Numerical cognition: Age-related differences in the speed of executing biologically primary and biologically secondary processes

Experimental Aging Research

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 101-137

  Geary, David C ^a   Lin, Jennifer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; AGING; ARITHMETIC; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; TASK PERFORMANCE;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MATHEMATICS; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 0031925592     PISSN: 0361073X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/036107398244274     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Allen, P. A., Ashcraft, M. H., & Weber, T. A. (1992). On mental multiplication and age. Psychology and Aging, 7, 536-545.
2. Allen, P. A., Smith, A. F., Jerge, K. A., & Vires-Collins, H. (1997). Age differences in mental multiplication: Evidence for peripheral but not central decrements. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52, 81-90.
3. Anderson, J. R., & Schooler, L. J. (1991). Reflections of the environment in memory. Psychological Science, 2, 396-408.
4. Anstey, K., Stankov, L., & Lord, S. (1993). Primary aging, secondary aging, and intelligence. Psychology and Aging, 8, 562-570.
5. Antell, S. E., & Keating, D. P. (1983). Perception of numerical invariance in neonates. Child Development, 54, 695-701.
6. Ashcraft, M. H. (1995). Cognitive psychology and simple arithmetic: A review and summary of new directions. Mathematical Cognition, 1, 3-34.
7. Ashcraft, M. H., & Christy, K. S. (1995). The frequency of arithmetic facts in elementary texts: Addition and multiplication in Grades 1-6. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 26, 396-421.
8. Bahrick, H. P., & Hall, L. K. (1991). Lifetime maintenance of high school mathematics content. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 22-33.
9. Baltes, P. B. (1993). The aging mind: Potential and limits. Gerontologist, 33, 580-594.
10. Baltes, P. B., & Kliegl, R. (1992). Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity: Negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust. Developmental Psychology, 28, 121-125.
11. Birren, J. E., & Fisher, L. M. (1992). Aging and slowing of behavior. Consequences for cognition and survival. In T. B. Sonderegger (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1991 (Vol. 39, pp. 1-37). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
12. Boysen, S. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1989). Numerical competence in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 103, 23-31.
13. Campbell, J. I. D. (1995). Mechanisms of simple addition and multiplication: A modified network-interference theory and simulation. Mathematical Cognition, 1, 121-164.
14. Campbell, J. I. D., & Charness, N. (1990). Age-related declines in working memory skills: Evidence from a complex calculation task. Developmental Psychology, 26, 879-888.
15. Campbell, J. I. D., & Tarling, D. P. M. (1996). Retrieval processes in arithmetic production and verification. Memory & Cognition, 24, 156-172.
16. Cerella, J. (1990). Age and information-processing rate. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 201-233). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
17. Cerella, J., & Fozard, J. L. (1984). Lexical access and age. Developmental Psychology, 20, 235-243.
18. Charness, N. (1981). Aging and skilled problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 21-38.
19. Charness, N. (1987). Component processes in bridge bidding and novel problem solving tasks. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 41, 223-243.
20. Charness, N., & Campbell, J. I. D. (1988). Acquiring skill at mental calculation in adulthood: A task decomposition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 115-129.
21. Darwin, C. (1859). The origin of species by means of natural selection. London: John Murray.
22. Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray.
23. Davis, H., & Pérusse, R. (1988). Numerical competence in animals: Definitional issues, current evidence, and a new research agenda. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 561-615.
24. Dehaene, S. (1989). The psychophysics of numerical comparison: A re-examination of apparently incompatible data. Perception and Psychophysics, 45, 557-566.
25. Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (1991). Two mental calculation systems: A case study of severe acalculia with preserved approximation. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1045-1074.
26. Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (1994). Dissociable mechanisms of subitizing and counting - Neuropsychological evidence from simultanagnosic patients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 958-975.
27. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1989). Human ethology. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
28. Gallistel, C. R., & Gelman, R. (1992). Preverbal and verbal counting and computation. Cognition, 44, 43-74.
29. Geary, D. C. (1993). Mathematical disabilities: Cognitive, neuropsychological, and genetic components. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 345-362.
30. Geary, D. C. (1994). Children's mathematical development: Research and practical applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
31. Geary, D. C. (1995). Reflections of evolution and cultural in children's cognition: Implications for mathematical development and instruction. American Psychologist, 50, 24-37.
32. Geary, D. C. (1996a). The problem-size effect in mental addition: Developmental and cross-national trends. Mathematical Cognition, 2, 63-93.
33. Geary, D. C. (1996b). Sexual selection and sex differences in mathematical abilities. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 229-284.
34. Geary, D. C. (1998). Functional organization of the human mind: Implications for behavioral genetic research. Human Biology.
35. Geary, D. C., Bow-Thomas, C. C., Liu, F., & Siegler, R. S. (1996). Development of arithmetical competencies in Chinese and American children: Influence of age, language, and schooling. Child Development, 67, 2022-2044.
36. Geary, D. C., Frensch, P. A., & Wiley, J. G. (1993). Simple and complex mental subtraction: Strategy choice and speed-of-processing differences in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 8, 242-256.
37. Geary, D. C., Hamson, C. O., Chen, G.-P., Liu, F., & Hoard, M. K. (in press). A biocultural model of academic development. In S. Paris & H. Wellman (Eds.), Global prospects for education: Development, culture and schooling. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
38. Geary, D. C., Hamson, C. O., Chen, G.-P., Liu, F., & Hoard, M. K., & Salthouse, T. A. (1997). Computational and reasoning abilities in arithmetic: Cross-generational change in China and the United States. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 425-430.
39. Geary, D. C., Salthouse, T. A., Chen, G.-P., & Fan, L. (1996). Are East Asian versus American differences in arithmetical ability a recent phenomenon? Developmental Psychology, 32, 254-262.
40. Geary, D. C., & Widaman, K. F. (1987). Individual differences in cognitive arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 154-171.
41. Geary, D. C., & Wiley, J. G. (1991). Cognitive addition: Strategy choice and speed-of-processing differences in young and elderly adults. Psychology and Aging, 6, 474-483.
42. Hale, S., & Myerson, J. (1996). Experimental evidence for differential slowing in the lexical and nonlexical domains. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 3, 1-112.
43. Hale, S., Myerson, J., Faust, M., & Fristoe, N. (1995). Converging evidence for domain-specific slowing from multiple nonlexical tasks and multiple analytic methods. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50B, P202-P211.
44. Hamilton, W. D. (1975). Innate social aptitudes of man: An approach from evolutionary genetics. In R. Fox (Ed.), Biosocial anthropology (pp. 133-155). New York: Wiley.
45. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 356-388.
46. Hill, K. (1982). Hunting and human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution, 11, 521-544.
47. Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache life history: The ecology and demography of a foraging people. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
48. Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 253-270.
49. Klahr, D., & Wallace, J. G. (1973). The role of quantification operators in the development of conservation of quantity. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 301-327.
50. Kotary, L., & Hoyer, W. J. (1995). Age and the ability to inhibit distractor information in visual selective attention. Experimental Aging Research, 21, 159-171.
51. Landauer, T. K. (1962). Rate of implicit speech. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 15, 646.
52. LeFevre, J.-A., Sadesky, G. S., & Bisanz, J. (1996). Selection procedures in mental addition: Reassessing the problem size effect in adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 216-230.
53. Lima, S. D., Hale, S., & Myerson, J. (1991). How general is general slowing? Evidence from the lexical domain. Psychology and Aging, 6, 416-425.
54. Mandler, G., & Shebo, B. J. (1982). Subitizing: An analysis of its component processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111, 1-22.
