Adaptationism, exaptationism, and evolutionary behavioral science

Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 534-553

  Andrews, Paul W ^a   Gangestad, Steven W ^a   Matthews, Dan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; EVOLUTIONARY HOMOLOGY; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; MALADJUSTMENT; METHODOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SOCIETY;

EID: 0038012255     PISSN: 0140525X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X02530090     Document Type: Review

References (396)

1. Adolphs, R. (2001) The neurobiology of social cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11:231-39.
2. Alcock, J. (1987) Letter to editor. Natural History 96:4.
3. Alcock, J. (1988) The kookaburras' song Exploring animal behavior in Australia. The University of Arizona Press.
4. Alcock, J. (1998) Unpunctuated equilibrium in the Natural History essays of Stephen Jay Gould. Evolution and Human Behavior 19:321-36.
5. Alcock, J. (2001) The triumph of sociobiology. Oxford University Press.
6. Alexander, R. (1987) The biology of moral systems. Aldine de Gruyter.
7. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. American Psychiatric Association.
8. Arnqvist, G., Edvardsson, M., Friberg, U. & Nilsson, T. (2000) Sexual conflict promotes speciation in insects. proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97(19):10460-464.
9. Atran, S. (1998) Folk biology and the anthropology of science: Cognitive universals and cultural particulars. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:547-69.
10. Atran, S. (2001) A cheater detection module? Evolution and Cognition 7:183-93.
11. Atran, S. (2002) In gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion. Oxford University Press.
12. Atran, S. & Lois, X. (2001) Reply to Shanker. Current Anthropology 42:498-500.
13. Atran, S., Medin, D., Lynch, E., Vapnarsky, V., Ucan Ek', E. & Sousa, P. (2001) Folkbiology doesn't come from folkpsychology. Journal of Cognition and Culture 1:3-42.
14. Atz, J. W. (1970) The application of the idea of homology to behavior. In: Development and evolution of behavior, ed. L. R. Aronson, E. Tobach, D. S. Lehrman & J. S. Rosenblatt. W. H. Freeman.
15. Au, T. & Rome, L. (1999) Mechanical causality in children's "folkbiology." in: Folkbiology, ed. D. Medin & S. Atran. MIT Press.
16. Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1,390-94.
17. Baillargeon, R. (1987) Young infants' reasoning about the physical and spatial properties of a hidden object. Cognitive Development 2:179-200.
18. Baker, R. J., Novacek, M. J. & Simmons, N. B. (1991) On the monophyly of bats. Systematic Zoology 40:216-31.
19. Baker, R. R. & Bellis, M. A. (1993) Human sperm competition: Ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm. Animal Behaviour 46:887-909.
20. Baker, R. R. & Bellis, M. A. (1995) Human sperm competition. Chapman and Hall.
21. Barkely, R. A. (2001) More on the evolution of ADHD. ADHD Report 7:1-5.
22. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., eds. (1992) The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press.
23. Barrett, L., Dunbar, R. & Lycett, J. (2002) Human evolutionary psychology. Princeton University Press.
24. Barton, R. A. (1999) The evolutionary ecology of the primate brain. In: Primate socioecology, ed. P.C. Lee. Cambridge, University Press.
25. Barton, R. A. (2001) The coordinated structure of mosaic brain evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:281-82.
26. Bechtel, W. & Richardson, R. (1993) Discovering complexity: Decomposition and localization as strategies in scientific research. Princeton University Press.
27. Bellis, M. A. & Baker, R. R. (1990) Do females promote sperm competition? Data for humans. Animal Behaviour 40:997-99.
28. Blackburn, D. G. (1992) Convergent evolution of viviparity, matrotrophy, and specializations for fetal nutrition in reptiles and other vertebrates. American Zoologist 32:313-21.
29. Blackburn, D. G. (1993) Lactation: Historical patterns and potential for manipulation. Journal of Dairy Science 76(3):195-212.
30. Blackburn, D. G. (1998) Structure, function, and evolution of the oviducts of squamate reptiles, with special reference to viviparity and placentation. Journal of Experimental Zoology 282:560-617.
31. Blackburn, D. G. (1999) Viviparity and oviparity: Evolution and reproductive strategies. In: Encyclopedia of Reproduction, ed. T.E. Knobil & J.D. Neill. Academic Press.
32. Blackburn, D. G. (2000) Viviparity: Past research, future directions, and appropriate models. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 127:391-409.
33. Blaicher, W., Gruber, D., Bieglmayer, C., Blaicher, A.M., Knogler, W. & Huber, J.C. (1999) The role of oxytocin in relation to female sexual arousal. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 47:125-26.
34. Blurton Jones, N. (1986) Bushman birth spacing: A test for optimal interbirth intervals. Ethology and Sociobiology 7:91-105.
35. Blurton Jones, N. (1987) Bushman birth spacing: Direct tests of some simple predictions. Ethology and Sociobiology 8:183-203.
36. Blurton Jones, N. & Sibly, R. M. (1978) Testing adaptiveness of culturally determined behaviour: Do Bushman women maximise their reproductive success by spacing births widely and foraging seldom? In: Human Behaviour and Adaptation, ed. N. Blurton Jones & V. Reynolds. Taylor and Francis.
37. Borgia, G. (1994) The scandals of San Marco. Quarterly Review of Biology 69:373-75.
38. Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment and loss. In: J. Bowlby, Attachment, vol. 1. Basic Books.
39. Boyer, P. (1998) Cognitive tracks of cultural inheritance: How evolved intuitive ontology governs cultural transmission. American Anthropologist 100:876-89.
40. Boyer, P. (2000) Evolutionary psychology and cultural transmission. American Behavioral Scientist 43:987-1000.
41. Brase, G. L. (2002a) "Bugs" built into the system: An evolutionary explanation for developmental difficulties in learning about fractions. Learning and Individual Differences 12:391-409.
42. Brase, G. L. (2002b) Which statistical formats facilitate what decisions? The perception and influence of different statistical information formats. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 15:381-401.
43. Brase, G. L., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1998) Individuation, counting, and statistical inference: The roles of frequency and whole object representations in judgments under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 127:3-21.
44. Brooks, D. R. & McLennan, D. A. (1991) Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior. A research program in comparative biology. University of Chicago Press.
45. Brooks, D. R. & McLennan, D. A. (2002) The nature of diversity. An evolutionary voyage of discovery. University of Chicago Press.
46. Brown, D. & Boysen, S. (2000) Spontaneous discrimination of natural stimuli by chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114:392-400.
47. Brown, W. M. (2001a) Genomic imprinting and the cognitive architecture mediating human culture. Journal of Cognition and Culture 1:251-58.
