Glucagon-like peptide 2 function in domestic animals

Domestic Animal Endocrinology

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 103-122

  Burrin, D G ^a   Stoll, B ^a   Guan, X ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Enteroglucagon; GLP 1; Gut growth factor; Intestine; Neonatal; Nutrition; Pig; Weaning

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); SUS SCROFA;

EID: 0037370995     PISSN: 07397240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00210-2     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Kieffer TJ, Habener JL. The glucagon-like peptides. Endocr Rev 1999;20:876-913.
2. Kimbal CP, Murlin JR. Aqueous extracts of pancreas. III. Some precipitation reactions of insulin. J Biol Chem 1923;58:337-46.
3. Unger RH, Eisentraut AM, McCallum K, Keller S, Lanz HC, Madison LL. Glucagon antibodies and their use for immunoassay of glucagon. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1959;102:621-3.
4. Unger RH, Ketterer H, Eisentraut AM. Distribution of immunoassayable glucagon in gastrointestinal tissues. Metabolism 1966;15:865-7.
5. Valverde I, Rigopoulou D, Marco J, Faloona GR, Unger RH. Molecular size of extractable glucagon and glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) in plasma. Diabetes 1970;19:624-9.
6. Polak JM, Coulling I, Bloom S, Pearse AG. Immunofluorescent localization of secretin and enteroglucagon in human intestinal mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 1971;6:739-44.
7. Bell GI, Santerre RF, Mullenbach GT. Hamster preproglucagon contains the sequence of glucagon and two related peptides. Nature 1983;302:716-8.
8. Bell GI, Sanchez-Pescador R, Laybourn PJ, Najarian RC. Exon duplication and divergence in the human preproglucagon gene. Nature 1983;304:368-71.
9. Holst JJ. Evidence that glicentin contains the entire sequence of glucagon. Biochem J 1980;187:337-43.
10. Orskov C, Holst JJ, Knuhtsen S, Baldissera FG, Poulsen SS, Nielsen OV. Glucagon-like peptides GLP-1 and GLP-2, predicted products of the glucagon gene, are secreted separately from pig small intestine but not pancreas. Endocrinology 1986;119:1467-75.
11. Gleeson MH, Bloom SR, Polak JM, Henry K, Dowling RH. Endocrine tumour in kidney affecting small bowel structure, motility, and absorptive function. Gut 1971;12:773-82.
12. Jacobs LR, Bloom SR, Dowling RH. Response of plasma and tissue levels of enteroglucagon immunoreactivity to intestinal resection, lactation and hyperphagia. Life Sci 1981;29:2003-7.
13. Taylor RG, Verity K, Fuller PJ. Ileal glucagon gene expression: ontogeny and response to massive small bowel resection. Gastroenterology 1990;99:724-9.
14. Bloom SR, Polak JM. The hormonal pattern of intestinal adaptation. A major role for enteroglucagon. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982;74(Suppl):93-103.
15. Rountree DB, Ulshen MH, Selub S, Fuller CR, Bloom SR, Ghatei MA, et al. Nutrient-independent increases in proglucagon and ornithine decarboxylase messenger RNAs after jejunoileal resection. Gastroenterology 1992;103:462-8.
16. Dowling RH. Intestinal adaptation. N Engl J Med 1973;288:520-1.
17. Drucker DJ, Ehrlich P, Asa SL, Brubaker PL. Induction of intestinal epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:7911-6.
18. Byrne MM, McGregor GP, Barth P, Rothmund M, Goke B, Arnold R. Intestinal proliferation and delayed intestinal transit in a patient with a GLP-1-, GLP-2- and PYY-producing neuroendocrine carcinoma. Digestion 2001;63:61-8.
19. Stevens FM, Flanagan RW, O'Gorman D, Buchanan KD. Glucagonoma syndrome demonstrating giant duodenal villi. Gut 1984;25:784-91.
20. Drucker DJ. Biological actions and therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptides. Gastroenterology 2002;122:531-44.
