Strategies for adaptation of halophile microorganisms and Debaryomyces hansenii (halophile yeast);Estrategias de adaptación de microorganismos halófilos y Debaryomyces hansenii (levadura halófila)

Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiologia

Volumn 44, Issue 3-4, 2002, Pages 137-156

  González Hernández, Juan Carlos ^a   Peña, Antonio ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

D. hansenii; Halophile; NaCl; Osmotic stress; Solutes

Indexed keywords

SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ADAPTATION; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL SURVIVAL; DEBARYOMYCES HANSENII; DENATURATION; EUKARYOTE; HABITAT STRUCTURE; HALOPHILIC BACTERIUM; NONHUMAN; OSMOTIC PRESSURE; OSMOTIC STRESS; PROKARYOTE; REVIEW; SODIUM CELL LEVEL; SURVIVAL RATE; SYNTHESIS; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ALGAE, GREEN; ANIMALS; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CHLOROPHYTA; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVATION; EUKARYOTIC CELLS; FUNGAL PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, FUNGAL; HALOBACTERIALES; INTRACELLULAR FLUID; MEMBRANE LIPIDS; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION; OSMOTIC PRESSURE; PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY; SACCHAROMYCETALES; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC; SOLUBILITY; SUGAR ALCOHOLS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); DEBARYOMYCES; DEBARYOMYCES HANSENII; EUKARYOTA; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 0042861743     PISSN: 01874640     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Ackley, D.E. & C.L. Shieh. 1998. Thin film transistor biochemical sensor. Patent US5719033. 1998 February 17.
2. Adams, M.W.W. & R.M. Kelly. 1995. Enzymes in extreme environments. Chem. Eng. News. 73:32-42.
3. Adler, L. & L. Gustafsson. 1980. Polyhydric alcohol production and intracellular amino acid pool in relation to halotolerance of the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Arch. Microbiol. 124:123-130.
4. Adler, L., A. Blomberg & A. Nilsson. 1985. Glycerol metabolism and osmoregulation in the salt-tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. J. Bacteriol. 162:300-306.
5. Aitken, D.M. & A.D. Brown. 1969. Citrate and glyoxylate cycles in the halophil, Halobacterium salinarium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 177:351-354.
6. Aitken, D.M., A.J. Wicken & A.D. Brown. 1970. Properties of halophil nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase. Biochem. J. 116:125-134.
7. Albertyn, J., S. Hohmann & B.A. Prior. 1994. Characterization of the osmotic-stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: osmotic stress and glucose repression regulate glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase independently. Curr. Genet. 25:12-18.
8. Alepuz, P.M., A. Jovanovic., V. Reiser & G. Ammerer. 2001. Stress-induced MAP kinase Hog1 is part of transcription activation complexes. Mol. Cell 7:767-777.
9. Almagro, A., C. Prista., B. Benito., M.C. Loureiro-Dias & J. Ramos. 2001. Cloning and expresion of two genes coding for sodium pumps in the salt-tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. J. Bacteriol. 183:3251-3255.
10. Ansell, R.,K. Granath., S. Hohmann., J.M. Thevelein & L. Adler. 1997. The two isoenzymes for yeast NAD-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoded by GPD1 And GPD2 have distinct roles in osmoadaptation and redor regulation. EMBO J. 16:2179-2187.
11. Arakawa, T. & S.N. Timasheff. 1985. The stabilization of proteins by osmolytes. Biophys. J. 47:411-414.
12. Banuett, F. 1998. Signalling in yeast: an informational cascade with links to the filamentous fungi. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:249-274.
13. Bayley, R.M. & R.A. Morton. 1978. Recent developments in the molecular biology of extremely halophilic bacteria. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 6:151-205.
14. Baxter, R.M. 1959. An interpretation of the effects of salts on the lactic dehydrogenase of Halobacterium salmarium. Can. J. Microbiol. 5:47-57.
15. Beck, F.X., A. Dörge., K. Thurau & W.G. Guder. 1990. Cell osmoregulation in the countercurrent system of the renal medulla: the role of organic osmolytes. pp.132-158. In: Beyenbach KW (ed) Cell volume regulation. Karger, Basel.
16. Beck, F.X., A. Burger-Kentischer & E. Müller. 1998. Cellular response to osmotic stress in the renal medulla. Pflügers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 436:814-827.
