The adipocyte as a biocommunicator;El adipocito como biocomunicador

Endocrinologia y Nutricion

Volumn 50, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 187-197

  Fernandez Real J M ^a  

^a HOSPITAL JOSEP TRUETA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Adipose tissue; Cytokines; Hormonal receptors; Hormones; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ACYLATION STIMULATING PROTEIN; ADIPONECTIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; SEX HORMONE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; BODY FAT; CELL FUNCTION; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PARACRINE SIGNALING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STIMULATION;

EID: 0043169676     PISSN: 15750922     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(03)74529-x     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2000;21:697-738.
2. Fruhbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Muruzabal FJ, Burrell MA. The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;280:E827-47.
3. Ryden M, Elizalde M, van Harmelen V, Ohlund A, Hoffstedt J, Bringman S, et al. Increased expression of eNOS protein in omental versus subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese human subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:811-5.
4. Manning RD Jr, Hu L, Tan DY, Meng S. Role of abnormal nitric oxide systems in salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:S68-73.
5. Leclercq B, Jaimes EA, Raij L. Nitric oxide synthase and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002;11:185-9.
6. Perreault M, Marette A. Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med 2001;7:1138-43.
7. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993;259:87-91.
8. Hotamisligil GS, Budavari A, Murray D, Spiegelman BM. Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1543-9.
9. Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM. IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 1996;271:665-8.
10. Hotamisligil GS, Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor α: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 1994;43:1271-8.
11. Kern PA, Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Bosch RJ, Deem R, Simsolo RB. The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tisssue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2111-9.
12. Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2409-15.
13. Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Garvey WT, Henry RR, Kern PA. The Expression of TNFα by muman muscle. Relationship to insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1111-6.
14. Xu H, Uysal KT, Becherer JD, Arner P, Hotamisligil GS. Altered tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) processing in adipocytes and increased expression of transmembrane TNF-alpha in obesity. Diabetes 2002;51:1876-83.
15. Hube F, Birgel M, Lee YM, Hauner H. Expression pattern of tumour necrosis factor receptors in subcutaneous and omental human adipose tissue: role of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1999;29:672-8.
16. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-α, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:4196-200.
17. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Bulmer K, Hollly JM, Yudkin JS, Coppack SW. Production of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Am J Physiol 1999;277:E971-5.
18. Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM. Differential regulation of the p80 tumor necrosis factor receptor in human obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 1997;46:451-5.
19. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Ricart W, Gutiérrez C, Casamitjana R, Vendrell J, et al. Richart plasma levels of the soluble fraction of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 and insulin resistance. Diabetes 1998;47:1757-62.
20. Kahaleh MB, Fan PS. Effect of cytokines on the production of endothelin by endothelial cells. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997;15:163-7.
21. Brasier AR, Li J, Wimbish KA. Tumor necrosis factor activates angiotensinogen gene expression by the Rel A transactivator. Hypertension 1996;27:1009-17.
22. Nyui N, Tamura K, Yamaguchi S, Nakamaru M, Ishigami T, Yabana M, et al. Tissue angiotensinogen gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1997;30:859-67.
23. Pausova Z, Deslauriers B, Gaudet D, Tremblay J, Kotchen TA, Larochelle P, et al. Role of tumor necrosis factor-α gene locus in obesity and obesity-associated hypertension in French Canadians. Hypertension 2000;36:14-9.
24. Zinman B, Hanley AJG, Harris SB, Kwan J, Fantus IG. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations in a native Canadian population with high rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:272-8.
25. Dörffel Y, Lätsch C, Stuhlmüller B, Schreiber S, Scholze S, Burmester GR, et al. Preactivated peripheral blood monocytes in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1999;34:113-7.
26. Winkler G, Lakatos P, Salamon F, Nagy Z, Speer G, Kovacs M, et al. Elevated serum TNF-α levels as a link between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in normotensive obese subjects. Diabetic Med 1999;16:207-11.
