Cytokines and chemokines in human autoimmune skin disorders

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 520, Issue , 2003, Pages 221-236

  Nashan, Dorothée ^a   Schwarz, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; CANCER GROWTH FACTOR; CD40 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE; COLLAGEN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOKINE; FIBRONECTIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 1; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VERY LATE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN 1;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BULLOUS SKIN DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS; DERMATOMYOSITIS; DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEMPHIGOID; PEMPHIGUS; PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS; PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SKIN LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS;

PEMPHIGUS;

EID: 0038071788     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_13     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Mutasim DF, Adams BB. A practical guide for serologic evaluation of autoimmune connective tissue diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:159-174.
2. Crowson AN, Magro CM, Dawood MR. A causal role for parvovirus B19 infection in adult dermatomyositis and other autoimmune syndromes. J Cutan Pathol 2000; 27:505-515.
3. Chou TN, Hsu TC, Chen RM et al. Parvovirus B19 infection associated with the production of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and anticardiolipin antibody (aCL). Lupus 2000; 9:551-554.
4. Rowell NR, Goodfield MJD. The connective tissue diseases. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA, Breathnach SM, eds. Rook Wilkinson Ebling. Textbook of Dermatology. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1998:2437-2575.
5. Liossis SN, Tsokos GC. Molecular aspects in the pathogenesis of human systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2000; 48:11-19.
6. Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt G, Rosen A. Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1317-130.
7. Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt GJ, Rosen A. DNA-dependent protein kinase is one of a subset of autoantigens specifically cleaved early during apoptosis. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1625-1634.
8. Inobe J, Slavin AJ, Komagata Y et al. IL-4 is a differentiation factor for transforming growth factor-beta secreting Th3 cells and oral administration of IL-4 enhances oral tolerance in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2780-2790.
9. Kitani A, Chua K, Nakamura K et al. Activated self-MHC-reactive T cells have the cytokine phenotype of Th3/T regulatory cell 1 T cells. J Immunol 2000; 165:691-702.
10. Prud'homme GJ, Piccirillo CA. The inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta1) in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2000; 14:23-42.
11. Crowson AN, Magro C. The cutaneous pathology of lupus erythematosus: A review. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:1-23.
12. Corzillius M, Fortin P, Stucki G. Responsiveness and sensitivity to change of SLE disease activity measures. Lupus 1999; 8:655-659.
13. Brunner HI, Feldman BM, Bombardier C et al. Sensitivity of the Systemic lupus erythematosus Disease Activity Index, British Isles Lupus Assessment Group Index, and Systemic Lupus Activity Measure in the evaluation of clinical change in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42:1354-1360.
14. Grondal G, Guanarsson I, Ronnelid J et al. Cytokine production, serum levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000; 18:565-570.
15. Fortin PR, Abrahamowicz M, Clarke AE et al. Do lupus disease activity measures detect clinically important change? J Rheumatol 2000; 27:1421-1428.
16. Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Kagal A et al. Accurately describing changes in disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2000; 27:377-379.
17. Sun KH, Yu CL, Tang SJ et al. Monoclonal anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibody stimulates the expression and release of IL-1β, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α from normal human mononuclear cells involving in the lupus parhogenesis. Immunology 2000; 99:352-360.
18. Neng-Lai KN, Leung JCK, Lai KB er al. Anti-DNA autoantibodies stimulate the release of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 from endothelial cells. J Pathol 1996; 178:451-475.
19. Davas EM, Tsirogianni A, Kappou I et al. Serum IL-6, TNFalpha, p55, srTNFalpha, p75srTNFalpha, srIL-2alpha levels and disease activity in systemic lupus eryrhematosus. Clin Rheumatol 1999; 18:17-22.
20. Emilie D, Llorente L, Galanaud P. Cytokines and lupus. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1996; 147:480-484.
21. Dean GS, Tyrell-Price J, Crawley E et al. Cytokines and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59:243-251.
22. Steinbach F, Henke F, Krause B et al. Low levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist coincide with kidney involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 2000; 26:1283-1289.
23. Brink I, Thiele B, Burmesrer GR et al. Effects of anri-CD4 antibodies on the release of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in whole blood samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1999; 8:723-730.
24. Jacob CO, Fronik Z, Lewis GD et al. Heritable major histocompatibility complex class II-associated differences in production of tumor necrosis factor alpha: Relevance to genetic predisposition of systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:1233-1237.
