kang, D.; Jariwala, C.; Griffin, A. C. Polymer 1993, 34, 3070. (e) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 277. (f) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994 27, 1928. (g) Wilson, L. M.; Griffin, A. C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4611. (h) Wilson, L. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 325. (i) Wilson, L. M. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 347.
33. For selected publications on lyotropic self-assemblies from semifluorinated compounds, see: (a) Turberg, M. P.; Brady J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 770, 7797. (b) Kuwahara, H.; Hamada, M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kunitake, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3002. (c) Giulieri, F.; Krafft, M.-P.; Riess, J. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1514.
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67. For recent examples of self-assembly of new supramolecular architectures via tapered groups, see, for example: (a) Serrete, A. G.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8879. (b) Serrette, A. G.; Swager, T. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2342. (c) Zheng, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 776, 761. (d) Xu, B.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5011.
68. For recent examples of self-assembly of new supramolecular architectures via tapered groups, see, for example: (a) Serrete, A. G.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8879. (b) Serrette, A. G.; Swager, T. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2342. (c) Zheng, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 776, 761. (d) Xu, B.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5011.
69. For recent examples of self-assembly of new supramolecular architectures via tapered groups, see, for example: (a) Serrete, A. G.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8879. (b) Serrette, A. G.; Swager, T. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2342. (c) Zheng, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 776, 761. (d) Xu, B.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5011.
70. For recent examples of self-assembly of new supramolecular architectures via tapered groups, see, for example: (a) Serrete, A. G.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8879. (b) Serrette, A. G.; Swager, T. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2342. (c) Zheng, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 776, 761. (d) Xu, B.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5011.