27. Tartaglia LA, Goeddel DV. Two TNF receptors. Immunol Today 1992;13:151-3.
28. Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG. The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation and death. Cell 1994;76:959-62.
29. Nophar Y, Kemper O, Brakebusch C, Englemann H, Zwang R, Aderka D, et al. Soluble forms of tumor necrosis factors (TNF-Rs). The cDNA for the type I TNF-R, cloned using amino acid sequence data of its soluble form, encodes both the cell surface and a soluble form of the receptor. EMBO J, 1990;9:3269-78.
30. Aderka D, Engelmann H, Maor Y, Brakebusch C, Wallach D. Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumor necrosis factor by its soluble receptors. J Exp Med 1992;175:323-9.
31. Aderka D, Engelmann H, Shemer-Avni Y, Hornik V, Galil A, Sarov B, et al. Variation in serum levels of the soluble TNF receptors among healthy individuals. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 1992;11:157-9.
32. Aderka D, Sorkine P, Abu-Abid S, Lev D, Setton A, Cope AP, et al. Shedding kinetics of soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors after systemic TNF leaking during isolated limb perfusion. Relevance to the pathophysiology of septic shock. J Clin Invest 1998;101:650-9.
33. Fernández-Real JM, Laínez B, Vendrell J, Rigla M, Castro A, Peñarroja G, et al. Shedding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors, blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002;282: E952-9.
34. Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:847-50.
35. Orban Z, Remaley A, Sampson M, Trajanoski Z, Chrousos GP. The differential effect of food intake and beta-adrenergic stimulation on adipose-derived hormones and cytokines in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2126-33.
36. Fernández-Real JM, Vayreda M, Richart C, Gutiérrez C, Broch M, Vendrell J, et al. Circulating interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1154-9.
37. Straub RH, Hense HW, Andus J, Schölmerich J, Riegger AJ, Schunkert H. Hormone replacement therapy and interrelation between serum interleukin-6 and body mass index in postmenopausal women: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1340-4.
38. Chae CU, Lee RT, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Blood pressure and inflammation in apparently healthy men. Hypertension 2001;38:399-403.
39. Humphries SE, Luong LA, Ogg MS, Hawe E, Miller GJ. The interleukin-6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with risk of coronary heart disease and systolic blood pressure in healthy men. Eur Heart J 2001;22:2243-52.
40. Papanicolaou DA, Petrides JS, Tsigos C, Bina S, Kalogeras KT, Wilder R, et al. Exercise stimulates interleukin-6 secretion: inhibition by glucocorticoids and correlation with catecholamines. Am J Physiol 1996;271:E601-5.
41. Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A. Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions. Endocr Rev 1996;17:64-102.
42. Torpy DJ, Papanicolau DA, Lotsikas AJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Pillemer SR. Responses of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to interleukin-6: a pilot study in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:872-80.
43. Greenwel P, Iraburu MJ, Reyes-Romero M, Meraz-Cruz N, Casado E, Solis-Herruzo JA, et at. Induction of an acute phase response in rats stimulates the expression of alpha1(I) procollagen messenger ribonucleic acid in their livers. Possible role of interleukin-6. Lab Invest 1995;72:83-91.
44. Lowe GDO, Rumley A. Coagulation, fibrinolysis and cardiovascular disease. Fibrinol Proteol 1999;13:91-8.
45. Takano M, Itoh N, Yayama K, Yamano M, Ohtani R, Okamoto H. Interleukin 6 as a mediator responsible for inflammation-induced increase in plasma angiotensinogen. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;45:201-6.
46. Fantuzzi G, Faggioni R. Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2000;68:437-46.
47. Montague CT, Prins JB, Sanders L, Zhang J, Sewter CP, Digby J, et al. Depot-related gene expression in human subcutaneous and omental adipocytes. Diabetes 1998;47:1384-91.