25. Trysberg E, Carlsten H, Tarkowski A. Intrathecal cyokines in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system involvement. Lupus 2000; 9:498-503.
26. Horii Y, Iwano M, Hirata E et al. Role of interleukin-6 in the progression of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int Suppl 1993; 39:S71-75.
27. Herrera-Esparza R, Barbosa-Cisneros O, Villalobos-Hurtando R et al. Renal expression of IL-6 and TNF alpha genes in lupus nephritis. Lupus 1998; 7:154-158.
28. Waszczykowska E, Robak E, Wozniacka A et al. Estimation of SLE activity based on the serum level of chosen cytokines and superoxide radical generation. Med Inflamm 1999; 8:93-100.
29. Robak E, Sysa-Jedrzejewska A, Dziankowska B et al. Association of interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 serum levels with systemic lupus erythematosus activity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 1998; 46:375-380.
30. Kirnbauer R, Kock A, Neuner P et al. Regulation of epidermal cell interleukin-6 production by UV light and corti. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96:484-489.
31. Urbanski A, Schwarz T, Neuner P et al. Ultraviolet light induces increased circulating interleukin-6 in humans. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 94:808-811.
32. Pelton BK, Hylton W, Denman AM. Activation of IL-6 production by UV irradiation of blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89:251-254.
33. Nürnberg W, Haas N, Schadendorf D et al. Interleukin-6 expression in the skin of patients with lupus erythematosus. Exp Dermatol 1995; 4:52-57.
34. Kulms D, Schwarz T. Molecular mechanisms of UV-induced apoptosis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2000; 16:195-201.
35. Hefeneider SH, Cornell KA, Brown Le et al. Nucleosomes and DNA bind to specific cell surface molecules on murine cells and induce cytokine production. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 63:245-251.
36. Lacki JK, Leszczynski P, Kelemen J et al. Cytokine concentration in serum of lupus erythematosus patients: the effect on acute phase response. J Med 1997; 28:99-107.
37. Csiszar A, Nagy G, Gergely P et al. Increased interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-10 and decreased 1L-4 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 122:464-470.
38. Houssiau FA, Lefebvre C, Vanden Berghe M et al. Serum interleukin 10 titres in systemic lupus erythematosus reflect disease activity. Lupus 1995; 4:393-395.
39. Park YB, Kim DS, Lee WK et al. Elevated serum interleukin-15 levels in systemic lupus erythematosus. Yonsei Med J 1999; 40:343-348.
40. Linker-Israeli M, Honda M, Nand R et al. Exogenous IL-10 and IL-4 down-regulate IL-6 production by SLE-derived PBMC. Clin Immunol 1999; 91:6-16.
41. Mongan EA, Ramdahin S, Warrington RJ. Interleukin-10 response abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Immunol 1997; 46:406-412.
42. Kitamura M, Suto T, Yokoo T et al. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 is the predominant paracrine inhibitor of macrophage cytokine synthesis produced by glomerular mesangial cells. J Immmunol 1996; 156:2964-2971.
43. Horwitz DA, Gray JD, Ohtsuka K et al. The immunoregulatory effects of NK cells: The role of TGF-beta and implications for autoimmunity. Immunol today 1979; 18:538-542.
44. Ohtsuka K, Gray JD, Stimmler MM et al. Decreased production of TGF-beta by lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 1998; 160:2539-2545.
45. Viallard JF, Pellegrin JL, Ranchin V et al. Th1 (IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)) and Th2 (IL-10, IL-4) cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 115:189-195.
46. Parodi A, Massone C, Cacciapuoti M et al. Measuring the activity of the disease in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermarol 2000; 142:457-460.
47. Haas N, Ryffel B, Le Hir M. IFN-gamma receptor deletion prevents autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone (NZB x NZW) F1 mice. J Immunol 1998; 160:3713-3718.
48. Seery JP, Carroll JM, Cattel V et al. Antinuclear autoantibodies and lupus nephritis in transgenic mice expressing epidermis. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1451-1459.
49. Nagy G, Pallinger E, Antal-Syalmas P et al. Measurement of intracellular interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in whole blood T lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythemarosus. Immunol Lett 2000; 74:207-210.
50. Toro JR, Finlay D, Dou X et al. Detection of type 1 cytokines in discoid lupus erythemarosus. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136:1497-1501.