48. Brown, W. M. (2001b) Genomic imprinting and culture in mammals. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:328-29.
49. Brush, S. G. (1989) Prediction and theory evaluation: The case of light bending. Science 246:1124-29.
50. Brush, S. G. (1994) Dynamics of theory change: The role of predictions. Philosophy of Science Association 2:133-45.
51. Burnstein, E., Crandall, C. & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some neo-Darwinian decision rules for altruism: Weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:773-89.
52. Burt, A. & Trivers, R. L. (1998) Genetic conflicts in genomic imprinting. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265:2393-97.
53. Buss, D. M. (1995) Evolutionary psychology: A new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry 6:1-30.
54. Buss, D. M., Haselton. M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L. & Wakefield, J. C. (1998) Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. American Psychologist 53:533-48.
55. Campbell, D. T. (1990) Levels of organization, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology. In: Theories of the evolution of knowing, ed. G. Greenberg & E. Tobach. Erlbaum.
56. Carey, S. (1985) Conceptual change in childhood. MIT Press.
57. Carpenter, J. M. (1989) Testing scenarios: Wasp social behavior. Cladistics 5:131-44.
58. Charnov, E. L. (1982) The theory of sex allocation. Princeton University Press.
59. Charnov, E. L. (1993) Life history invariants. Oxford University Press.
60. Chen, C., Burton, M., Greenberger, E. & Dmitrieva, J. (1999) Migration, ADHD and DRD4. Evolution and Human Behavior 20:309-14,
61. Cherniak, C. (1995) Neural Component placement. Trends in Neuroscience 18:522-27.
62. Chomsky, N. (2000) Minimalist inquiries. In: Step by step, ed. R. Martin, D. Michaels & J. Uriagereka. MIT Press.
63. Ciba Foundation (1997) Characterizing human psychological adaptations (Ciba Foundation Symposium 208). Wiley.
64. Claveric, J. M. (2001) Gene number. What if there are only 30,000 human genes? Science 291:1255-57.
65. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1982) The functions of antlers. Behaviour 79:108-25.
66. Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Harvey, P. H. (1984) Comparative approaches to investigating adaptation. In: Behavioural ecology, An evolutionary approach, ed. J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies. Blackwell.
67. Coddington, J. A. (1988) Cladistic tests of adaptational hypotheses. Cladistics 4:3-22.
68. Coddington, J. A. (1990) Bridges between evolutionary pattern and process. Cladistics 6:379-86.
69. Collier, D., Curran, S. & Asherson, P. (2000) Mission: Not impossible? Candidate gene studies in child psychiatric disorders. Molecular Psychiatry 5:457-60.
70. Conway, L. G. & Schaller, M. (2002) On the verifiability of evolutionary psychological theories: An analysis of the psychology of scientific persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Review 6:152-66.
71. Corey, M. A. (1993) God and the new cosmology: The anthropic design argument. Rowan & Littlefield.
72. Corning, W. R. & Biewener, A. A. (1998) In vivo strains in pigeon flight feather shafts: Implications for structural design. Journal of Experimental Biology 201(22):3057-66.
73. Cosmides, L. (1989) The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition 31:187-276.
74. Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1992) Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby. Oxford University Press.
75. Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1995) Beyond intuition and instinct blindness: Toward an evolutionarily rigorous cognitive science. Cognition 50:41-77.
76. Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1996) Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty. Cognition 58:1-73.
77. Crawford, C. B. (1998a) Environments and adaptations: Then and now. In: Handbook of evolutionary psychology: Ideas, issues, and applications, ed. C. Crawford & D. Krebs. Erlbaum.
78. Crawford, C. B. (1998b) The theory of evolution in the study of human behaviour: An introduction and overview. In: Handbook of evolutionary psychology. Ideas, issues and applications, ed. C. Crawford & D. Krebs. Erlbaum.
79. Cronin, H. (1993) The ant and the peacock. Cambridge University Press.
80. Cummins, D. D. & Cummins, R. (1999) Biological preparedness and evolutionary explanation. Cognition 73:B37-B53.
81. Daly, M. (1991) Natural selection doesn't have goals, but it's the reason organisms do. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:219-20.
82. Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1995) Evolutionary psychology: Adaptationist, selectionist, and comparative. Psychological Inquiry 6:34-38.
83. Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1999) Human evolutionary psychology and animal behaviour. Animal Behaviour 57:509-19.
84. Damasio, A. (1994) Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. Grossett/Putnam.
85. Darwin, C. (1859) On the origin of species. Murray.
86. Darwin, C. (1874) Origin of species, 2nd edition. Royal Society of Medicine.
87. Davies, P. S. (1996) Discovering the functional mesh: On the methods of evolutionary psychology. Minds and Machines 6:559-85.
88. Davies, P. S. (1999) The conflict of evolutionary psychology. In: Where biology meets psychology: Philosophical essays, ed.V. G. Hardcastle. MIT Press.
89. Davies, P. S. (2001) Norms of nature: Naturalism and the nature of functions. MIT Press.
90. Dawkins, R. (1982/1983) The extended phenotype: The gene as the unit of selection. 1982 edition, Freeman. 1983 edition, Oxford University Press.
91. Dawkins, R. (1986) The blind watchmaker. Oxford University Press.
92. Deleporte, P. (1993) Characters, attributes and tests of evolutionary scenarios. Cladistics 9:427-32.
93. Dennett, D. C. (1995) Darwin's dangerous idea: Evolution and the meanings of life. Simon and Schuster.
94. Dennett, D. C. (1997) Darwinian fundamentalism: An exchange. New York Review of Books 44(14):64-65.
95. Dessureau, B. K., Olson, C. & Thompson, N. S. (1998) A reassessment of the role of pitch and duration in adults' responses to infant crying. Infant Behavior and Development 21(2):367-71.
96. Dickins, T. E. & Dickins, D. W. (2001) Symbols, stimulus equivalence and the origins of language. Behaviour and Philosophy 29:221-44.
97. Ding, Y. C., Chi, H. C., Grady, D. L., Morishima, A., Kidd, J. R., Kidd, K. K., Flodman, P., Spence, M. A., Schuck, S., Swanson, J. M., Zhang, Y. P. & Moyzis, R. K. (2002) Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine receptor D4 gene locus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 99(1):309-14.
98. Dobzhansky, T. (1951) Genetics and the origin of species, 3rd edition. Columbia University Press.
99. Drewnowski, A. (1997) Taste preferences and food intake. Annual Review of Nutrition 17:237-53.
100. Duchaine, B., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2001) Evolutionary psychology and the brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11:225-30.
101. Durrant, R. & Haig, B. D. (2001) How to pursue the adaptationist program in psychology. Philosophical Psychology 14:357-80.