17. Ben-Amotz, A. & M. Avron. 1973. The role of glycerol in the osmotic regulation of the halophilic alga Dunaliella parva. Plant Physiol. 51:875-878.
18. Ben-Amotz, A. & M. Avron. 1981. Glycerol and b-carotene metabolism in the halotolerant alga Dunaliella parva: a model system for biosolar energy conversion. Trends. Biochem Sci. 6:297-299.
19. Bickel-Sandkötter, S., W. Gärtner & M. Dane. 1996. Conversion of energy in halobacteria: ATP synthesis and phototaxis. Arch. Microbiol. 166:1-11.
20. Blomberg, A. 2000. Metabolic surprises in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during adaptation to saline conditions: questions, some answers and a model. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 182:1-8.
21. Bohnert, H.J., D.E. Nelson & R.G. Jensen. 1995. Adaptations to environmental stresses. Plant Cell 7:1099-1111.
22. Borowitzka, L.J. & A.D. Brown. 1974. The salt relations of marine and halophilic species of the unicellular green alga, Dunalilella parva. The role of glycerol as a compatible solute. Arch. Microbiol. 96:37-52.
23. Brewster, J.L., T. de Valoir., N.D. Dwyer., E. Winter & M.C. Gustin. 1993. An osmosensing signal transduction pathway in yeast. Science. 259:1760-1763.
24. Brock, T.D. 1975. Salinity and the ecology of Dunaliella from Great Salt Lake. J. Gen. Microbiol. 89:258-292.
25. Brown, A.D. 1963. The peripheral structures of Gram-negative bacteria. IV. The cation sensitive dissolution of the cell membrane of the halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium halobium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 75:425-435.
26. Brown, A.D. & C.D. Shorey. 1963. The cell envelopes of two extremely halophilic bacteria. J. Cell. Biol. 18:681-689.
27. Brown, A.D. 1964. The development of halophilic properties in bacterial membranes by acylation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 93:136-142.
28. Brown, A.D. 1964. Aspects of bacterial response to the ionic enviroment. Bacteriol. Rev. 28:296-329.
29. Brown, A.D. & K.Y. Cho. 1970. The walls of extremely halophilic cocci. Gram-positive bacteria lacking muramic acid. J. Gen. Microbiol. 62:267-270.
30. Brown, A.D. & J.R. Simpson. 1972. Water relations of sugar-tolerant yeasts: the role of intracellular polyols. J. Gen. Microbiol. 72:589-591.
31. Brown, A.D. 1974. Microbial water relations. Features of the intracellular composition of sugar-tolerant yeasts. J. Bacteriol. 118:769-777.
32. Brown, A.D. 1976. Microbial water stress. Bacteriol. Rev. 40:803-846.
33. Brown, A. D. 1990. Microbial water stress physiology. Principles and perspectives. Jhon Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, Uniten Kingdom.
34. Bull, H.B. & K. Breese. 1974. Surface tension of amino acid solutions: a hydrophobicity scale of the amino acid residues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 161:665-670.
35. Burg, M.B., E.D. Kwon & E.M. Peters. 1996. Glycerophosphocholine and betaine counteract the effect of urea on pyruvate kinase. Kidney Int. 50 (57):S100-S104.
36. Causton, H.C., B. Ren., S.S. Koh., C.T. Harbison., E. Kanin., E.G. Jennings., T.I. Lee., H.L. True., E.S. Lander & R.A. Young. 2001. Remodeling of yeast genome expression in response to environmental changes. Mol. Biol. Cell 12:323-337.
37. Cayley, S., B.A. Lewis & M.T. Record Jr. 1992. Origins of the osmoprotective properties of betaine and proline in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 174:1586-1595.
38. Chang, L. & M. Karin. 2001. Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades. Nature. 410:37-40.
39. Christian, J.H. B. & J.A. Waltho. 1962. Solute concentrations within cells of halophilic and non-halophilic bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 65:506-508.
40. Corredor. M., A.M. Davila., C. Gaillardin & S. Casaregola. 2000. DNA probes specific for the yeast species Deabaryomyces hansenii: useful tools for rapid identification. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 193:171-177.
41. Crowe, J.H., J.F. Carpenter & L.M. Crowe. 1998. The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis. Annual Review of Physiology. 60:73-03.