51. Jones BM, Liu T, Wong RW. Reduced in vitro production of interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-12 and increased production of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus. Weak correlations of cytokine production with disease activity. Autoimmunity 1999; 31:117-124.
52. Liu TF, Jones BM. Impaired production of IL-12 in systemic lupus erythematosus. II IL-12 production in vitro is correlated negatively with serum IL-12, positively with serum IFN-gamma and negatively with disease activity in SLE. Cytokines 1998; 10:148-153.
53. Weber JC, Korganow AS, Ginsbourger M et al. Soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Presse Med 1998; 27:1941-1945.
54. Wolf RE, Brelsford WG. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31:729-735.
55. Wong CK, Ho CY, Li EK et al. Elevation of proinflammatory cytokine (IL-18, IL-17, IL-12) and Th2 cytokine (IL-4) concentrations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2000; 9:589-593.
56. Wong CK, Li EK, Ho CY et al. Elevation of plasma interleukin-18 concentration is correlated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology 2000; 39:1078-1081.
57. Funauchi M, Ikoma S, Enomoto H et al. Decreased Th1-like and increased Th2-like cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27:219-224.
58. Carvalho D, Savage Cos, Black CM et al. IgG antiendothelial cell autoantibodies from scleroderma patients induce leukocyte adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Induction of adhesion molecules expression and involvement of endothelium-derived cytokines. J Clin Invest 1996; 101:2029-2035.
59. Harvey GR, McHugh NJ. Serologic abnormalities in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1999; 11:495-502.
60. Falkner D, Wilson J, Fertig N et al. Studies of HLA-DR and DQ alleles in systemic sclerosis patients with autoantibodies to RNA polymerases and U3-RNP (fibrillarin). J Rheumatol 2000; 27:1196-1202.
61. Ignotz R, Massague J. Transforming growth factor beta stimulates the expression of fibronectin and collagen and the incorporation into the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:4337-4345.
62. Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Assoian RK et al. Transforming growth factor type beta: Rapid induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis in vivo and stimulation of collagen formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83:4167-4171.
63. Fertin C, Nicolas JF, Gillery P et al. Interleukin-4 stimulates collagen synthesis by normal and scleroderma fibroblasts in dermal equivalents. Cell Mol Biol 1991; 37:823-329.
64. Postlethwaite AE, Holness MA, Katai H et al. Human fibroblasts synthesize elevated levels of extracellular matrix proteins in response to interleukin 4. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:1479-1485.
65. Le Roy EC. The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1989; 7:S135-137.
66. Kulozik M, Hogg A, Lankat-Buttgereit B et al. Colocalization of transforming growth factor beta2 with alpha 1(I) procollagen mRNA in tissue sections of patients with systemic sclerosis. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:917-922.
67. Teunisen MB, Koomen CW, de Waal Malefyt R et al. Interleukin-17 and interferon-gamma synergize in the enhancement of proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:645-649.
68. Albanesi C, Cavani A, Girolomoni G. IL-17 is produced by nickel-specific T lymphocytes and regulates ICAM-1 expression and chemokine production in human keratinocytes: Synergistic or antagonistic effects with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. J Immunol 1999; 162:494-502.
69. Albanesi C, Scarponi C, Cavani A et al. Interleukin-17 is produced by both Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, and modulates interferon-gamma- and interleukin-4 induced activation of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:81-87.
70. Kurasawa K, Hirose K, Sano H et al. Increased interleukin-17 production in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:2455-2460.
71. Kawaguchi Y, Hara M, Wright TM. Endogenous IL-1alpha from systemic sclerosis fibroblasts induces IL-6 and PDGF-A. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:1253-1260.
72. Needleman BW, Wigley FM, Stair RW. Interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon-gamma levels in sera from patients with scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35:67-72.
73. Gruss C, Reed JA, Altmeyer P et al. Induction of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) by UVA-1 phototherapy in morphea fibroblasts. Lancet 1997; 350:1295-1296.
74. Wlaschek M, Heinen G, Poswig A et al. UVA-induced autocrine stimulation of fibroblast-derived collagenase/MMP-1 by interrelated loops of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. Photochem Photobiol 1994; 59:550-556.