21. Drucker DJ. Gut adaptation and the glucagon-like peptides. Gut 2002;50:428-35.
22. Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1759-64.
23. Drucker DJ. Minireview: the glucagon-like peptides. Endocrinology 2001;142:521-7.
24. Sigalet DL. ALX-0600 (NPS Allelix Corp.). Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001;2:505-9.
25. Irwin DM. Molecular evolution of proglucagon. Regul Pept 2001;98:1-12.
26. Baum J. Localization of glucagon in the cells in the pancreatic islet by immunofluorescent techniques. Diabetes 1962;11:371-4.
27. Polak JM, Bloom S, Coulling I, Pearse AG. Immunofluorescent localization of enteroglucagon cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the dog. Gut 1971;12:311-8.
28. Larsson LI, Holst J, Hakanson R, Sundler F. Distribution and properties of glucagon immunoreactivity in the digestive tract of various mammals: an immunohistochemical and immunochemical study. Histochemistry 1975;44:281-90.
29. Tager H, Hohenboken M, Markese J, Dinerstein RJ. Identification and localization of glucagon-related peptides in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:6229-33.
30. Larsen PJ, Tang-Christensen M, Holst JJ, Orskov C. Distribution of glucagon-like peptide 1 and other preproglucagon-derived peptides in the rat hypothalamus and brainstem. Neuroscience 1997;77:257-70.
31. Alumets J, Hakanson R, Sundler F. Ontogeny of endocrine cells in porcine gut and pancreas. An immunocytochemical study. Gastroenterology 1983;85:1359-72.
32. Jin T, Drucker DJ. The proglucagon gene upstream enhancer contains positive and negative domains important for tissue-specific proglucagon gene-transcription. Mol Endocrinol 1995;9:1306-20.
33. Philippe J, Drucker DJ, Knepel W, Jepeal L, Misulovin Z, Habener JF. Alpha-cell-specific expression of the glucagon gene is conferred to the glucagon promoter element by the interactions of DNA-binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1988;8:4877-88.
34. Liu Y, Shen W, Brubaker PL, Kaestner KH, Drucker DJ. Foxa 3 (HNF-3-gamma) binds to and activates the rat proglucagon gene promoter but is not essential for proglucagon gene expression. Biochem J 2002;366:633-41.
35. Jin TR, Trinh DKY, Wang F, Drucker DJ. The caudal homeobox protein cdx 2/3 activates endogenous proglucagon gene expression in InR1-G9 islet cells. Mol Endocrinol 1997;11:203-9.
36. Hill ME, Asa SL, Drucker DJ. Essential requirement for Pax 6 in control of enteroendocrine proglucagon gene transcription. Mol Endocrinol 1999;13:1474-86.
37. Hussain MA, Lee J, Miller CP, Habener JF. POU domain transcription factor brain 4 confers pancreatic alpha-cell-specific expression of the proglucagon gene through interaction with a novel proximal promoter G1 element. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:7186-94.
38. Wang M, Drucker DJ. The Lim domain homeobox gene Isl-1 is a positive regulator of islet cell-specific proglucagon gene-transcription. J Biol Chem 1995;270:12646-52.
39. Lovshin J, Yusta B, Iliopoulos I, Migirdicyan A, Dableh L, Brubaker PL, et al. Ontogeny of the glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor axis in the developing rat intestine. Endocrinology 2000;141:4194-201.
40. Hoyt EC, Lund PK, Winesett DE, Fuller CR, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, et al. Effects of fasting, re-feeding, and intraluminal triglyceride on proglucagon expression in jejunum and ileum. Diabetes 1996;45:434-9.
41. Cordier-Bussat M, Bernard C, Levenez F, Klages N, Laser-Ritz B, Philippe J, et al. Peptones stimulate both the secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 and the transcription of the proglucagon gene. Diabetes 1998;47:1038-45.
42. Reimer RA, McBurney MI. Dietary fiber modulates intestinal proglucagon messenger ribonucleic acid and postprandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 and insulin in rats. Endocrinology 1996;137:3948-56.