55. Moyer, R. S., & Landauer, T. K. (1967). Time required for judgments of numerical inequality. Nature, 215, 1519-1520.
56. Myerson, J., Hale, S., Wagstaff, D., Poon, L. W., & Smith, G. A. (1990). The information-loss model: A mathematical theory of age-related cognitive slowing. Psychological Review, 97, 475-487.
57. Nebes, R. D., Brady, C. B., & Reynolds, C. F., III. (1992). Cognitive slowing in Alzheimer's disease and geriatric depression. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, P331-P336.
58. Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
59. Pepperberg, I. M. (1987). Evidence for conceptual quantitative abilities in the African grey parrot: Labeling of cardinal sets. Ethology, 75, 37-61.
60. Pinker, S., & Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 707-784.
61. Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing. Psychological Science, 2, 179-183.
62. Salthouse, T. A. (1992). Working-memory mediation of adult age differences in integrative reasoning. Memory & Cognition, 20, 413-423.
63. Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age difference in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
64. Salthouse, T. A., & Babcock, R. L. (1991). Decomposing adult age differences in working memory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 763-776.
65. Salthouse, T. A., & Coon, V. E. (1994). Interpretation of differential deficits: The case of aging and mental arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1172-1182.
66. Saxe, G. B. (1982). Developing forms of arithmetical thought among the Oksapmin of Papua New Guinea. Developmental Psychology, 18, 583-594.
67. Saxe, G. B. (1985). Effects of schooling on arithmetical understandings: Studies with Oksapmin children in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 503-513.
68. Saxe, G. B. (1988). The mathematics of child street vendors. Child Development, 59, 1415-1425.
69. Schacter, D. L. (1994). Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of implicit memory. In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 233-268). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
70. Schaie, K. W. (1996). Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle longitudinal study. New York: Cambridge University Press.
71. Shepard, R. N. (1994). Perceptual-cognitive universals as reflections of the world. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 2-28.
72. Siegler, R. S. (1989). Hazards of mental chronometry: An example from children's subtraction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 497-506.
73. Siegler, R. S., & Crowley, K. (1994). Constraints on learning in nonprivileged domains. Cognitive Psychology, 27, 194-226.
74. Simon, T. J., Hespos, S. J., Rochat, P. (1995). Do infants understand simple arithmetic? A replication of Wynn (1992). Cognitive Development, 10, 253-269.
75. Simon, T., & Vaishnavi, S. (1996). Subitizing and counting depend on different attentional mechanisms: Evidence from visual enumeration in afterimages. Perception and Psychophysics, 58, 915-926.
76. Sliwinski, M. (1997). Aging and counting speed: Evidence for process-specific slowing. Psychology and Aging, 12, 38-49.
77. Sliwinski, M., Buschke, H., Kuslansky, G., Senior, G., & Scarisbrick, D. (1994). Proportional slowing and addition speed in old and young adults. Psychology and Aging, 9, 72-80.
78. Starkey, P. (1992). The early development of numerical reasoning. Cognition, 43, 93-126.
79. Sternberg, R. J. (1977). Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning: The exponential analysis of human abilities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
80. Sternberg, R. J., & Gardner, M. K. (1983). Unities in inductive reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 80-116.
81. Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.
82. Trick, L. M., Enns, J. T., & Brodeur, D. A. (1996). Life span changes in visual enumeration: The number discrimination task. Developmental Psychology, 32, 925-932.
83. Uttl, B., & Graf, P. (1993). Episodic spatial memory in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 8, 257-273.
84. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
85. Widaman, K. F., Geary, D. C., Cormier, P., & Little, T. D. (1989). A componential model for mental addition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 898-919.
86. Wynn, K. (1992). Addition and subtraction by human infants. Nature, 358, 749-750.
87. Wynn, K. (1996). Infants' individuation and enumeration of actions. Psychological Science, 7, 164-169.
88. Zbrodoff, J. N., & Logan, G. D. (1990). On the relation between production and verification tasks in the psychology of simple arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 83-97.