102. Eldredge, N. & Cracraft, J. (1980) Phylogenetic patterns and the evolutionary process. Columbia University Press.
103. Eldredge, N. & Gould, S. J. (1972) Punctuated equilibrium: An alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Models in paleobiology, ed. T. J. M. Schopf. Freeman.
104. Ellegren, H., Gustafsson, L. & Sheldon, B. C. (1996) Sex ratio adjustment in relation to paternal attractiveness in a wild bird population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93:11723-28.
105. Enard, W., Przeworski, M., Fisher, S., Lai, C., Wiebe, V., Kitano, T., Monaco, A. & Pääbo, S. (2002) Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 418:869-72.
106. Evans J. St. B. T., Handley, S. J., Perham, N., Over, D. E. & Thompson, V. A. (2000) Frequency versus probability formats in statistical word problems. Cognition 77:197-213.
107. Falcon, R. G., Ku, Y. L. K., Elfenbein, D., Webster, K. L., Sokol, R. I., Stevens, D. A. & Thompson, N. S. (2002) Adult perception of infant cries: A multidimensional analysis identifying salient features and associated acoustic characteristics (submitted).
108. Faraone, S., Doyle, A., Mick, E. & Biederman, J. (2001) Meta-analysis of the association between the dopamine D4 gene 7-repeat allele and ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry 158:1052-57.
109. Fiddick, L., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2000) No interpretation without representation: The role of domain-specific representations in the Wason selection task. Cognition 77:1-79.
110. Finlay, B. L. & Darlington, R. B. (1995) Linked regularities in the development and evolution of the mammalian brain. Science 268:1578-84.
111. Finlay, B. L., Darlington, R. B. & Nicastro, N. (2001) Developmental structure in brain evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:298-308.
112. Fitch, W. T. & Reby, D. (2001) The descended larynx is not uniquely human. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 268:1669-75.
113. Flavell, J. H. (1999) Cognitive development: Children's knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology 50:21-45.
114. Flinn, M. V. (1997) Culture and the evolution of social learning. Evolution and Human Behavior 18:23-67.
115. Fodor, J. (2001) Review of Evolution of the human mind. British Journal of the Philosophy of Science 52:623-28.
116. Foley, R. (1996) The adaptive legacy of human evolution: A search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. Evolutionary Anthropology 4(6):194-203.
117. Foroud, A. & Pellis, S. M. (2002) The development of "roughness" in the play fighting of rats: A Laban Movement Analysis perspective. Developmental Psychobiology 42:35-43.
118. Fossella, J. A., Sommer, T., Fan, J., Wu, Y., Swanson, J. M., Pfaff, D. W. & Posner, M. I. (2002) Assessing the molecular genetics of attention networks. BMC Neuroscience 3:14.
119. Fox, C. A., Wolff, H. S. & Baker, J. A. (1970) Measurement of intra-vaginal and intra-uterine pressures during human coitus by radio-telemetry. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 22:243-51.
120. Frank, S. A. (1995) The origin of synergistic symbiosis. Journal of Theoretical Biology 176:403-10.
121. Frank, S. A. (1997) Developmental selection and self-organization. BioSystems 40:237-43.
122. Freyer, C. & Zeller, U. (2001) Early ontogeny and placentation of the grey short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae: Marsupialia): Contributions to the reconstruction of the marsupial morphotype. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 39:137-58.
123. Futuyama, D. (1986) Evolutionary biology, 2nd edition. Sinauer.
124. Gallistel, C. R. (1990) The organization of learning. MIT Press.
125. Gangestad, S. W. & Buss, D. M. (1993) Pathogen prevalence and human mate preferences. Ethology and Sociobiology 14:89-96.
126. Gangestad, S. W. & Thornhill, R. (1997a) Human sexual selection and developmental stability. In: Evolutionary social psychology, ed. J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick. Erlbaum.
127. Gangestad, S. W. & Thornhill, R. (1997b) The evolutionary psychology of extrapair sex: The role of fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution and Human Behavior 18:69-88.
128. Gangestad, S. W. & Thornhill, R. (1998) Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 265:727-33.
129. Gangestad, S. W., Thornhill, R. & Garver, C. (2001) Changes in women's sexual interests and their partners' mate retention tactics across the menstrual cycle: Evidence for shifting conflicts of interest (unpublished manuscript).
130. Gangestad, S. W. & Yeo, R. A. (1997) Behavioral genetic variation, adaptation, and maladaptation: An evolutionary perspective. Trends in Cognitive Science 1:103-108.
131. Gans, C. (1988) Adaptation and the form-function relation. American Zoologist 28:681-97.
132. Garcia, J., Hankins, W. G. & Rusiniak, K. W. (1974) Behavioral regulation of the milieu interne in man and rat. Science 185:824-31.
133. Geary, D. C. (1995) Reflection of evolution and culture in children's cognition: Implications for mathematical development and instruction. American Psychologist 50:24-37.
134. Geary, D. C. & Lin J. (1998) Numerical cognition: Age-related differences in the speed of executing biologically primary and biologically secondary processes. Experimental Aging Research 24:101-37.
135. Gehring, W. (1998) Master control genes in developmental evolution. Yale University Press.
136. Gerhart, J. & Kirschner, M. (1997) Cells, embryos, and evolution: Toward a cellular and developmental understanding of phenotypic variation and evolutionary adaptability. Blackwell.
137. Getty, T. (2002) Signaling health versus parasites. American Naturalist 159:363-71.
138. Gigerenzer, G. & Hoffrage, U. (1995) How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: Frequency formats. Psychological Review 102:684-704.
139. Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P. M. & The ABC Research Group (1999) Simple heuristics that make us smart. Oxford University Press.
140. Gill, F. (1990) Ornithology. W. H. Freeman.
141. Girotto, V. & Gonzalez, M. (2001) Solving probabilistic and statistical problems: A matter of information structure and question form. Cognition 78:247-76.
142. Glassman, M. (1996) The argument for constructivism. American Psychologist 51:264-65.
143. Goldstein, S. & Barkley, R. A. (1998) ADHD, hunting, and evolution: "Just so" stories. ADHD Report 6(5):1-4.
144. Gomez, R. L. & Gerken, L. (2000) Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:178-86.
145. Gould, S. J. (1977) Ever since Darwin. W. W. Norton.
146. Gould, S. J. (1978) Sociobiology: The art of story telling. New Scientist 16:530-33.
147. Gould, S. J. (1980) The panda's thumb. W. W. Norton.
148. Gould, S. J. (1983) Hens' teeth and horse's toes. W. W. Norton.
149. Gould, S. J. (1984) Only his wrings remained. Natural History 93(9):10-18.
150. Gould, S. J. (1985) The flamingo's smile. W. W. Norton.
151. Gould, S. J. (1987) Freudian slip. Natural History 94(2):14-21.
152. Gould, S. J. (1989a) A developmental constraint in Cerion, with comments on the definition of constraint in evolution. Evolution 43:516-39.