42. Cruz, J.M., J.M. Domínguez., H. Domínguez & J.C. Parajó. 2000. Xylitol production from barley bran hydrolysates by continuos fermentation with Debaryomyces hansenii. Biotechnol. Lett. 22:1895-1898.
43. DasSarma, S. & P. Arora. 2001. Halophiles. Enciclopedia of Life Sciences. 2001 Nature Publishing Group/www.els.net: 1-9.
44. De Virgilio, C., P. Piper., T. Boller & A. Wiemken. 1991. Acquisition of thermotolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae without heat shock protein hsp104 and in the absence of protein synthesis. FEBS Lett. 288:86-90.
45. Domínguez, J.M. 1998. Xylitol production by free and immobilized Debaryomyces hansenii. Biotechnol. Lett. 20:53-56.
46. Donald, E.N., M. Koukoumanos & H.J. Bohnert. 1999. Myo-Inositol-Dependent Sodium Uptake in Ice Plant. Plant Physiology. 119:165-172.
47. Dundas, I.D., V.R. Srinivasan & Halvorson. 1963. A chemically defined medium for Halobacterium salinarium strain1. Can. J. Microbiol. 9:619-624.
48. Eisenberg, H., M. Mevarech & G. Zaccai. 1995. Biochemical, structural, and molecular genetic aspects of halophilism. Adv. Protein. Chem. 43:1-62.
49. Epstein, W. 1986. Osmoregulation by potassium transport in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Rev 39:3-78.
50. +) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its comparison to GPDI. Mol. Microbiol. 17:95-107.
51. Estruch, F. 2000. Stress-controlled transcription factors, stress-induced genes and stress tolerance in budding yeast. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 24:469-486.
52. François, J. & J.L. Parrou. 2001. Reserve carbohydrates metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25:125-145.
53. Fleet, G.H. 1990. Yeasts in dairy products. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68:199-211.
54. Galinski, E.A. 1993. Compatible solutes of halophilic eubacteria: molecular principles, water-solute interaction, stress protection. Experientia. 49:487-496.
55. Galinski, E.A. 1995. Osmoadaptation in bacteria. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 37:273-328.
56. Galinski, E.A. & B.J. Tindall. 1992. Biotechnological prospects for halophiles and halotolerant microorganisms. pp.6-114. In: Herbert RH, Sharp RJ (eds.) Molecular biology and biotechnology of extremophiles. Blackie, Glasgow.
57. Gambacorta, A., A. Gliozzi & M. De Rosa. 1995. Archaeal lipids and their biotechnological applications. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11:115-131.
58. Garabito, M.J., M.C. Márquez & A. Ventosa. 1998. Halotolerant Bacillus diversity in hypersaline environments. Can. J. Microbiol. 44:95-102.
59. Garcia-Perez, A. & M.B. Burg. 1991. Renal medullary organic osmolytes. Physiol. Rev. 71:1081-1115.
60. Gasch, A.P., P.T. Spellman., C.M. Kao., O. Carmel-Harel., M.B. Eisen., G. Storz., D. Botstein & P.O. Brown. 2000. Genomic expression programs in the response of yeast cells to environmental changes. Mol. Biol. Cell. 11:4241-4257.
61. Ghoram, J. 1995. Betaines in higher plats-byosintheis and role in stress metabolism. pp.171-203. In: Wallsgrove R.M, ed. Amino acids and their derivates in higher plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. Giaever, H.M., O.B. Styrvold., I. Kaasen & A.R. Ström. 1988. Biochemical and genetic characterization of osmoregulatory trehalose synthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 170:2841-2849.
63. Gilles, R. 1987. Volume regulation in cells of euryhaline invertebrates. Curr. Topics Membr. Transport 30:205-247.
64. Ginzburg, M. 1969. The unusual membrane permeability of two halophilic unicellular organisms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 173:370-376.
65. Gírio, F.M., C. Amaro., H. Azinheira., F. Pelica & M.T. Amaral-Collaço. 2000. Polyols production during single and mixed substrate fermentations in Debaryomyces hanseni. Bioresource Technol. 71:245-251.
66. Gullans, S.R., J.D. Blumenfeld., J.A. Balschi., M. Kaleta., R.M. Brenner., C.W. Heilig & S.C. Hebert. 1988. Accumulation of major organic osmolytes in rat renal inner medulla in dehydration. Am. J. Physiol. 255:F626-F634.
