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T. A. McMahon and J. T. Bonner, On Size and Life (Scientific American Library, New York, 1983); J. T. Bonner, The Evolution of Complexity by Means of Natural Selection (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1983); J. H. Brown, Macroecology (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1995).
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K. Schmidt-Nielsen, Scaling: Why Is Animal Size so Important? (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1984); W. A. Calder III, Size, Function and Life History (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1984).
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K. Shinozaki et al., Jpn. J. Ecol. 14, 97 (1964); ibid., p. 133; see also M. H. Zimmerman, Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983); M. T. Tyree and F. W. Ewers. New Phytol. 119, 345 (1991).
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k+1. This relation is similar to that assumed in the Strahler method [A. N. Strahler, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 34, 345 (1953); (11, 21)]. A generalization to nonuniform branching, where the radii and lengths at a given level may vary, is straightforward.
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1842355757
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note
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1/4.
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22
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1842349777
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note
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c is their total number.
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23
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0001866382
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This relation holds for plant vessels from the roots to the leaves, but not within leaves [M. J. Canney, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 341, 87 (1993)].
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J. R. Womersley, Philos. Mag. 46, 199 (1955); J. Physiol. (London) 127, 553 (1955).
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3 as evidence for cubic rather than area-preserving branching. For small vessels, where k > k̄, convincing evidence for the cubic law can be found in the analysis of the arteriolar system by M. L. Ellsworth et al., Microvasc. Res. 34, 168 (1987).
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Iberall, A.S.1
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3 as evidence for cubic rather than area-preserving branching. For small vessels, where k > k̄, convincing evidence for the cubic law can be found in the analysis of the arteriolar system by M. L. Ellsworth et al., Microvasc. Res. 34, 168 (1987).
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Sherman, T.F.1
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3 as evidence for cubic rather than area-preserving branching. For small vessels, where k > k̄, convincing evidence for the cubic law can be found in the analysis of the arteriolar system by M. L. Ellsworth et al., Microvasc. Res. 34, 168 (1987).
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3 as evidence for cubic rather than area-preserving branching. For small vessels, where k > k̄, convincing evidence for the cubic law can be found in the analysis of the arteriolar system by M. L. Ellsworth et al., Microvasc. Res. 34, 168 (1987).
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3 as evidence for cubic rather than area-preserving branching. For small vessels, where k > k̄, convincing evidence for the cubic law can be found in the analysis of the arteriolar system by M. L. Ellsworth et al., Microvasc. Res. 34, 168 (1987).
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3 as evidence for cubic rather than area-preserving branching. For small vessels, where k > k̄, convincing evidence for the cubic law can be found in the analysis of the arteriolar system by M. L. Ellsworth et al., Microvasc. Res. 34, 168 (1987).
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1842394390
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note
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This is reminiscent of the invariance of scaling exponents to details of the model that follow from renormalization group analyses, which can be viewed as a generalization of classical dimensional analysis.
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41
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1842269008
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note
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J.H.B. is supported by NSF grant DEB-9318096, B.J.E. by NSF grant GER-9553623 and a Fulbright Fellowship, and G.B.W. by the Department of Energy.
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