75. Yamamoto T, Eckes B, Krieg T. Effect of interleukin-10 on the gene expression of type I collagen, fibronectin, and decorin in human skin fibroblasts: differential regulation by transforming growth factor-beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:200-205.
76. Cotton SA, Herrick AL, Jayson MI et al. TGF beta - A role in systemic sclerosis? J Pathol 1998; 184:4-6.
77. Kawakami T, Ihn H, Xu W et al. Increased expression of TGF-beta receptors by scleroderma fibroblasts: Evidence for contribution of autocrine TGF-beta signaling to scleroderma phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110:47-51.
78. Susol E, Rands AL, Herrick A et al. Association of markers for TGFbeta3, TGFbeta2 and TIMP1 with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2000; 39:1332-1336.
79. Jelaska A, Korn JH. Role of apoptosis and transforming growth factor beta 1 in fibroblast selection and activation in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:2230-2239.
80. Abraham DJ, Shiwen X, Black CM et al. Tumour necrosis factor alpha suppresses the induction of connective tissue growth factor by transforming growth factor-beta in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:15220-15225.
81. Haustein UF, Anderegg U. Pathophysiology of scleroderma: An update. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11:1-8.
82. Makhluf HA, Stepniakowska J, Hoffman S et al. IL-4 upregulates tenascin synthesis in scleroderma and healthy skin fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107:856-859.
83. Rozman B, Bozic B, Kos-Golja M et al. Immunoserological aspects of idiopathic inflammatory muscle disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2000; 112:722-727.
84. Sugiura T, Kawaguchi Y, Harigai M et al. Increased CD40 expression on muscle cells of polymyositis and dermatomyositis: Role of CD40-CD40 ligand interaction in IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production. J Immunol 2000; 164:6503-6600.
85. Lundberg I, Kratz AK, Alexanderson H et al. Decreased expression of interleukin-lalpha, interleukin-1beta, and cell adhesion molecules in muscle tissue following corticosteroid treatment in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:336-348.
86. Nagaraju K, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A et al. The inhibition of apoptosis in myositis and in normal muscle cells. J Immunol 2000; 164:5459-5465.
87. Behrens L, Bender A, Johnson MA et al. Cytotoxic mechanisms in inflammatory myopathies: Co-expression of Fas and protective Bcl-2 in muscle fibres and inflammatory cells. Brain 1997; 120:929-938.
88. Choi YC, Dalakas MC. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the muscle of patients with inflammatory myopathies. Neurology 2000; 54:65-71.
89. Dalakas MC. Molecular immunology and genetics of inflammatory muscle diseases. Arch Neutol 1998; 55:1509-1512.
90. Fan JL, Memat O, McCormick DJ et al. BALB/c mice produce blister-causing antibodies upon immunization with a recombinant human desmoglein3. J Immunol 1999; 163:6228-6235.
91. Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Watanabe K et al. A case of pemphigus vulgaris showing reactivity with pemphigus antigens (Dsg1 and Dsg3) and desmocollins. J Invest Detmatol 1995; 104:541-544.
92. Harman KE, Gratian MJ, Bhogal BS et al. A study of desmoglein 1 antoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris: Racial differences in frequency and the association with a more severe phenotype. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:343-348.
93. Yancey KB. From bedside to bench and back. Arch Dermatol 1994; 130:983-987.
94. Hertl M, Riechers R. Analysis of the T cells that are potentially involved in autoantibody production in pemphigus vulgaris. J Dermatol 1999; 26:748-752.
95. Hertl M. Humoral and cellular autoimmunity in autoimmune bullous skin disorders. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000; 122:91-100.
96. Wucherpfennig KW, Yu B, Bhol K et al. Structural basis for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked susceptibility to autoimmunity: charged residues of a single MHC binding pocket confer selective presentation of self-peptides in pemphigus vulgaris. Immunol 1995; 92:11935-11939.
97. Lin MS, Swartz SL, Lopez A et al. Development and characterization of desmoglein-3 specific T cells from patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:31-40.
98. Nishifuji K, Amagai M, Kuwana M et al. Detection of antigen-specific B cells in patients with pemphigus vulgaris by enzyme-linked immunospot assay: Requirement of T cell collaboration for autoantibody production. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 112:88-94.
99. Kricheli D, David M, Frusic-Zlotkin M et al. The distribution of pemphigus vulgaris-IgG subclasses and their reactivity with desmoglein 3 and 1 in pemphigus patients and their first-degree relatives. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:337-342.