67. Gustafsson, L. & B. Norkrans. 1976. On the mechanism of salt tolerance. Production of glycerol and heat during growth of Debaryomyces hansenii. Arch. Microbiol. 110:177-183.
68. Gustin, M.C., J. Albertyn., M. Alexander & K. Davenport. 1998. MAP kinase pathways in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:1264-1300.
69. Groß, M. 1997. Exzentriker des Lebens. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
70. + antiport in a moderate halophile. J. Bacteriol. 156:537-544.
71. Hirayama, T., T. Maeda., H. Saito & K. Shinozaki. 1995. Cloning and characterization of seven cDNAs for hyperosmolarity-responsive (HOR) genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 249:127-138.
72. Hobot, J.A. & D.H. Jennings. 1981. Growth of Debaryomyces hansenii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in relation to pH and salinity. Exp. Mycol. 5:217-228.
73. Hochachka, P.W. & G.N. Somero. 1984. Biochemical Adaptation. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
74. Hochstein, L.I. & R. Bogomolni. 1999. GAT do extreme halophiles tell us about the evolution of the proton-translocatong ATPases? pp.273-280. In A. Oren (ed.), Microbiology and biogeochemistry of hypersaline enviroments. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
75. Hottiger, T., P. Schmutz & A. Wiemken. 1987. Heat-induced accumulation and futile cycling of trehalose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 169:5518-5522.
76. Imhoff, J.F. & F. Rodríguez-Valera. 1984. Betaine is the main compatible solute of halophilic eubacteria. J. Bacteriol. 160:478-479.
77. Iwahashi, H., S. Nwaka., K. Obuchi & Y. Komatsu. 1998. Evidence for the interplay between trehalose metabolism and Hsp104 in yeast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4614-4617.
78. Jamison, R.L. & W. Kriz. 1982. Urinary concentrating mechanism: structure and function. Oxford University Press, New York.
79. Johnson, M.K., E.J. Johnson., R.D. McElroy., H.L. Speer & B.S. Bruff. 1968. Effects of salts on the halophilic alga Dunaliella viridis. J. Bacteriol. 95:1461-1468.
80. Joshi, R., T. Ravindranathan., K.B. Bastawade., D.V. Gkhale., U.R. Kalkote & S.S. Sudge. 2000. Halophilic Pseudomonas strain having accesion No. NCIM 5209 (ATCC 55940) and a process for preparing D(-)N-carbamoylphenylglycine using said strain. Patent US6121024. 2000 September 19.
81. + antiporter from the plasma membrane of the halophilic alga Dunaliella. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 983:1224-1229.
82. Kempf, B. & E. Bremer. 1998. Uptake and synthesis of compatible solutes as microbial stress responses to high-osmolality environments. Arch. Microbiol. 170:319-330.
83. Keyse, S.M. 2000. Protein phosphatases and the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12:186-192.
84. Kikura, M., Y. Seno & H. Tomioka. 1998. Bacterial type rhodopsin, bacterial type rhodopsin gene, recombinant DNA and production of bacterial type rhodopsin. Patent JP10150987. 1998 June 9.
85. Kultz, D. & M. Burg. 1998. Evolution of osmotic stress signaling via MAP kinase cascades. J. Exp. Biol. 201:3015-3021.
86. Kushner, D.J. 1968. Halophilic bacteria. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 10:73-99.
87. Kyriakis, J.M. & J. Avruch. 2001. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation. Physiol. Rev. 81:807-869.
88. Lai, M.C. & R.P. Gunsalus. 1992. Glycine betaine and potassium ion are the major compatible solutes in the extremely halophilic methanogen Methanohalophilus strain Z7302. J. Bacteriol. 174:747-7477.
89. Lang, F., G.L. Busch., M. Ritter., H. Volkl., S. Waldegger., E. Gulbins & D. Haussinger. 1998. Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Physiol. Rev. 78:247-306.
90. Langworthy, T.A., W.R. Mayberry & P.F. Smith. 1974. Long-chain glycerol diether and poliol dialkyl glycerol triether lipids of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. J. Bacteriol. 119:106-116.
91. Lanyi, J.K. 1974. Salt-dependent properties of proteins from extremely halophilic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 38:272-290.
92. Lanyi, J.K. & R.E. McDonald. 1976. Existence of electrogenic hydrogen/sodium antiport in Halobacterium cell envelope vesicles. Biochemistry. 15:4608-4614.