43. Reimer RA, Thomson ABR, Rajotte RV, Basu TK, Ooraikul B, McBurney MI. A physiological level of rhubarb fiber increases proglucagon gene expression and modulates intestinal glucose uptake in rats. J Nutr 1997;127:1923-8.
44. Nian M, Gu J, Irwin DM, Drucker DJ. Human glucagon gene promoter sequences regulating tissue-specific versus nutrient-regulated gene expression. Am J Physiol 2002;282:R173-83.
45. Tappenden KA, McBurney MI. Systemic short-chain fatty acids rapidly alter gastrointestinal structure, function, and expression of early response genes. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:1526-36.
46. Philippe J, Drucker DJ, Chick WL, Habener JF. Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding insulin, glucagon, and angiotensinogen by sodium-butyrate in a rat islet cell-line. Mol Cell Biol 1987;7:560-3.
47. Drozdowski LA, Dixon WT, McBurney MI, Thomson AB. Short-chain fatty acids and total parenteral nutrition affect intestinal gene expression. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002;26:145-50.
48. Zhou A, Webb G, Zhu X, Steiner DF. Proteolytic processing in the secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 1999;274:20745-8.
49. Damholt AB, Buchan AM, Holst JJ, Kofod H. Proglucagon processing profile in canine L-cells expressing endogenous prohormone convertase 1/3 and prohormone convertase 2. Endocrinology 1999;140:4800-8.
50. Furuta M, Zhou A, Webb G, Carroll R, Ravazzola M, Orci L, et al. Severe defect in proglucagon processing in islet A-cells of prohormone convertase 2 null mice. J Biol Chem 2001;276:27197-202.
51. Dhanvantari S, Seidah NG, Brubaker PL. Role of prohormone convertases in the tissue-specific processing of proglucagon. Mol Endocrinol 1996;10:342-55.
52. Orskov C, Holst JJ. Radio-immunoassays for glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2). Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1987;47:165-74.
53. Hartmann B, Johnsen AH, Orskov C, Adelhorst K, Thim L, Holst JJ. Structure, measurement, and secretion of human glucagon-like peptide 2. Peptides 2000;21:73-80.
54. Brubaker PL, Crivici A, Izzo N, Ehrlich P, Tsai CH, Drucker DJ. Circulating and tissue forms of the intestinal growth factor, glucagon-like peptide 2. Endocrinology 1997;138:4837-43.
55. Damholt AB, Buchan AM, Kofod H. Glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion from canine L-cells is increased by glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide but unaffected by glucose. Endocrinology 1998;139:2085-91.
56. Buchan AM, Barber DL, Gregor M, Soll AH. Morphologic and physiologic studies of canine ileal enteroglucagon-containing cells in short-term culture. Gastroenterology 1987;93:791-800.
57. Brubaker PL, Vranic M. Fetal rat intestinal cells in monolayer culture: a new in vitro system to study the glucagon-like immunoreactive peptides. Endocrinology 1987;120:1976-85.
58. Drucker DJ, Jin TR, Asa SL, Young TA, Brubaker PL. Activation of proglucagon gene-transcription by protein kinase-a in a novel mouse enteroendocrine cell-line. Mol Endocrinol 1994;8:1646-55.
59. Unger RH, Ohneda A, Valverde I, Eisentraut AM, Exton J. Characterization of the responses of circulating glucagon-like immunoreactivity to intraduodenal and intravenous administration of glucose. J Clin Invest 1968;47:48-65.
60. Lickley HL, Track NS, Vranic M, Bury KD. Metabolic responses to enteral and parenteral nutrition. Am J Surg 1978;135:172-6.
61. Lucas A, Bloom SR, Aynsley-Green A. Metabolic and endocrine consequences of depriving preterm infants of enteral nutrition. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983;72:245-9.
62. Burrin DG, Stoll B, Jiang R, Chang X, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, et al. Minimal enteral nutrient requirements for intestinal growth in neonatal piglets: how much is enough? Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1603-10.
63. Brynes AE, Frost GS, Edwards CM, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) response to liquid phase, solid phase, and meals of differing lipid composition. Nutrition 1998;14:433-6.