153. Gould, S. J. (1989b) Wonderful life: The Burgess Shale and the nature of history. Norton.
154. Gould, S. J. (1991a) Exaptation: A crucial tool for evolutionary psychology. Journal of Social Issues 47:43-65.
155. Gould, S. J. (1991b) Bully for brontosaurus. Norton.
156. Gould, S. J. (1997a) Darwinian fundamentalism. New York Review of Books 44(10):34-37.
157. Gould, S. J. (1997b) Darwinian fundamentalism: An exchange. New York Review of Books 44(14):65.
158. Gould, S. J. (1997c) Evolution: The pleasures of pluralism. New York Review of Books 44(11):47-52.
159. Gould, S. J. (1997d) Evolutionary psychology: An exchange. New York Review of Books 44(15):56-58.
160. Gould, S. J. (1997e) The exaptive excellence of spandrels as a term and prototype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 94:10750-755.
161. Gould, S. J. (2002) The structure of evolutionary theory. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
162. Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 205:581-98.
163. Gould, S. J. & Vrba, E. S. (1982) Exaptation: A missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8:4-15.
164. Grady, D. L., Chi, H. C., Ding, Y. C., Smith, M., Wang, E., Schuck, S., Flodman, P., Spoence, M. A., Swanson, J. M. & Moyzis, R. (2002) High prevalence of rare dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) alleles in children with ADHD (submitted).
165. Grafen, A. (1990) Sexual selection unhandicapped by the Fisher process. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144:473-516.
166. Grandcolas, P. (1997) The origin of biodiversity in insects. Phylogenetic tests of evolutionary scenarios. Mém. Mus. Natnl. Hist. nat. 173:1-345.
167. Grandcolas, P., Deleporte, P. & Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1994) Why use phylogeny in evolutionary ecology? Acta Oecologica 15:661-73.
168. Grandcolas, P. & D'Haese, C. (2003) Testing adaptation with phylogeny: How to account for phylogenetic pattern and selective value together? Zool. Scr. 32. (in press).
169. Hagen, E. H. (2002) Why is the heritability of adaptations generally zero? The Evolutionary Psychology FAQ. http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/projects/human/epfaq/heritability.html.
170. Haig, D. (1993) Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Quarterly Review of Biology 68:495-532.
171. Haig, D. (1999) Asymmetric relations: Internal conflicts and the horror of incest. Evolution and Human Behavior 20:83-98.
172. Haig, D. (2002) Genomic imprinting and kinship. Rutgers University Press.
173. Hamilton, W. D. (1975) Innate social aptitudes of man: An approach from evolutionary genetics. In: Biosocial anthropology, ed. R. Fox. Malaby Press.
174. Hare, B., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2001) Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know? Animal Behaviour 61:139-51.
175. Harpending, H. C. (1994) Infertility and forager demography. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93:385-90.
176. Harpending, H. C. & Cochran, G. (2002) In our genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:10-12.
177. Harvell, C. D. (1994) The evolution of polymorphism in colonial invertebrates and social insects. Quarterly Review of Biology 69:155-85.
178. Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. D. (1991) The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press.
179. Hauser, M., Chomsky, N. & Fitch, W. T. (2002) The faculty of language. Science 298:1569-79.
180. Hennig, W. (1950) Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag.
181. Henrich, J. & McElreath, R. (2003) The evolution of cultural evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology (in press).
182. Hickey, D. A. (1993) Molecular symbionts and the evolution of sex. Journal of Heredity 84:410-14.
183. Holcomb, H. R. (1996) Just so stories and inference to the best explanation in evolutionary psychology. Man and Machines 6:525-40.
184. Hormiga, G., Scharff, N. & Coddington, J. A. (2000). The phylogenetic basis of sexual size dimorphism in orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae). Systematic Biology 49:435-62.
185. Horne, P. J. & Lowe, F. C. (1996) On the origins of naming and other symbolic behaviour. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour 65(1):185-241.
186. Houde, A. E. (1997) Sex, color, and mate choice in guppies. Princeton University Press.
187. Houle, D. & Kondrashov, A. S. (2002) Coevolution of costly mate choice and condition-dependent display of good genes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 269:97-104.
188. Houston, A. (1997) Are the spandrels of San Marco really Panglossian pendentives? Trends in Evolution and Ecology 12:125.
189. Isles, A. R., Baum, M. J., Ma, D., Keverne, E. B. & Allen, N. D. (2001) Parent of origin effects on odour preference in mice. Nature 409:783-84.
190. Jacob, F. (1977) Evolution and tinkering. Science 196:1161-66.
191. Jensen, P. S., Mrazek, D., Knapp, P. K., Steinberg, L., Pfeffer, C., Schowalter, J. & Shapiro, T. (1997) Evolution and revolution in child psychiatry: ADHD as a disorder of adaptation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36:1672-79.
192. Johnson-Laird P. N., Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., Legrenzi, M. S. & Caverni, J. P. (1999) Naive probability: A mental model theory of extensional reasoning. Psychological Review 106:62-88.
193. Johnston, V. S., Hagel, R., Franklin, M., Fink, B. & Grammer, K. (2001) Male facial attractiveness: Evidence for hormone medicated adaptive design. Evolution and Human Behavior 22:251-67.
194. Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory. Econometrica 47:263-91.
195. Kauffman, S. (1993) The origin of order: Self-organization and selection in evolution. Oxford University Press.
196. Keil, F. (1994) The birth and nurturance of concepts by domains, In: Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture, ed. L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman. Cambridge University Press.
197. Kelemen, D. (1999a) Function, goals and intention: Children's teleological reasoning about objects. Trends in Cognitive Science 3:461-68.
198. Kelemen, D. (1999b) The scope of teleological thinking in pre-school children. Cognition 70:241-72.
199. Kelly, R. L. (1995) The foraging spectrum: Diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press.
200. Kenrick, D. T., Gabrielidis, C., Keefe, R. C. & Cornelius, J. (1996) Adolescents' age preferences for dating partners: Support for an evolutionary model of life-history strategies. Child Development 67:1499-511.
201. Kirkpatrick, M. & Barton, N. H. (1997) The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94:128-86.
202. Kirschner, M. & Gerhart, J. (1998) Evolvability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:8420-27.
203. Kitcher, P. (1985) Vaulting ambition: Sociobiology and the quest for human nature. The MIT Press.
204. Klein, D. F. (1978) A proposed definition of mental illness. In: Critical issues in psychiatric diagnosis, ed. R. Spitzer & D. F. Klein. Raven Press.