93. Lanyi, J.K. & M.P. Silverman. 1979. Gating effects in Halobacterium halobium membrane transport. J. Biol. Chem. 254:4750-4755.
94. Larsen, H. 1967. Biochemical aspects of extreme halophilism. Adv. Microbiol. Physiol. 1:97-132.
95. Larsson, C., C. Morales., L. Gustafsson & L. Adler. 1990. Osmoregulation of the salt-tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii grown in a chemostat at different salinities. J. Bacteriol. 172:1769-1774.
96. +) complements an osmosensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Microbiol. 10:1101-1111.
97. Lewis, D.H, & D.C. Smith. 1976. Sugar alcohols (polyols) in fungi and green plants 1. Distribution, physiology and metabolism. New Phytol. 66:143-184.
98. Lewis, J.G., R.P. Learmonth & K. Watson. 1995. Induction of heat, freezing and salt tolerance by heat and salt shock in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology. 141:687-694.
99. Ligterink, W. & H. Hirt. 2001. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP] kinase pathways in plants: versatile signaling tools. Int. Rev. Cytol. 201:209-275.
100. Lippert, K. & E.A. Galinski. 1992. Enzyme stabilization by ectoine type compatible solutes: protection against heating, freezing and drying. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37:61-65.
101. Londesborough, J. & O. Vuorio. 1991. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase complex from bakers yeast: purification of a proteolytically activated form. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:323-330.
102. Londesborough, J. & O.E. Vuorio. 1993. Purification of trehalose synthase from baker's yeast. Its temperature-dependent activation by fructose 6-phosphate and inhibition by phosphate. Eur. J. Biochem. 216:841-848.
103. Low, P.S. 1985. Molecular basis of the biological compatibility of nature's solutes. pp.469-477. In: Transport Processes Iono and Osmoregulation (Gilles, R. and Gilles-Baillien, M., Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
104. Mackay, M.A., R.S. Norton & Borowitzka. 1984. Organic osmoregulatory solutes in cyanobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130:2177-2191.
105. Madern, D., C. Ebel & G. Zaccai. 2000. Halophilic adaptation of enzymes. Extremophiles 4:91-98.
106. McLachlan, J. 1960. The culture of Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher a euryhaline organism. Can. J. Microbiol. 6:367-369.
107. Mager, W.H. & A.J. De Kruijff. 1995. Stress-induced transcriptional activation. Microbiol. Rev. 59:506-531.
108. Marchler, G., C. Schüller., G. Adam & H. Ruis. 1993. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae UAS element controlled by protein kinase A activates transcription in response to a variety of stress conditions. EMBO J. 12:1997-2003.
109. Marshall, C.L. & A.D. Brown. 1968. The membrane lipids of Halobacterium halobium. Biochem. J. 110:441-448.
110. Martinez-Pastor, M.T., G. Marchler., C. Schuller., A. Marchler-Bauer., H. Ruis & F. Estruch. 1996. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae zinc finger proteins Msn2p and Msn4p are required for transcriptional induction through the stress-response element (STRE). EMBO J. 15:2227-2235.
111. Marré, E. & O. Servettaz. 1959. Sul mecanismo di adattamento a candizioni osmotiche estreme in Dunaliella salina. 11. Rapporte fra concentraci6n del mezo esterno e composizione del succo cellulare. Tai. Acad. Naz. Lincei Rend. Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Natur. Ser.8. 25:567-575.
112. Meikle, A.J., R.H. Reed & G.M. Gaad. 1988. Osmotic adjustment and the accumulation of organic solutes in whole cells and protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. G. Microbiol. 134:3049-3060.
113. Moskvina, E., C. Schüller., C.T.C. Maurer., W.H. Mager & H. Ruis. 1998. A search in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for genes regulated via stress response elements. Yeast. 14:1041-1050.
114. Lanyi, J.K. 1995. Bacteriorhodopsin as a model for proton pumps. Nature. 75:461-463.
115. Nanjo, T., M. Kobayashi., Y. Yoshiba., Y. Kakubari., K. Yamguchi-Shinozaki & K. Shinozaki. 1999. Antisense suppression of proline degradation improves tolerance to freezing and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 461:205-210.
116. Nissen, T.L., M. Anderlund., J. Nielsen., J. Villadsen & M.C. Kielland-Brandt. 2001. Expression of a cytoplasmic transhydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in formation of 2-oxoglutarate due to depletion of the NADPH pool. Yeast 18:19-32.