64. Van Goudoever JB, Stoll B, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Reeds PJ, Burrin DG. Secretion of trophic gut peptides is not different in bolus- and continuously-fed piglets. J Nutr 2001;131:729-32.
65. Holst JJ, Christiansen J, Kuhl C. The enteroglucagon response to intrajejunal infusion of glucose, triglycerides, and sodium chloride, and its relation to jejunal inhibition of gastric acid secretion in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 1976;11:297-304.
66. Knapper JM, Heath A, Fletcher JM, Morgan LM, Marks V. GIP and GLP-1 (7-36)amide secretion in response to intraduodenal infusions of nutrients in pigs. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1995;111:445-50.
67. Ritzel U, Fromme A, Ottleben M, Leonhardt U, Ramadori G. Release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) by carbohydrates in the perfused rat ileum. Acta Diabetol 1997;34:18-21.
68. Shima K, Suda T, Nishimoto K, Yoshimoto S. Relationship between molecular structures of sugars and their ability to stimulate the release of glucagon-like peptide 1 from canine ileal loops. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1990;123:464-70.
69. Rocca AS, Brubaker PL. Stereo-specific effects of fatty acids on proglucagon-derived peptide secretion in fetal rat intestinal cultures. Endocrinology 1995;136:5593-9.
70. Rocca AS, LaGreca J, Kalitsky J, Brubaker PL. Monounsaturated fatty acid diets improve glycemic tolerance through increased secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1. Endocrinology 2001;142:1148-55.
71. Thulesen J, Hartmann B, Nielsen C, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS. Diabetic intestinal growth adaptation and glucagon-like peptide 2 in the rat: effects of dietary fibre. Gut 1999;45:672-8.
72. Gee JM, LeeFinglas W, Wortley GW, Johnson IT. Fermentable carbohydrates elevate plasma enteroglucagon but high viscosity is also necessary to stimulate small bowel mucosal cell proliferation in rats. J Nutr 1996;126:373-9.
73. Cuche G, Cuber JC, Malbert CH. Ileal C fatty acids inhibit gastric motility by a humoral pathway. Am J Physiol 2000;279:G925-30.
74. Goke B, Herrmann-Rinke C. The evolving role of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Diabetes Metab Rev 1998;14(1):S31-8.
75. Andrews NJ, Irving MH. Human gut hormone profiles in patients with short-bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:729-32.
76. Sagor GR, Ghatei MA, Al Mukhtar MY, Wright NA, Bloom SR. Evidence for a humoral mechanism after small intestinal resection. Exclusion of gastrin but not enteroglucagon. Gastroenterology 1983;84:902-6.
77. Miazza BM, Al Mukhtar M, Salmeron M, Ghatei MA, Felce-Dachez M, Filali A, et al. Hyperenteroglucagonaemia and small intestinal mucosal growth after colonic perfusion of glucose in rats. Gut 1985;26:518-24.
78. Ljungmann K, Hartmann B, Kissmeyer-Nielsen P, Flyvbjerg A, Holst JJ, Laurberg S. Time-dependent intestinal adaptation and GLP-2 alterations after small bowel resection in rats. Am J Physiol 2001;281:G779-85.
79. Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Hansen BS, Thulesen J, Holst JJ, Mortensen PB. Impaired meal stimulated glucagon-like peptide 2 response in ileal resected short-bowel patients with intestinal failure. Gut 1999;45:559-63.
80. Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Hansen BS, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS, et al. Elevated plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 concentrations in ileum resected short-bowel patients with a preserved colon. Gut 2000;47:370-6.
81. Brubaker PL, Roberge JN. Regulation of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptide secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide through a novel enteroendocrine loop. Digestion 1993;54:363-5.
82. Roberge JN, Gronau KA, Brubaker PL. Gastrin-releasing peptide is a novel mediator of proximal nutrient-induced proglucagon-derived peptide secretion from the distal gut. Endocrinology 1996;137:2383-8.