48. Couillard C, Mauriege P, Imbeault P, Prud'homme D, Nadeau A, Tremblay A, et al. Hyperleptinemia is more closely associated with adipose cell hypertrophy than with adipose tissue hyperplasia. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:782-8.
49. Haynes WG, Morgan DA, Walsh SA, Mark AL, Sivitz WI. Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin. J Clin Invest 1997;100:270-8.
50. Shek EW, Brands MW, Hall JE. Chronic leptin infusion increases arterial pressure. Hypertension 1998;31:409-14.
51. Pathophysiological role of leptin in obesity-related hypertension. J Clin Invest 2000;105:1243-52.
52. Rosmond R, Chagnon YC, Holm G, Chagnon M, Perusse L, Lindell K, et al. Hypertension in obesity and the leptin receptor gene locus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3126-31.
53. Samad, F, Yamamoto K, Pandey M, Loskuttof DJ. Elevated expression of transforming growth factor- in adipose tissue from obese mice. Mol Med 1997;3:37-48.
54. Samad F, Yamamoto K, Pandey M, Loskutoff DJ. Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-beta in adipose tissue from obese mice. Mol Med 1997;3:37-48.
55. Li B, Khanna A, Sharma V, Singh T, Suthanthiran M, August P. TGF-beta1 DNA polymorphisms, protein levels and blood pressure. Hypertension 1999;33:271-5.
56. Darimont C, Vassaux G, Ailhaud G, Negrel R. Differentiation of preadipose cells: paracrine role of prostacyclin upon stimulation of adipose cells by angiotensin-II. Endocrinology 1994;135:2030-6.
57. Van Harmelen V, Elizalde M, Ariapart P, Bergstedt-Lindqvist S, Reynisdottir S, Hoffstedt J, et al. The association of human adipose angiotensinogen gene expression with abdominal fat distribution in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:673-8.
58. Boschmann M, Jordan J, Adams F, Christensen NJ, Tank J, Franke G, et al. Tissue-specific response to interstitial angiotensin II in humans. Hypertension 2003;41:37-41.
59. Fried SK, Russell CD, Grauso NL, Brolin RE. Lipoprotein lipase regulation by insulin and glucocorticoid in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues of obese women and men. J Clin Invest 1993;92:2191-8.
60. Sniderman AD, Cianflone KM, Eckel RH. Levels of acylation stimulating protein in obese women before and after moderate weight loss. Int J Obes 1991;15:333-6.
61. Khovidhunkit W, Memon RA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Infection and inflammation-induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins. J Infect Dis 2000;181(Suppl 3):S462-72.
62. Hardardottir I, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Effects of endotoxin and cytokines on lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 1994;5:207-15.
63. Beutler B, Cerami A The biology of cachectin/TNF-α primary mediator of the host response. Ann Rev Immunol 1989;7:625-55.
64. Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Role of cytokines in inducing hyperlipidemia. Diabetes 1992;41(Suppl 2):97-101.
65. Fernández-Real JM, Gutiérrez C, Ricart W, Castiñeira MJ, Vendrell J, Richart C. Plasma levels of the soluble fraction of tumor necrosis factor-α receptors 1 and 2 are independent determinants of total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 1999;146:321-7.
66. Pickup JC, Mattock MB, Chusney GD, Burt D. NIDDM as a disease of the innate immune system: association of the acute-phase reactants and interleukin 6 with metabolic syndrome X. Diabetologia 1997;40:1286-92.
67. Greenberg AS, Nordan RP, McIntosh J, Calvo JC, Scow RO, Jablons D. Interleukin-6 reduces lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of mice in vivo and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: a possible role for interleukin-6 in cancer cachexia. Cancer Res 1992;52:4113-6.
68. Nonogaki K, Fuller GM, Fuentes NL, Moser AH, Staprans I, Grunfeld C. Interleukin-6 stimulates hepatic triglyceride secretion in rats. Endocrinology 1995;136:2143-9.