117. Nobre, A., C. Lucas & C. Leáo. 1999. Transport and utilization of hexosas and pentosas in the halotolerant yaest Debaryomyces hansenii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:3594-3598.
118. Norbeck, J., A.K. Påhlman., N. Akhtar., A. Blomberg & L. Adler. 1996. Purification and characterization of two isoenzymes of DL-glycerol-3-phosphatase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification of the corresponding GPP1 and GPP2 genes and evidence for osmotic regulation of Gpp2p expression by the osmosensing mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 271:13875-13881.
119. Norbeck, J. & A. Blomberg. 1997. Metabolic and regulatory changes associated with growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 1.4 M NaCl. Evidence for osmotic induction of glycerol dissimilation via the dihydroxyacetone pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 272:5544-5554.
120. Norbeck, J. & A. Blomberg. 2000. The level of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activity strongly affects osmotolerance and osmo-instigated gene expression changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast. 16:121-137.
121. Norkrans, B. 1966. Studies on marine occuring yeasts: Growth related to pH, NaCl concentration and temperature. Archiv. Für Mikrobiologie. 54:374-392.
122. Norkrans, B. 1968. Studies on marine ocurring yeast: Respiration, fermetation and salt tolerance. Archiv. Für Mikrobiologie. 62:358-372.
123. Norkrans, B. & A. Kylin. 1969. Regulation of the potassium to sodium ratio and of the osmotic potential in relation to salt tolerance in yeasts. J. Bacteriol. 100-2:836-845.
124. Onishi, H. 1960. studies on osmophilic yeasts. Part IX. Isolation of a new obligate halophilic yeast and some consideration on halophilism. Bull. Agric. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 24:226-230.
125. Onishi, H. 1963. Osmophilic yeasts. Adv. Fodd Res. 12:53-94.
126. Onishi, H., M.E. McCance & N.E. Gibbons. 1965. A synthetic medium for extremely halophilic bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 11:365-373.
127. Oren, A. 1986. Intracellular salt concentrations of the anaerobic halophilic eubacteria Haloanaerobium praevalens and Halobacteroides halobius. Can. J. Microbiol. 32:4-9.
128. Oren, A., M. Heldal & S. Norland. 1997. X-ray microanalysis of intracellular ions in the anaerobic halophilic eubacterium Haloanaerobium praevalens. Can. J. Microbiol. 43:588-592.
129. Oren, A. 1999. Bioenergetic aspects of halophilism. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63: 334-348.
130. Påhlman, AK., K. Granath., R. Ansell., S. Hohmann & L. Adler. 2001. The yeast glycerol 3-phosphatases Gpp1p and Gpp2p are required for glycerol biosintesis and differentially involved in the cellular responses to osmotic, anaerobic, and oxidative stress., J. Biol. Chem. 276:3555-3563.
131. Papageorgiou, G.C. & N. Murata. 1995. The unusually strong stabilizing effects of glycine betaine on the structure and function of the oxigen-evolving photosystem II complex. Photosyntesis Research. 44:243-252.
132. Park, J.I., C.M. Grant., P.V. Attfield & I.W. Dawes. 1997. The freeze-thaw stress response of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is growth phase specific and is controlled by nutritional state via the RAS-cyclic AMP signal transduction pathway. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:3818-3824.
133. Parrou, J.L., M.A. Teste & J. François, 1997. Effects of various types of stress on the metabolism of reserve carbohydrates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetic evidence for a stress-induced recycling of glycogen and trehalose. Microbiology. 143:1891-1900.
134. Pascual-Ahuir, A., R. Serrano & M. Proft. 2001a. The Skolp repressor and Gcn4p activator antagonistically modulate stress-regulated transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:16-25.
135. Peterson, D.P., K.M. Murphy., R. Ursino., K. Streeter & P.H. Yancey. 1992. Effects of dietary protein and salt on rat renal osmolytes: covariation in urea and GPCcontents. Am. J. Physiol. 263:F594-F600.
136. Pocard, J.A., L.T. Smith., G.M. Smith & D. Le Rudulier. 1994. A prominent role for glucosyglycerol in the adaptation of Pseudomonas mendocina SKB70 to osmotic stress. J. Bacteriol. 176:6877-6884.