205. Klein, D. F. (1999) Harmful dysfunction, disorder, disease, illness, and evolution. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108(3):421-29.
206. Klein, S. B., Cosmides, L., Costabile, K. A. & Mei, L. (2002a) Is there something special about the self? A neuropsychological case study. Journal of Research in Personality 36:490-506.
207. Klein, S. B., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J. & Chance, S. (2002b) Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions. Psychological Review 109:306-29.
208. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (1993) An introduction to behavioural ecology, 3rd edition. Blackwell.
209. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. eds. (1997) Behavioural ecology, 4th edition. Blackwell.
210. Kruschke, J. K. (1992) ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological Review 99: 22-44.
211. Kurzban, R. & Leary, M. R. (2001) Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin 127:187-208.
212. LaHoste, G. J., Swanson, J. M., Wigal, S. B., Glabe, C., Wigal, T., King, N., Kennedy, J. L. (1996) Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 1:121-24.
213. Lakatos, I. (1970) Falsificationism and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In: Criticism and the growth of knowledge, ed. I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave. Cambridge University Press.
214. Laland, K. N. & Brown, G. (2002) Sense and nonsense: Evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour. Oxford University Press.
215. Laland, K. N., Odling-Smee, J. & Feldman, M. W. (2000) Niche construction, biological evolution, and cultural change, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:131-75.
216. LaMunyon, C. W. & Ward, S. (1998) Larger sperm outcompete smaller sperm in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 265(1409):1997-2002.
217. LaMunyon, C. W. & Ward, S. (1999) Evolution of sperm size in nematodes: Sperm competition favours larger sperm. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 266(1416):263-67.
218. LaMunyon, C. W. & Ward, S. (2002) Evolution of larger sperm in response to experimentally increased sperm competition in Caenorhabditis elegans (269):1125-28.
219. Larson, A. & Losos, J. B. (1996) Phylogenetic systematics of adaptation. In: Adaptation, ed. M. R. Rose & G. V. Lauder. Academic Press.
220. Lauder, G. V. (1996) The argument from design. In: Adaptation, ed. M. R. Rose & G. V. Lauder. Academic Press.
221. Leiber, J. (2002) Philosophy, engineering, biology, and history: A vindication of Turing's views about the distinction between the cognitive and physical sciences. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 14:29-37.
222. Lenski, R. E. (1999) A distinction between the origin and maintenance of sex: Commentary. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12:1034-35.
223. Leroi, A. M., Rose, M. R. & Lauder, G. V. (1994) What does the comparative method reveal about adaptation? American Naturalist 143:381-402.
224. Lewis, D. K. (1984) Putnam's paradox. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 62:221-36.
225. Lewontin, R. C. (1978) Adaptation. Scientific American 239:212-30.
226. Lewontin, R. C. (1979) Sociobiology as an adaptationist program. Behavioral Science 24:5-14.
227. Lewontin, R. C. (1983) Gene, organism and environment. In: Evolution from molecules to men, ed. D. S. Bendall. Cambridge University Press.
228. Lloyd, E. A. (1999) Evolutionary psychology: The burdens of proof. Biology and Philosophy 14: 211-33.
229. Luckett, W. P. (1977) Ontogeny of amniote fetal membranes and their application to phylogeny. In: Major patterns in vertebrate evolution, ed. M. K. Hecht & P. C. Goody. Plenum Press.
230. MacDonald, K. (1998) Separation and its discontents: Toward an evolutionary theory of anti-Semitism. Praeger.
231. Maestripieri, D. (in press) Attachment. In: Primate psychology: The mind and behavior of human and nonhuman primates, ed. D. Maestripieri. Harvard University Press.
232. Marlowe, F. & Wetsman, A. (2001) Preferred waist-to-hip ratio and ecology. Personality and Individual Differences 30:481-89.
233. Martins, E. P. (2000) Adaptation and the comparative method. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 296-99.
234. Martins, E. P., ed. (1996) Phylogenies and the comparative method in animal behavior. Oxford University Press.
235. Martins, E. P., Diniz, J. A. F. & Housworth, E. A. (2002) Adaptive constraints and the phylogenetic comparative method: A computer simulation test. Evolution 56:1-13.
236. Maxwell, G. (1970) Structural realism and the meaning of theoretical terms. In: Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 4. University of Minnesota Press.
237. Maynard Smith, J. (1978) Optimization theory in evolution. Annual Review in Ecology and Systematics 9:31-56.
238. Maynard Smith, J. (1995) "Genes, memes, and minds" New York Review of Books, November 30, 46-48.
239. Maynard Smith, J., Burian, R., Kaufman, S., Alberch, P., Campbell, J., Goodwin, B., Lande, R., Raup, D. & Wolpert, L. (1985) Developmental constraints in evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 60:265-87.
240. Mayr, E. (1963) Animal species and evolution. Belknap Press.
241. Mayr, E. (1982) The growth of biological thought. Harvard University Press.
242. Mayr, E. (1983) How to carry out the adaptationist program? American Naturalist 121:324-34.
243. Mayr, E. (1988) Towards a new philosophy of biology. Harvard University Press.
244. Medin, D. & Atran, S. (in press) The native mind. Psychological Review.
245. Meehl, P. E. (1978) Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46:806-34.
246. Mess, A. (2003) Evolutionary transformations of chorioallantoic placental characters in Rodentia with special reference to hystricognath species. Journal of Experimental Zoology (in press).
247. Mess, A., Blackburn, D. G. & Zeller, U. (2003) Evolutionary transformations of fetal membranes and reproductive strategies. Journal of Experimental Zoology (in press).
248. Michl, G., Torok, J., Griffith, S. C. & Sheldon, B. C. (2002) Experimental analysis of sperm competition mechanisms in a wild bird population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:5466-70.
249. Miller, G. F. (2000) The mating mind. Doubleday.
250. Millikan, R. G. (1984) Language, thought, and other biological categories. MIT Press.
251. Millikan, R. G. (2002) Biofunctions: Two paradigms. In: Functions: New readings in the philosophy of psychology and biology, ed. A. Ariew & M. Perlman. Oxford University Press.
252. Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium (2002) Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 420:520-62.
253. Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D. M. & Asher, T. (2000) Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework. In: The social psychology of stigma, ed. T. Heatherton, R. Kleck, J. G. Hull & M. Hebl. Guilford Press.
254. O'Donnell, S. (1998). Reproductive caste determination in eusocial wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Annual Review of Entomology 43:323-46.