83. Rocca AS, Brubaker PL. Role of the vagus nerve in mediating proximal nutrient-induced glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion. Endocrinology 1999;140:1687-94.
84. Brubaker PL. Regulation of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptide secretion by intestinal regulatory peptides. Endocrinology 1991;128:3175-82.
85. Claustre J, Brechet S, Plaisancie P, Chayvialle JA, Cuber JC. Stimulatory effect of beta-adrenergic agonists on ileal L-cell secretion and modulation by alpha-adrenergic activation. J Endocrinol 1999;162:271-8.
86. Plaisancie P, Bernard C, Chayvialle JA, Cuber JC. Regulation of glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide secretion by intestinal neurotransmitters and hormones in the isolated vascularly perfused rat colon. Endocrinology 1994;135:2398-403.
87. Dumoulin V, Dakka T, Plaisancie P, Chayvialle JA, Cuber JC. Regulation of glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide, peptide YY, and neurotensin secretion by neurotransmitters and gut hormones in the isolated vascularly perfused rat ileum. Endocrinology 1995;136:5182-8.
88. Hansen L, Hartmann B, Bisgaard T, Mineo H, Jorgensen PN, Holst JJ. Somatostatin restrains the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 from isolated perfused porcine ileum. Am J Physiol 2000;278:E1010-8.
89. Knapper JM, Morgan LM, Fletcher JM, Marks V. Plasma and intestinal concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 (7-36) amide during suckling and after weaning in pigs. Horm Metab Res 1995;27:485-90.
90. Petersen YM, Burrin DG, Sangild PT. GLP-2 has differential effects on small intestine growth and function in fetal and neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol 2001;281:R1986-93.
91. Petersen Y, Hartmann B, Le Huerou-Luron I, Holst JJ, Sangild PT. Developmental changes in plasma GLP-2 and tissue GLP-2 receptor expression coincide with rapid intestinal maturation in young pigs. Gastroenterology 2002;122:A-133.
92. Le huerou-Luron I, Petersen YM, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Sangild PT. Exogenous GLP-2 has limited effects on weaning-induced intestinal adaptation in piglets. Gastroenterology 2002;122:A-380.
93. Drucker DJ, Shi Q, Crivici A, SumnerSmith M, Tavares W, Hill M, et al. Regulation of the biological activity of glucagon-like peptide 2 in vivo by dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Nat Biotech 1997;15:673-7.
94. Hartmann B, Harr MB, Jeppesen PB, Wojdemann M, Deacon CF, Mortensen PB, et al. In vivo and in vitro degradation of glucagon-like peptide 2 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2884-8.
95. Tavares W, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Enzymatic- and renal-dependent catabolism of the intestinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide 2 in rats. Am J Physiol 2000;278:E134-9.
96. Kieffer TJ, McIntosh CH, Pederson RA. Degradation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and truncated glucagon-like peptide 1 in vitro and in vivo by dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Endocrinology 1995;136:3585-96.
97. Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Kissow H, Thulesen S, Orskov C, Ropke C, et al. Dipeptidylpeptidase IV inhibition enhances the intestinotrophic effect of glucagon-like peptide 2 in rats and mice. Endocrinology 2000;141:4013-20.
98. Thulesen J, Knudsen LB, Hartmann B, Hastrup S, Kissow H, Jeppesen PB, et al. The truncated metabolite GLP-2 (3-33) interacts with the GLP-2 receptor as a partial agonist. Regul Pept 2002;103:9-15.
99. DaCambra MP, Yusta B, Sumner-Smith M, Crivici A, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Structural determinants for activity of glucagon-like peptide 2. Biochemistry 2000;39:8888-94.
100. Munroe DG, Gupta AK, Kooshesh F, Vyas TB, Rizkalla G, Wang H, et al. Prototypic G-protein-coupled receptor for the intestinotrophic factor glucagon-like peptide 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:1569-73.
101. Knudsen LB, Pridal L. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (9-36) amide is a major metabolite of glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide after in vivo administration to dogs, and it acts as an antagonist on the pancreatic receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;318:429-35.