100. Hertl M, Amagai M, Sundaram H et al. Recognition of desmoglein 3 by autoreactive T cells in pemphigus vulgaris patients and normals. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110:62-66.
101. Feliciani C, Toto P, America P et al. In vitro and in vivo expression of interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in pemphigus vulgaris: Interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are involved in acantholysis. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:71-77.
102. D'Auria L, Bonifati C, Mussi A et al. Cytokines in the sera of patients with pemphigus vulgaris: interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels are significantly increased as compared to healthy subjects and correlate with disease activity. Eur Cytokine Network 1997; 8:383-387.
103. Toto P, Feliciani C, Amerio P et al. Immune modulation in Pemphigus vulgaris: Role of CD28 and IL-10. J Immunol 2000; 164:522-529.
104. Bhol KC, Rojas AI, Khan IU et al. Presence of interleukin 10 in the serum and blister fluid of patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigoid. Cytokine 2000; 12:1076-1083.
105. Lin MS, Fu CL, Aoki V et al. Desmoglein-1-speciflc T lymphocytes from patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). J Clin Invest 2000; 105:207-213.
106. Lin MS, Fu CL, Giudice GJ et al. Epitopes targeted by bullous pemphigoid T lymphocytes and autoantibodies map to the same sites on the bullous pemphigoid 180 ectodomain. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:955-961.
107. Hata Y, Fujii Y, Tsunoda K et al. Production of the entire extracellular domain of BP180 (type XVII collagen) by baculovirus expression. J Dermatol Sci 2000; 23:183-190.
108. Christophoridis S, Budinger L, Borradori L et al. IgG, IgA and IgE autoantibodies against the ectodomain of BP180 in patients with bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid and linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:349-355.
109. Roh JY, Yee C, Lazarova Z et al. The 120kDa soluble ectodomain of type XVII collagen is recognized by autoantibodies in patients with pemphigoid and linear IgA dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:104-111.
110. Kromminga A, Scheckenbach C, Georgi M et al. Patients with bullous pemphigoid and linear IgA disease show a dual IgA and IgG autoimmune response to BP180. J Autoimmun 2000; 15:293-300.
111. Zillikens D, Herzele K, Georgi M et al. Autoantibodies in a subgroup of patients with linear IgA disease react with the NC16A domain of BP180. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:947-953.
112. Zillikens D, Mascaro JM, Rose PA et al. A highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of circulating anti-BP180 autoantibodies in patients with bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 109:679-683.
113. Liu Z, Diaz LA, Troy JL et al. A passive transfer model of the organ-specific autoimmune disease, bullous pemphigoid, using antibodies generated against the hemidesmosomal antigen, BP180. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2480-2488.
114. Schmidt E, Reimer S, Kruse N et al. Autoantibodies to BP180 associated with bullous pemphigoid release interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 from cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:842-848.
115. Büdinger L, Borradori L, Yee C et al. Identification and characterization of autoreactive T cell responses to bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 in patients and healthy controls. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:2082-2089.
116. Zillikens D, Schuessler M, Dummer R et al. Tumour necrosis factor in blister fluids of bullous pemphigoid. Eur J Dermatol 1992; 2:429-431.
117. Zillikens D, Ambach A, Schuesller M et al. The interleukin-2 receptor in lesions and serum of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol Res 1992; 184:141-145.
118. Grando SA, Glukhenky BT, Drannik GN et al. Mediators of inflammation in blister fluids from patients with pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1989; 125:925-930.
119. Kaneko F, Minagawa T, Takiguchi Y et al. Role of cell-mediated immune reaction in blister formation of bullous pemphigoid. Dermatology 1992; 184:34-39.
120. Schmidt E, Mittnacht A, Schömig H et al. Detection of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist in blister fluid of bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Science 1996; 11:142-147.
121. Rhodes LE, Hashim IA, McLaughlin PJ et al. Blister fluid cytokines in cutaneous inflammatory bullous disorders. Acta Derm Venerol 1999; 79:288-290.
122. Schmidt E, Bastian B, Dummer R et al. Detection of elevated levels of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in blister fluid of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288:353-357.
123. Schmidt E, Ambach A, Bastian B et al. Elevated levels of interleukin-8 in blister fluid of bullous pemphigoid compared with suction blisters of healthy control subjects. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:310-312.