255. Ohman, A. & Mineka, S. (2001) Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review 108:483-522.
256. Panksepp, J. (1998) Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press.
257. Parker, G. A. & Maynard Smith, J. (1990) Optimality theory in evolutionary biology. Nature 348:27-33.
258. Parker, G. A. & McNair, M. R. (1978) Models of parent-offspring conflict: I. Monogamy. Animal Behaviour 26:97-110.
259. Pellis, S. M. (1993) Sex and the evolution of play fighting: A review and a model based on the behavior of muroid rodents. The Journal of Play Theory and Research 1:56-77.
260. Pellis, S. M. (2002) Keeping in touch: Play fighting and social knowledge. In: The cognitive animal: Empirical and theoretical perspectives on animal cognition, ed. M. Bekoff, C. Allen & G. M. Burghardt. MIT Press.
261. Pellis, S. M., Field, E. F. & Whishaw, I. Q. (1999) The development of a sex-differentiated defensive motor-pattern in rats: A possible role for juvenile experience. Developmental Psychobiology 35:156-64.
262. Pellis, S. M. & Iwaniuk, A. N. (1999a) The roles of phylogeny and sociality in the evolution of social play in muroid rodents. Animal Behaviour 58:361-73.
263. Pellis, S. M. & Iwaniuk, A. N. (1999b) The role of adult play: A comparative analysis of play and courtship in primates. Ethology 105:783-806.
264. Pellis, S. M. & Iwaniuk, A. N. (2000) Adult-adult play in primates: Comparative analyses of its origin, distribution and evolution. Ethology 106:1083-104.
265. Pellis, S. M. & Pellis, V. C. (1990) Differential rates of attack, defense and counterattack during the developmental decrease in play fighting by male and female rats. Developmental Psychobiology 23:215-31.
266. Pellis, S. M. & Pellis, V. C. (1997) The pre-juvenile onset of play fighting in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Developmental Psychobiology 31:193-205.
267. Pellis, S. M. & Pellis, V. C. (1998) The play fighting of rats in comparative perspective: A schema for neurobehavioral analyses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23:87-101.
268. Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. & Whishaw, I. Q. (1992) The role of the cortex in play fighting by rats: Developmental and evolutionary implications. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 39:270-84.
269. Pennington, R. (1992) Did food increase fertility? An evaluation of !Kung and Herero history. Human Biology 64:497-521.
270. Pennisi, E. (2002) Bargain basement sequencing? Science 298:736.
271. Perrin, J. (1913) Les atomes. NRF-Gallimard.
272. Pinker, S. (1994) The language instinct. HarperCollins.
273. Pinker, S. (1997a) How the mind works. MIT Press.
274. Pinker, S. (1997b) Evolutionary psychology: An exchange. New York Review of Books 44(15):55-56.
275. Pinker, S. (2002) The blank slate. Viking Press.
276. Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990) Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:707-27.
277. Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1992) Natural language and natural selection. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby. Oxford University Press.
278. Plomin R., Owen M. J. & McGuffin, P. (1994) The genetic basis of complex human behaviors. Science 264:1733-739.
279. Pond, C. M. (1997) The biological origins of adipose tissue in humans. In: The evolving female, ed. M. E. Morbeck, A. Galloway, A. L. Zihlman. Princeton University Press.
280. Posner, M. I. & Raichle, M. E. (1994) Images of mind. Scientific American Library.
281. Potts, R. (1998) Variability selection in hominid evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 7(3):81-96.
282. Povinelli, D. (2000) Folk physics for apes. Oxford University Press.
283. Povinelli, D. (2001) Chimpanzee theory of mind and folk physics. Paper presented at the Innateness and Structure of Mind Workshop, University of Sheffield, November 2001.
284. Price, G. R. (1972) Extension of covariance selection mathematics. Annals of Human Genetics 35:485-90.
285. Qiang, J., Currie, P. J., Norell, M. A. & Shu-An, J. (1998) Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 395:753-61.
286. Qiang, J., Norell, M. A., Gao, K.-Q., Ji, S.-A. & Ren, D. (2001) The distribution of integumentary structures in a feathered dinosaur. Nature 410:1084-88.
287. Queller, D. C. (1984) Pollen-ovule ratios and hermaphrodite sexual allocation strategies. Evolution 38:1148-51.
288. Queller, D. C. (1992) Quantitative genetics, inclusive fitness and group selection. American Naturalist 139:540-58.
289. Qvarnström, A. (1999) Different reproductive tactics in male collared flycatchers signalled by size of secondary sexual character. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 266:2089-93.
290. Qvarnström, A., Pärt, T. & Sheldon, B. C. (2000) Adaptive plasticity in mate preference linked to differences in reproductive effort. Nature 405:344-47.
291. Reeve, H. K. & Sherman, P. W. (1993) Adaptation and the goals of evolutionary research. Quarterly Review of Biology 68:1-32.
292. Reichenbach, H. (1938) Experience and prediction: An analysis of the foundations and the structure of knowledge. University of Chicago Press.
293. Reznick, D. N., Shaw, F. H., Rodd, F. H. & Shaw, R. G. (1997) Evaluation of the rates of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Science 275:1934-37.
294. Reznick, D. & Travis, J. (2001) Adaptation. In: Evolutionary ecology: Concepts and case studies, ed. C. W. Fox, D. A. Roff & D. J. Fairbairn
295. Rhodes, G., Zebrowitz, L. A., Clark, A., Kalick, S. M., Hightower, A. & McKay, R. (2001) Do facial averageness and symmetry signal health? Evolution and Human Behavior 22:31-46.
296. Rikowski, A. & Grammer, K. (1999) Human body odour, symmetry and attractiveness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 266:869-74.
297. Roff, D. A. (1997) Evolutionary quantitative genetics. Chapman and Hall.
298. Rorer, L. (1991) Some myths of psychology. In: Thinking clearly about psychology, vol. 1: Matters of public interest, ed. D. Cicchetti & W. M. Grove. University of Minnesota Press.
299. Rose, II. & Rose, S., eds. (2000) Alas poor Darwin: Arguments against evolutionary psychology. Harmony Books.
300. Rose, M. R. & Lauder, G. V., eds. (1996a) Post-spandrel adaptationism. In: Adaptation. Academic Press.
301. Rose, M. R. & Lauder, G. V., eds.(1996b) Adaptation. Academic Press.
302. Ross, N., Medin, D., Coley, J. & Atran, S. (in press) Cultural and experiential differences in the development of folkbiological induction. Cognitive Development.