102. Wettergren A, Wojdemann M, Holst JJ. The inhibitory effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide on antral motility is antagonized by its N-terminally truncated primary metabolite GLP-1 (9-36) amide. Peptides 1998;19:877-82.
103. Reimer MK, Holst JJ, Ahren B. Long-term inhibition of dipeptidylpeptidase IV improves glucose tolerance and preserves islet function in mice. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146:717-27.
104. Deacon CF, Knudsen LB, Madsen K, Wiberg FC, Jacobsen O, Holst JJ. Dipeptidylpeptidase IV resistant analogues of glucagon-like pepfide 1 which have extended metabolic stability and improved biological activity. Diabetologia 1998;41:271-8.
105. Deacon CF, Pridal L, Klarskov L, Olesen M, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 undergoes differential tissue-specific metabolism in the anesthetized pig. Am J Physiol 1996;34:E458-64.
106. Ruiz-Grande C, Pintado J, Alarcon C, Castilla C, Valverde I, Lopez-Novoa JM. Renal catabolism of human glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1990;68:1568-73.
107. Kato Y, Yu DH, Schwartz M. Glucagon-like peptide 2 enhances small intestinal absorptive function and mucosal mass in vivo. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:18-20.
108. Tsai CH, Hill M, Drucker DJ. Biological determinants of intestinotrophic properties of GLP-2 in vivo. Am J Physiol 1997;35:G662-8.
109. Tsai CH, Hill M, Asa SL, Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ. Intestinal growth-promoting properties of glucagon-like peptide 2 in mice. Am J Physiol 1997;36:E77-84.
110. Drucker DJ, DeForest L, Brubaker PL. Intestinal response to growth factors administered alone or in combination with human [Gly(2)]glucagon-like peptide 2. Am J Physiol 1997;36:G1252-62.
111. Lovshin J, Yusta B, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Ontogeny of the GLP-2/GLP-2 receptor axis during rat intestinal development. Gastroenterology 2000;118:A306.
112. Ghatei MA, Goodlad RA, Taheri S, Mandir N, Brynes AE, Jordinson M, et al. Proglucagon-derived peptides in intestinal epithelial proliferation. Glucagon-like peptide 2 is a major mediator of intestinal epithelial proliferation in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:1255-63.
113. Brubaker PL, Izzo A, Hill M, Drucker DJ. Intestinal function in mice with small bowel growth induced by glucagon-like peptide 2. Am J Physiol 1997;35:E1050-8.
114. Kitchen PA, FitzGerald AJ, Goodlad RA, Barley NF, Ghatei MA, Legon S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2 increases sucrase-isomaltase but not caudal-related homeobox protein-2 gene expression. Am J Physiol 2000;278:G425-8.
115. Cheeseman CI, Tsang R. The effect of G1P and glucagon-like peptides on intestinal basolateral membrane hexose transport. Am J Physiol 1996;271:G477-82.
116. Cheeseman CI. Upregulation of SGLT-1 transport activity in rat jejunum induced by GLP-2 infusion in vivo. Am J Physiol 1997;273:R1965-71.
117. Benjamin MA, McKay DM, Yang PC, Cameron H, Perdue MH. Glucagon-like peptide 2 enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function of both transcellular and paracellular pathways in the mouse. Gut 2000;47:112-9.
118. Wojdemann M, Wettergren A, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 2 inhibits centrally-induced antral motility in pigs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33:828-32.
119. Shibata C, Naito H, Jin XL, Ueno T, Funayama Y, Fukushima K, et al. Effect of glucagon, glicentin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 on interdigestive gastroduodenal motility in dogs with a vagally denervated gastric pouch. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36:1049-55.
120. Wojdemann M, Wettergmn A, Hartmann B, Hilsted L, Holst JJ. Inhibition of sham feeding-stimulated human gastric acid secretion by glucagon-like peptide 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2513-7.