137. Posas, F., J.R. Chambers., J.A. Heyman., J.P. Hoeffler., E. de Nadal & J. Arino. 2000. The transcriptional response of yeast to saline stress. J. Biol. Chem. 275:17249-17255.
138. Posas, F. 2001. Personal communication.
139. Prista, C., A. Almagro., M.C. Loureiro-Dias & J. Ramos. 1997. Physiological basis for the high salt tolerance of D. hansenii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4005-4009.
140. Proft, M. & R. Serrano. 1999. Repressors and upstream repressing sequences of the stress-regulated ENAI gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: bZ1P protein Skolp confers HOG-dependent osmotic regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:537-546.
141. Proft, M., S. Pascual-Ahuir., E. de Nadal., J. Arino., R. Serrano & F. Posas. 2001. Regulation of the Skol transcriptional repressor by the Hog1 MAP kinase in response to osmotic stress. EMBO J. 20:1123-1133.
142. Rathinasabapathi, B. 2000. Metabolic engineering for stress tolerance: installing osmoprotectant synthesis pathways. Ann. Botany. 86:709-716.
143. Rast, D.M. & G.E. Pfyffer. 1989. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 99:39-45.
144. Rengpipat, S., S.E. Lowe & J.G. Zeikus. 1988. Effect of extreme salt concentrations on the physiology and biochemistry of Halobacteroides acetoethylicus. J. Bacteriol. 170:3065-3071.
145. Rep, M., V. Reiser., U. Holzmüller., J.M. Thevelein., S. Hohmann., G. Ammerer & H. Ruis. 1999b. Osmotic stress-induced gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires Msn1p and the novel nuclear factor Hot1p. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:5474-5485.
146. Rep, M., M. Krantz., J.M. Thevelein & S. Hohmann. 2000. The transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to osmotic shock. Hot1p and Msn2p/Msn4p are required for the induction of subsets of high osmolarity glycerol pathway-dependent genes. J. Biol. Chem. 275:8290-8300.
147. Rep, M., M. Proft., F. Remize., M. Tamas., R. Serrano., J.M. Thevelein & S. Hohmann. 2001. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Skolp transcription factor mediates HOG pathway-dependent osmotic regulation of a set of genes encoding enzymes implicated in protection from oxidative damage. Mol. Microbiol. 40:1067-1083.
148. Rhodes, D. & A.D. Hanson. 1993. Quaternary ammonium and ter tiary sulfonium compounds in higher plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 44:357-384.
149. Rhodes, D. & Y. Samaras. 1994. Genetic control of osmoregulation in plants. pp.347-361. In "Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Cell Volume Regulation" (S.K. Strange, Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
150. Robertson, D.E., M.F. Roberts., N. Belay., K.O. Stetter & D.R. Boone. 1990. Detection of the osmoregulator betaine in methanogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:563-565.
151. Robertson, D.E., M.C. Lai., R.P. Gunsalus & M.F. Roberts. 1992. Composition, variation, and dynamics of major osmotic solutes in Methanohalophilus strain FDFI. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2438-2443.
152. Rodrfguez-Navarro, A. 2000. Potassium transport in fungi and plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1469:1-30.
153. Ruis, H. & C. Schüller. 1995. Stress signaling in yeast. Bioessays 17:959-965.
154. Ryu, K., J. Kim & J.S. Dordick. 1994. Catalytic properties and potential of an extracellular protease from an extreme halophile. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 16:266-275.
155. Sauer, T. & E.A. Galinski. 1998. Bacterial milking: a novel bioprocess for production of compatible solutes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 57:306-313.
156. Scarr, M.P. & D. Rose. 1966. Study of osmophilic yeasts producing invertase. J. Gen. Microbiol. 45:9-16.
157. Schmitt, A.P. & K. McEntee. 1996. Msn2p, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein, is the transcriptional activator of the multistress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:5777-5782.
158. Schüller, G., J.L. Brewster., M.R. Alexander., M.C. Gustin & H. Ruis. 1994. The HOG pathway controls osmotic regulation of transcription via the stress response element (STRE) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CTTI gene. EMBO J. 13:4382-4389.
159. Siderius, M. & W.H. Mager. 1997. The general stress response in search for a common denominator. pp.213-230. In S. Hohmann and W. H. Mager (ed.), Yeast stress responses. R.G. Landes Company, Austin, TX.