303. Ruben, J. A. & Bennett, A. A. (1987) The evolution of bone. Evolution 41:1187-97.
304. Salmon, W. C. (1984) Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world. Princeton University Press.
305. Schaller, M. (2003). Ancestral environments and motivated social perception: Goal-like blasts fron the evolutionary past. In: Motivated social perception, ed. S. J. Spencer, S. Fein, M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson. Erlbaum.
306. Schank, J. C. & Wimsatt, W. C. (2000) Evolvability: Adaptation and modularity. In: Thinking about evolution, ed. R. S. Singh. Cambridge University Press.
307. Seger, J. & Stubblefield, J.W. (1996) Optimization and adaptation. In: Adaptation, ed. M.R. Rose & G.V. Lauder. Academic Press.
308. Segerstråle, U. (2000) Defenders of the truth. Oxford University Press.
309. Seligman, M. E. P. (1971) Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy 2:207-320.
310. Sergeant, J. A., Oosterlaan, J. & van der Meere, J. (1999) Information processing and energetic factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders, ed. H. Quay & Hogan. Plenum Press.
311. Sheldon, B. C., Davidson, P. & Lindgren, G. (1999) Mate replacement in experimentally widowed collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis): Determinants and outcomes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46:141-48.
312. Sheldon, B. C. & Ellegren, H. (1999) Sexual selection resulting from extrapair paternity in collared flycatchers. Animal Behaviour 57:285-98.
313. Sheldon, B. C., Merila, J., Qvarnström, A., Gustafsson, L. & Ellegren, H. (1997) Paternal genetic contribution to offspring condition predicted by size of male secondary sexual character. Proccedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 264:297-302.
314. Shelley-Tremblay, J. F. & Rosén, L. A. (1996) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An evolutionary perspective. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 157:443-53.
315. Shepard, R. N. (1992) The perceptual organization of colors: An adaptation to regularities of the terrestrial world? In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby. Oxford University Press.
316. Sherman, P. W. (1988) The levels of analysis. Animal Behaviour 36:616-19.
317. Sherman, P. W. (1989) The clitoris debate and the levels of analysis. Animal Behaviour 37:697-98.
318. Sidman, M., Rauzin, R., Lazar, R., Cunningham, S., Tailby, W. & Carrigan, P. (1982) A search for symmetry in the conditional discriminations of rhesus monkeys, baboons and children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour 43:21-42.
319. Simon, H. A. (1969) The sciences of the artificial. MIT Press.
320. Singh, D. (1993a) Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of the waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:293-307.
321. Singh, D. (1993b) Body shape and women's attractiveness: Critical role of the waist-to-hip ratio. Human Nature 4:297-321.
322. Singh, D. (1994a) Body fat distribution and perception of desirable female body shape by young black men and women. International Journal of Eating Disorders 16:283-88.
323. Singh, D. (1994b) Is thin really beautiful and good? Relationship between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and female attractiveness. Personality and Individual Differences 16:123-32.
324. Singh, D. & Luis, S. (1995) Ethnic and gender consensus for the effect of the waist-to-hip ratio on judgment of women's attractiveness and desirability for relationships. Ethology and Sociobiology 16:484-507.
325. Sluys, R. (1996) The notion of homology in current comparative biology. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 34:145-52.
326. Smith, E. A. (1998) Is Tibetan polyandry adaptive? Methodological and metatheoretical analyses. Human Nature 9(3):225-61.
327. Smith, E. A. (2000) Three styles in the evolutionary study of human behavior. In: Human behavior and adaptation: An anthropological perspective, ed. L. Cronk, N. Chagnon & W. Irons. Aldine de Gruyter.
328. Smith, E. A., Borgerhoff Mulder, M. & Hill, K. (2001) Controversies in the evolutionary social sciences: A guide for the perplexed. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:128-35.
329. Smith, E. R. (1998) Mental representation and memory. In: The handbook of social psychology, vol. 2, 4th edition, ed. D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey. McGraw-Hill.
330. Sober, E. R. (1984) The nature of selection. University of Chicago Press.
331. Sober, E. R. & Wilson, D. S. (1998) Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Harvard University Press.
332. Spelke, E. S. (1990) Principles of object perception. Cognitive Science 14:25-56.
333. Spelke, E. S. (2000) Core knowledge. American Psychologist 55:1233-43.
334. Sperber, D. (1996) Explaining culture. Blackwell.
335. Sperber, D., Cara, F. & Girotto, V. (1995) Relevance theory explains the selection task. Cognition 52:3-39.
336. Sperber, D. & Girotto, V. (2002) Use or misuse of the selection task? Rejoinder to Fiddick, Cosmides and Tooby. Cognition 85:277-90.
337. Sperber, D. & Girotto, V. (in press) Does the selection task detect cheater detection? In: New directions in evolutionary psychology, ed. J. Fitness & K. Sterelny. Macquarie Monographs in Cognitive Science. Psychology Press.
338. Stearns, S. C. (1992) The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press.
339. Stewart, J. R. (1997) Morphology and evolution of the egg of oviparous amniotes. In: Amniote origins, ed. S. S. Sumida & K. L. M. Martin. Academic Press.
340. Stewart, J. R. & Thompson, M. B. (1996) Evolution of reptilian placentation: Development of extraembryonic membranes of the Australian scincid lizards Bassiana duperreyi (oviparous) and Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii (viviparous). Journal of Morphology 227:349-70.
341. Stewart, J. R. & Thompson, M. B. (2003) Evolutionary transformations of the fetal membranes of viviparous reptiles: A case study in two lineages. Journal of Experimental Zoology (in press).
342. Stone, V. E., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Kroll, N. & Knight, R. T. (2002) Selective impairment of reasoning about social exchange in a patient with bilateral limbic system damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:11531-36.
343. Swanson, J. M., Castellanos, F. X., Murias, M., LaHoste, G. & Kennedy, J. (1998a) Cognitive neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 8:263-71.
344. Swanson, J. M., Flodman, P., Kennedy, J., Spence, M.A., Moyzis, R., Schuck, S., Murias, M., Moriarty, J., Barr, C., Smith, M. & Posner, M. (2000) Dopamine genes and ADHD. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews 24:21-25.
345. Swanson, J. M., Oosterlaan, J., Murias, M., Schuck, S., Flodman, P., Spence, M. A., Wasdell, M., Ding, Y., Chi, H., Smith, M., Mann, M., Carlson, C,, Kennedy, M. J., Sergeant, J., Leung, P., Zhang, Y., Sadeh, A., Chen, C., Moyzis, R. & Posner, M. I. (2000) Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder children with a 7-repeat allele of the dopamine receptor D4 gene have extreme behavior but normal performance on critical neuropsychological tests of attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:4754-59.