121. Adrian TE, Savage AP, Sagor GR, Allen JM, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, Tatemoto K, Polak JM, et al. Effect of peptide YY on gastric, pancreatic, and biliary function in humans. Gastroenterology 1985;89:494-9.
122. Goke R, Fehmann HC, Goke B. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide is a new incretin/enterogastrone candidate. Eur J Clin Invest 1991;21:135-44.
123. Wettergren A, Wojdemann M, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibits gastropancreatic function by inhibiting central parasympathetic outflow. Am J Physiol 1998;275:G984-92.
124. Tang-Christensen M, Larsen PJ, Thulesen J, Romer J, Vrang N. The proglucagon-derived peptide, glucagon-like peptide 2, is a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of food intake. Nat Med 2000;6:802-7.
125. Tang-Christensen M, Larsen PJ, Goke R, Fink-Jensen A, Jessop DS, Moller M, et al. Central administration of GLP-1 (7-36) amide inhibits food and water intake in rats. Am J Physiol 1996;271:R848-56.
126. Flint A, Raben A, Astrup A, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans. J Clin Invest 1998;101:515-20.
127. Holst JJ, Sorensen TI, Andersen AN, Stadil F, Andersen B, Lauritsen KB, et al. Plasma enteroglucagon after jejunoileal bypass with 3:1 or 1:3 jejunoileal ratio. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979;14:205-7.
128. Topstad D, Martin G, Sigalet D. Systemic GLP-2 levels do not limit adaptation after distal intestinal resection. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36:750-4.
129. Gillingham MB, Dahly EM, Carey HV, Clark MD, Kritsch KR, Ney DM. Differential jejunal and colonic adaptation due to resection and IGF-I in parenterally-fed rats. Am J Physiol 2000;278:G700-9.
130. Thulesen J, Hartmann B, Kissow H, Jeppesen PB, Orskov C, Hoist JJ, et al. Intestinal growth adaptation and glucagon-like peptide 2 in rats with ileal-jejunal transposition or small bowel resection. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:379-88.
131. Tappenden KA, Thomson AB, Wild GE, McBurney MI. Short-chain fatty acid-supplemented total parenteral nutrition enhances functional adaptation to intestinal resection in rats. Gastroenterology 1997;112:792-802.
132. Kripke SA, Fox AD, Berman JM, Settle RG, Rombeau JL. Stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth with intracolonic infusion of short-chain fatty acids. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1989;13:109-16.
133. Koruda MJ, Rolandelli RH, Settle RG, Zimmaro DM, Rombeau JL. Effect of parenteral nutrition supplemented with short-chain fatty acids on adaptation to massive small bowel resection. Gastroenterology 1988;95:715-20.
134. Dahly EM, Petersen YM, Hartman B, Hoist JJ, Sangild PT. Luminal nutrients are not essential for adaptive growth after small bowel resection in parenterally-fed rats with residual illeum. Gastroenterology 2002;122:A-458.
135. Sigalet DL, Martin GR. Hormonal therapy for short-bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:360-3.
136. Scott RB, Kirk D, Macnaughton WK, Meddings JB. GLP-2 augments the adaptive response to massive intestinal resection in rat. Am J Physiol 1998;275:G911-21.
137. Hirotani Y, Yamamoto K, Yanaihara C, Balaspiri L, Yanaihara N, Kurokawa K. Distinctive effects of glicentin, GLP-1 and GLP-2 on adaptive response to massive distal small intestine resection in rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000;921:460-3.
138. Haderslev KV, Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Sorensen HA, Graff J, et al. Short-term administration of glucagon-like peptide 2. Effects on bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover patients with no colon. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:392-8.
139. Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Graff J, Lohmann J, Hansen BS, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with no colon. Gastroenterology 2001;120:806-15.
140. Xiao Q, Boushey RP, Cino M, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Circulating levels of glucagon-like peptide 2 in human subjects with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol 2000;278:R1057-63.
141. Schmidt PT, Hartmann B, Bregenholt S, Holst JJ, Claesson MH. Deficiency of the intestinal growth factor, glucagon-like peptide 2, in the colon of SCID mice with inflammatory bowel disease induced by transplantation of CD4+ T cells. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35:522-7.