124. Sun CC, Wu J, Wong TT et al. High levels of interleukin-8, soluble CD4 and soluble CD8 in bullous pemphigoid blister fluid. The relationship between local cytokine production and lesional T-cell activities. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:1235-1240.
125. De Pita O, Frezzolini A, Cianchini G et al. T-helper 2 involvement in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid: role of soluble CD30 (sCD30). Arch Dermatol Res 1997; 289:667-670.
126. Endo H, Iwamoto I, Fujita M et al. Increased immunoreactive interleukin-5 levels in blister fluids of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol Res 1992; 284:312-314.
127. Engineer L, Bhol K, Kumari S et al. Bullous pemphigoid: Interaction of interleukin5, anti-basement membrane zone antibodies and eosinophils. A preliminary observation. Cytokine 2001; 13:32-38.
128. Wakugawa M, Nakamura K, Hino H et al. Elevated levels of eotaxin and interleukin-5 in blister fluid of bullous pemphigoid: Correlation with tissue eosinophilia. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:112-116.
129. Rico MJ, Benning C, Weingart ES et al. Characterization of skin cytokines in bullous pemphigiod and pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140:1079-1086.
130. Eming R, Budinger L, Riechers R et al. Frequency analysis of autoreactive T-helper 1 and 2 cells in bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:1279-1292.
131. Wilson AG, Clay FE, Crane AM et al. Comparative genetic association of human leukocyte antigen class II and tumour necrosis factor-alpha with dermatitis herpetiformis. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:856-858.
132. Graeber M, Baker BS, Garioch JJ et al. The role of cytokines in the generation of skin lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol 1993; 129:530-532.
133. Smith AD, Baheri B, Steilein RD et al. Expression of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma in the small bowel of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and isolated gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44:2124-2132.
134. Hall RP, Smith AD, Streilein RD. Increased production of IL-4 by gut T-cell lines from patients with dermatitis herpetiformis compared to patients with isolated gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:2036-2043.
135. Caproni M, Feliciani C, Fuligni A et al. Th2-like cytokine activity in dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138:242-247.
136. Desreumaux P, Delaporte E, Colombel JF et al. Similar IL-5, IL-3,and GM-CSF syntheses by eosinophils in the jejunal mucosa of patients with celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 88:14-21.
137. Amerio P, Verdolini R, Giangiacomi M et al. Expression of eotaxin, interleukin 13 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:974-978.
138. Jonsson CA, Erlandsson M, Svensson L et al. Mycophenolate mofitil ameliorates perivasular T lymphocyte inflammation and reduces the double-negative T cell population in SLE-prone MRLlpr/lpr mice. Cell Immunol 1999; 197:136-144.
139. Turner MS, Sutton D, Sauder DN. The use of plasmapheresis and immunosuppression in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:1058-1064.
140. Wolf R, Orni-Wasserlauf R. A century of the synthesis of dapsone: its anti-infective capacity now and then. Pharmacology and therapeutics 2000; 39:779-783.
141. Walchner M, Meurer M, Plewig G et al. Clinical and immunologic parameters during thalidomide treatment of lupus erythematosus. Pharmacology and therapeutics 2000; 39:383-388.
142. Engineer L, Bhol K, Razzaque Ahmed A. Analysis of current data on the use of intravenous immunoglobulins in management of pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:1049-1057.
143. Faulds D, Goa KL, Benfield P. Cyclosporin. A Rewiew of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in immunoregulatory disorders. Drugs 1993; 45:953-1040.
144. Follath F, Fontana A, Leumann E et al. Ciclosporin bei Autoimmmunkrankheiten. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1994; 124:1232-1239.
145. Finck BK, Chan B, Wofsy D. Interleukin 6 promotes murine lupus in NZB/NZW F1 mice. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:585-591
146. Peng SL, Moslehi J, Craft J. Role of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in murine lupus. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:1936-1940.
147. Lawson BR, Prud'homme GJ, Chang Y et al. Treatment of murine lupus with cDNA encoding IFN-gammaR/Fc. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:207-215.
148. Leeb BF, Sautner J. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy as a new option in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? Wien Med Wochenschr 1999; 149:554-557.
149. Prud'homme GJ. Gene therapy of autoimmune diseases with vectors encoding regulatory cytokines or inflammatory cytokine inhibitors. J Gene Med 2000; 2:222-232.