69. Stouthard JM, Romijn JA, Van der Poll T, Endert E, Klein S, Bakker PJ, et al. Endocrinologic and metabolic effects of interleukin-6 in humans. Am J Physiol 1995;268:E813-9.
70. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Richart C, Ricart W. Interleukin 6 gene polymorphism and lipid abnormalities in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1334-9.
71. Arai T, Yamashita S, Hirano K, Sakai N, Kotani K, Fujioka S, et al. Increased plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein in obese subjects. A possible mechanism for the reduction of serum HDL cholesterol levels in obesity. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:1129-36.
72. Ettinger WH, Miller LD, Albers JJ, Smith TK, Parks JS. Lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor cause a fall in plasma concentration of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in cynomolgus monkeys. J Lipid Res 1990;31:1099-107.
73. Grunfeld C, Pang M, Doerrler W, Shigenaga JK, Jensen P, Feingold KR. Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficeincey syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:1045-52.
74. Levy E, Gurbindo C, Lacaille F, Paradis K, Thibault L, Seidman E. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α levels and lipid abnormalities in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1993;34:162-6.
75. Memon RA, Grunfeld C, Moser AH, Feingold KR. Tumor necrosis factor mediates the effect of endotoxin on cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in mice. Endocrinology 1993;132:2246-53.
76. Lawler JF Jr, Yin M, Diehl AM, Roberts E, Chatterjee S. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates the maturation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in human hepatocytes through the action of neutral sphingomyelinase. J Biol Chem 1998;273:5053-9.
77. Benjafield AV, Wang XL, Morris BJ. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 gene (TNFRSF1B) in genetic basis of coronary artery disease. J Mol Med 2001;79:109-15.
78. Ventre J, Doebber T, Wu M, MacNaul K, Stevens K, Pasparakis M, et al. Targeted disruption of the tumor necrosis factor-α gene. Metabolic consequences in obese and nonobese mice. Diabetes 1997;46:1526-31.
79. Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS. Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-α function. Nature 1997;389:610-614.
80. Fernández-Real JM, Gutiérrez C, Ricart W, Casamitjana R, Vendrell J, Fernández-Castañer M, et al. The TNF-α Nco I polymorphism influences the relationship among insulin resistance, percent body fat and increased serum leptin levels. Diabetes 1997;46:1468-72.
81. Herrmann SM, Ricard S, Nicaud V, Mallet C, Arveiler D, Evans A, et al. Polymorphisms of the tumour necrosis factor-α gene, coronary heart disease and obesity. Eur J Clin Invest 1998;28:59-66.
82. Brand E, Schorr U, Kunz I, Kertmen E, Ringel J, Distler A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha -308 G/A polymorphism in obese Caucasians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:581-5.
83. Hoffstedt J, Eriksson P, Hellstrom L, Rossner S, Rydén M, Arner P. Excessive fat accumulation is associated with the TNF alpha-308 G/A promoter polymorphism in women but not in men. Diabetologia 2000;43:117-20.
84. Ishii T, Hirose H, Saito I, Nishikai K, Maruyama H, Saruta T. Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene G-308A polymorphism, insulin resistance, and fasting plasma glucose in young, older, and diabetic Japanese men. Metabolism 2000;49:1616-8.
85. Skoog T, Eriksson P, Hoffstedt J, Rydén M, Hamsten A, Arner P. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) polymorphisms -857C/A and -863C/A are associated with TNF-α secretion from human adipose tissue. Diabetologia 2001;44:654-55.
86. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Ricart W. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) -863C/A polymorphism is associated with insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2002;45:149-50.
87. Schreyer SA, Chua SC, LeBoeuf RC. Obesity and diabetes in TNF-alfa receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 1998;102:402-11.