142. Alavi K, Schwartz MZ, Palazzo JP, Prasad R. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in a rodent model with the intestinal growth factor glucagon-like peptide 2. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:847-51.
143. Boushey RP, Yusta B, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide 2 decreases mortality and reduces the severity of indomethacin-induced murine enteritis. Am J Physiol 1999;277:E937-47.
144. Drucker DJ, Yusta B, Boushey RP, DeForest L, Brubaker PL. Human [G1y(2)]GLP-2 reduces the severity of colonic injury in a murine model of experimental colitis. Am J Physiol 1999;276:G79-91.
145. Meleagros L, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Release of vasodilator, but not vasoconstrictor, neuropeptides and of enteroglucagon by intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion in the rat. Gut 1994;35:1701-6.
146. Prasad R, Alavi K, Schwartz MZ. Glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue enhances intestinal mucosal mass after ischemia and reperfusion. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:357-9.
147. Burrin DG, Stoll B, Jiang R, Petersen Y, Elnif J, Buddington RK. GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth in premature TPN-fed pigs by suppressing proteolysis and apoptosis. Am J Physiol 2000;279:G1249-56.
148. Chance WT, Foley-Nelson T, Thomas I, Balasubramaniam A. Prevention of parenteral nutrition-induced gut hypoplasia by coinfusion of glucagon-like peptide 2. Am J Physiol 1997;273:G559-63.
149. Guan X, Stoll B, Burrin DG. Glucagon-like peptide 2 acutely increases portal-drained visceral blood flow and substrate utilization in parenterally-fed neonatal pigs. Gastroenterology 2002;122:A-41.
150. Boushey RP, Yusta B, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 reduces chemotherapy-associated mortality and enhances cell survival in cells expressing a transfected GLP-2 receptor. Cancer Res 2001;61:687-93.
151. Tavakkolizadeh A, Shen R, Abraham P, Kormi N, Seifert P, Edelman ER, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2: a new treatment for chemotherapy-induced enteritis. J Surg Res 2000;91:77-82.
152. Chance WT, Sheriff S, Foley-Nelson T, Thomas I, Balasubramaniam A. Maintaining gut integrity during parenteral nutrition of tumor-bearing rats: effects of glucagon-like peptide 2. Nutr Cancer 2000
153. Yusta B, Huang L, Munroe D, Wolff G, Fantaske R, Sharma S, et al. Enteroendocrine localization of GLP-2 receptor expression in humans and rodents. Gastroenterology 2000;119:744-55.
154. Tang-Christensen M, Vrang N, Larsen PJ. Glucagon-like peptide containing pathways in the regulation of feeding behaviour. Int J Obes 2001;25:S42-7.
155. Jasleen J, Ashley SW, Shimoda N, Zinner MJ, Whang EE. Glucagon-like peptide 2 stimulates intestinal epithelial proliferation in vitro. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:1135-40.
156. Jasleen J, Shimoda N, Shen ER, Tavakkolizadeh A, Whang EE, Jacobs DO, et al. Signaling mechanism of glucagon-like peptide 2-induced intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. J Surg Res 2000;90:13-8.
157. Yusta B, Somwar R, Wang F, Munroe D, Grinstein S, Klip A, et al. Identification of glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2)-activated signaling pathways in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts expressing the rat GLP-2 receptor J Biol Chem 1999;274:30459-67.
158. 125 I-GLP-2. Peptides 2000;21:1511-7.
159. Bjerknes M, Cheng H. Modulation of specific intestinal epithelial progenitors by enteric neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:12497-502.
160. Yusta B, Estall J, Drucker DJ. GLP-2 receptor activation engages Bad and glycogen synthase kinase 3 in a protein kinase A-dependent manner and prevents apoptosis following inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 2002.
161. Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Hare KJ, Kissow H, Orskov C, Poulsen SS, et al. Immunoneutralization of endogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 reduces adaptive intestinal growth in diabetic rats. Regul Pept 2002;105:173-9.