160. Sizeland, P.C., Chambers, S.T., Lever, M., Bason, L.M. & R.A. Robson. 1993. Organic osmolytes in human an do ther mammalian kidneys. Kidney Int. 43(2): 448-453.
161. Snyder, F. Ether lipids. Chemistry and Biology. 1972. (ed.). Academic Press Inc., New York.
162. Somero, G.N. & P.H. Yancey. 1997. Osmolytes and cell volume regulation: physiological and evolutionary principles. pp.441-484. In: Hoffman JF Jamieson JD (eds.) Handbook of physiology; Section 14: cell physiology. Oxford University Press, New York.
163. Strom, A.R. & I. Kaasen. 1993. Trehalose metabolism in Escherichia coli: stress protection and stress regulation of gene expression. Mol. Microbiol. 8:205-210.
164. Talibart, R., M. Jebbar., G. Gouesbet., S. Himdi-Kabbab., H. Wroblewski., C. Blanco & T. Bernard. 1994. Osmoadaptation in rhizobia: ectoine-induced salt tolerance. J. Bacteriol. 176(17):5210-5217.
165. Thevelein, J.M. 1984. Regulation of trehalose mobilization in fungi. Microbiol. Rev. 48:42-59.
166. Thevelein, J.M., & J.H. de Winde. 1999. Novel sensing mechanisms and targets for the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Microbiol. 33: 904-918.
167. Thevelein, J.M., L. Cauwenberg., S. Colombo., J.H. de Winde., M. Donation., F. Dumortier., L. Kraakman., K. Lemaire., P. Ma., D. Nauwelaers., F. Rolland., A. Teunissen., P. Van Dijck., M. Versele., S. Wera & J. Winderickx. 2000. Nutrient-induced signal transduction through the protein kinase A pathway and its role in the control of metabolism, stress resistance, and growth in yeast. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26:819-825.
168. Thomé-Ortíz, P., A. Peña & J. Ramírez. Monovalent cation fluxes and physiological changes of Debaryomyces hansenii grown at high concentration of KCl and NaCl. Yeast. 14:1355-1371.
169. Trezzi, M., G. Galli & F. Bellini. 1965. The resistance of Dunaliella salina to osmotic stresses. A. Bot. Ital. 72:255-263.
170. Treger, J.M., T.R. Magee & K. McEntee. 1998. Functional analysis of the stress response element and its role in the multistress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 243:13-19.
171. Trollmo, C., L André, A. Blomberg & L. Adler. 1988. Physiological overlapp between osmotolerance and thermotolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56:321-326.
172. Van Auken, O.W. & I.B. McNulty. 1968. Some growth characteristics of a halophilic Chlamydomonas. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 45:312-313.
173. Van Uden, N. 1968. Marine Yeasts. Advances in Microbilogy of the Sea. pp. 168-201. Ed. M.R. Droop and E.S. Ferguson Wood. Vol. 1. Academic Press London and New York.
174. Ventosa, A., J.J. Nieto & A. Oren. 1998. Biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:504-544.
175. th anniversary of Dr. Chaim Weizmann. Daniel Sieff Research Institute, Rehovoth, Israel.
176. Walsby, A.E. 1971. The pressure relationships of gas vacuoles. Proc. R. Soc. London Scr. B. 178:301-326.
177. Welsh, D.T. 2000. Ecological significance of compatible solute accumulation by micro-organisms: from single cells to global climate. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 24:263-290.
178. Winderickx, J., J.H. de Winde., M. Crauwels., A. Hino., S. Hohmann., P. Van Dijck & J.M. Thevelein. 1996. Regulation of genes encoding subunits of the trehalose synthase complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: novel variations of STRE-mediated transcription control? Mol. Gen. Genet. 252:470-482.
179. Wong, B., T.E. Kiehn., F. Edwards., E.M. Bernard., R.C. Marcove., E. de Harven & D. Armstrong. 1982. Bone infection caused by Debaryomyces hansenii in a normal host: a case report. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16:545-548.
180. Wood, J.M. 1999. Osmosensing by bacteria: signals and membrane-based sensors. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:230-262.
181. Zahringer, H., J.M. Thevelein & S. Nwaka. 2000. Induction of neutral trehalase nth1 by heat and osmotic stress is controlled by STRE elements and Msn2/Msn4 transcription factors: variations of PKA effect during stress and growth. Mol. Microbiol. 35:397-406.