88. Fernández-Real JM, Vendrell J, Ricart W, Broch M, Gutiérrez C, Casamitjana R, et al. A Polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 gene is associated with obesity, leptin levels and insulin resistance in young subjects and diet-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000;23:831-7.
89. Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Ahren B, Rudling M, Carlsten H, Dickson SL, et al. Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Nat Med 2002;8:75-9.
90. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Gutiérrez C, Casamitjana R, Pugeat M, et al. Interleukin 6 and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 2000;49:517-20.
91. Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Kyrou I, Defensor R, Mitsiadis CS, Chrousos GP. Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on glucose regulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:4167-70.
92. Makin T, Noguchi Y, Yoshikawa T, Doi C, Nomura K. Circulating interleukin 6 concentrations and insulin resistance in patients with cancer. Br J Surg 1998;85:1658-62.
93. Vozarova B, Weyer C, Hanson K, Tataranni PA, Bogardus C, Pratley RE. Circulating interleukin-6 in relation to adiposity, insulin action, and insulin secretion. Obes Res 2001;9:414-7.
94. Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G. Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;280:E745-51.
95. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3338-42.
96. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001;286:327-34.
97. Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;221:286-9.
98. Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1995;270:26746-9.
99. Combs TP, Berg AH, Obici S, Scherer PE, Rossetti L Endogenous glucose production is inhibited by the adipose-derived protein Acrp30. J Clin Invest 2001;108:1875-81.
100. Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 2001;7:947-53.
101. Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S, Ebbets-Reed D, Erickson MR, Yen FT, et al. Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:2005-10.
102. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Okamoto Y, et al. Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 1999;100:2473-6.
103. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Okamoto Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, et al. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation 2000;102:1296-301.
104. Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, et al. Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin. Nat Med 2002;8:731-7.
105. Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T, Kubota T, Moroi M, Matsui J, et al. Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem 2002;277:25863-6.
106. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;257:79-83.
107. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley RE, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1930-5.
108. Stefan N, Vozarova B, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Weyer C, Lindsay RS, et al. Plasma adiponectin concentration is associated with skeletal muscle insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and low plasma concentration precedes a decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes 2002;51:1884-8.
109. Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM. AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem 1996;18:10697-703.
110. Yang WS, Lee WJ, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Matsuzawa Y, Chao CL, et al. Weight reduction increases plasma levels of an adipose-derived anti-inflammatory protein, adiponectin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3815-9.
111. Alessi MC, Peiretti F, Morange P, Henry M, Nalbone G, Juhan-Vague I. Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by human adipose tissue: possible link between visceral fat accumulation and vascular disease. Diabetes 1997;46:860-7.
112. Janand-Delenne B, Chagnaud C, Raccah D, Alessi MC, Juhan-Vague I, Vague P. Visceral fat as a main determinant of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 level in women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:312-7.
113. McGill JB, Schneider DJ, Arfken CL, Lucore CL, Sobel BE. Factors responsible for impaired fibrinolysis in obese subjects and NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1994;43:104-9.
114. Calles-Escandon J, Mirza SA, Sobel BE, Schneider DJ. Induction of hyperinsulinemia combined with hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia increases plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in blood in normal human subjects. Diabetes 1998;47:290-3.
115. Mohamed-Ali V, Pinkney JH, Coppack SW. Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int J Obes 1998;22:1145-58.
116. Tchernof A, Despres JP, Belanger A, Dupont A, Prud'homme D, Moorjani S, et al. Reduced testosterone and adrenal C19 steroid levels in obese men. Metabolism 1995;44:513-9.
117. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, et al. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 2001;294:2166-70.
118. Kreier F, Fliers E, Voshol PJ, Van Eden CG, Havekes LM, Kalsbeek A, et al. Selective parasympathetic innervation of subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat - functional implications. J Clin Invest 2002;110:1243-50.
119. Van der Horst DJ, Van Marrewijk WJ, Diederen JH. Adipokinetic hormones of insect: release, signal transduction, and responses. Int Rev Cytol 2001;211:179-240.