346. Swanson, J. M., Sergeant, J. A., Taylor, E., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Jensen, P. S. & Cantwell, D. P. (1998b) Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Hyperkinetic Disorder. The Lancet 351:429-33.
347. Swanson, J. M., Sunohara, G. A., Kennedy, J. L., Regino, R., Fineberg, E., Wigal, T., Lerner, M., Williams, L., LaHoste, G. J. & Wigal, S. (1998c) Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene with a refined phenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A family-based approach. Molecular Psychiatry 3:38-41.
348. Symons, D. (1989) A critique of Darwinian anthropology. Ethology and Sociobiology 10:131-34.
349. Symons, D. (1992) On the use and misuse of Darwinism. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby. Oxford University Press.
350. Tang-Martinez, Z. (1997) The curious courtship of sociobiology and feminism: A case of irreconcilable differences. in: Feminism and evolutionary biology: Boundaries, intersections, and frontiers, ed. P. Gowaty. Chapman & Hall/International Thomson.
351. Tassinary, L. G. & Hansen, K. A. (1998) A critical test of the waist-to-hip-ratio hypothesis of female physical attractiveness. Psychological Science 9:150-55.
352. Tattersall, I. (2002) The monkey in the mirror Oxford University Press.
353. Thagard, P. (1989) Explanatory coherence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:435-67.
354. Thagard, P. (1992) Conceptual revolutions. Princeton University Press.
355. Thompson, D. W. (1917) On growth and form. Cambridge University Press.
356. Thompson, N. S. (2000) Shifting the natural selection metaphor to the group level. Behavior and Philosophy 28:83-101.
357. Thompson, N. S. & Derr, P. G. (1995) On the use of mental terms in behavioral ecology and sociobiology. Behavior and Philosophy 23:31-37.
358. Thompson, N. S., Dessureau, B. & Kurowski, C. (1998) Infant cries as evolutionary melodrama: Extortion or deception? Evolution of Communication 2(1):25-43.
359. Thompson, N. S., Olson, C. & Dessurean, B. (1996) Babies' cries: Who's listening? Who's being fooled? Social Research 63(3):763-84.
360. Thornhill, R. (1990) The study of adaptation. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of behavior. Volume II: Explanation, evolution, and adaptation, ed. M. Bekoff & D. Jamieson. Westview.
361. Thornhill, R. (1997) The concept of an evolved adaptation. In: Characterizing human psychological adaptations, ed. M. Daly. Wiley.
362. Thornhill, R. & Furlow, B. (1998) Stress and human reproductive bebavior: Attractiveness, women's sexual development, postpartum depression, and baby's cry. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27:319-69.
363. Thornhill, R. & Gangestad, S. W. (1999) The scent of symmetry: A human pheromone that signals fitness? Evolution and Human Behavior 20:175-201.
364. Thornhill, R. & Gangestad, S. W. (in press) Do women have evolved adaptation for extra-pair copulation? In: Darwinian aesthetics, ed. E. Voland & K. Grammer. MIT Press.
365. Thornhill, R., Gangestad, S. W. & Comer, R. (1995) Human female orgasm and mate fluctuating asymmetry. Animal Behaviour 50:1601-15.
366. Thornhill, R., Gangestad, S. W., Miller, R., Scheyd, G., Knight, J. & Franklin, M. (2001) MHC, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women. (Unpublished manuscript).
367. Thornhill, R. & Palmer, C. T. (2000) A natural history of rape: Biological bases of sexual coercion. MIT Press.
368. Tomasello, M. (2000) Culture and cognitive development. Current Directions in Psychological Science 9:37-40.
369. Tonnean, F. (2001) Equivalence relations: A critical analysis. European Journal of Behaviour Analysis 2:1-33.
370. Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1989) Adaptation versus phylogeny: The role of animal psychology in the study of human behavior. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 2:175-88.
371. Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1990a) On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation. Journal of Personality 58:17-67.
372. Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1990b) The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology 11:375-424.
373. Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992) The psychological foundations of culture. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby. Oxford University Press.
374. Trivers, R. (1974) Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14:249-64.
375. Turing, A. (1952) The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 237:37-72.
376. Turner, R.A., Altemus, M., Enos, T., Cooper, B. & McGuinness, T. (1999) Preliminary research on plasma oxytocin in normal cycling women: Investigating emotion and interpersonal distress. Psychiatry - Interpersonal and Biological Processes 62:97-113.
377. Wade, M. J. (1980) Group selection, population growth rate, and competitive ability in the flour beetle, Tribolium spp. Ecology 61:1056-64.
378. Wagner, G. P. (1989) The biological homology concept. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:51-69.
379. Wagner, G. P. & Altenberg, L. (1996) Perspective: Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution 50:967-76.
380. Wakefield, J. C. (1999) Evolutionary versus prototype analyses of the concept of disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108:374-99.
381. Wang, X. T. (1996) Domain-specific rationality in human choices: Violations of utility axioms and social contexts. Cognition 60:31-63.
382. Wegner, D. M. & Bargh, J. A. (1998) Control and automaticity in social life. In: The handbook of social psychology, vol. 2, 4th edition, ed. D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey. McGraw-Hill.
383. Wenzel, J. W. (1992) Behavioral homology and phylogeny. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:361-81.
384. West, G. B., Brown, J. H. & Enquist, B. J. (1997) A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276(5309):122-26.
385. West-Eberhard, M. J. (1998) Evolution in the light of developmental and cell biology, and vice versa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:8,417-19.
386. West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003) Developmental plasticity and evolution. Oxford University Press.
387. Westoby, M. & Rice, W. (1982) Evolution of seed plants and the genetics of mother-offspring conflict. Evolution 36:713-24.
388. Wetsman, A. & Marlowe, F. (1999) How universal are preferences for female waist-to-hip ratios? Evidence from the Hadza of Tanzania. Evolution and Human Behavior 20:219-28.
389. Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press.
390. Williams, G. C. (1992) Natural selection: Domains, levels and challenges. Oxford University Press.
391. Wilson, D. S. (2002) Darwin's cathedral. University of Chicago Press.
392. Wilson, D. S. & Yoshimura, J. (1994) On the coexistence of specialists and generalists. American Naturalist 144:692-707.
393. Winterhalder, B. & Smith, E. A. (2000) Analyzing adaptive strategies: Human behavioral ecology at twenty-five. Evolutionary Anthropology 9:51-72.
394. Wright, R. (1997) Darwinian fundamentalism: An exchange. New York Review of Books 44(14):65.
395. Young, L.J., Wang, Z. & Insel, T.R. (1998) Neuroendocrine bases of monogamy. Trends in Neurosciences 21(2):71-75.
396. Yu, D. W. & Shepard, G. H. (1998) Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? Nature 396:321-22.