Chemokines in the pathogenesis of liver disease: So many players with poorly defined roles

Clinical Science

Volumn 104, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 47-63

  Simpson, Kenneth J ^a   Henderson, Neil C ^a   Bone Larson, Cynthia L ^b   Lukacs, Nicholas W ^b   Hogaboam, Cory M ^b   Kunkel, Steven L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemokines; Hepatic inflammation; Liver injury

Indexed keywords

CHEMOATTRACTANT; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR3; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR4; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR6; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR7; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR3; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR5; CXCL9 CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE INDUCED NEUTROPHIL CHEMOATTRACTANT; EPITHELIAL DERIVED NEUTROPHIL ACTIVATING FACTOR 78; GAMMA INTERFERON INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 10; GAMMA INTERFERON RECEPTOR; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 8; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN; MELANOMA GROWTH STIMULATORY ACTIVITY FACTOR; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN; PROTEIN; RANTES; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANGIOGENESIS; BRAIN DISEASE; CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMOTAXIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN TISSUE; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LIVER DISEASE; LUNG DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ANIMALS; CHEMOKINES; CHEMOKINES, CC; CHEMOKINES, CXC; HEPATITIS; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES;

EID: 0037284514     PISSN: 01435221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1042/CS20020137     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Hepatitis Control Report (2001) 6, 1-3
2. Chief Medical Officer for England (2001) Annual Report, HMSO, London
3. Proudfoot, A. E., Power, C. A. and Wells, T. N. (2000) The strategy of blocking the chemokine system to combat disease. Immunol. Rev. 177, 246-256
4. Schall, T. J. and Bacon, K. B. (1994) Chemokines, leukocyte trafficking, and inflammation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6, 865-873
5. Kunkel, S. L. (1999) Through the looking glass: the diverse in vivo activities of chemokines. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 1333-1334
6. Zlotnik, A. and Yoshie, O. (2000) Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 12, 121-127
7. Rowell, D. L., Eckmann, L., Dwinell, M. B., Carpenter, S. P., Raucy, J. L., Yang, S. K. and Kagnoff, M. F. (1997) Human hepatocytes express an array of proinflammatory cytokines after agonist stimulation or bacterial invasion. Am. J. Physiol. 273, G322-G332
8. Liang, J., Yamaguchi, Y., Matsumura, F. et al. (2000) Calcium-channel blocker attenuates Kupffer cell production of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant following ischemia-reperfusion in rat liver. Dig. Dis. Sci. 45, 201-209
9. Maher, J. J., Lozier, J. S. and Scott, M. K. (1998) Rat hepatic stellate cells produce cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in culture and in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 275, G847-G853
10. Ohkubo, K., Masumoto, T., Horiike, N. and Onji, M. (1998) Induction of CINC (interleukin-8) production in rat liver by non-parenchymal cells. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 696-702
11. Mosher, B., Dean, R., Harkema, J., Remick, D., Palma, J. and Crockett, E. (2001) Inhibition of kupffer cells reduced CXC chemokine production and liver injury. J. Surg. Res. 99, 201-210
12. Hisama, N., Yamaguchi, Y., Ishiko, T., et al. (1996) Kupffer cell production of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant following ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Hepatology 24, 1193-1198
13. Mercer-Jones, M. A., Shrotri, M. S., Peyton, J. C., Remick, D. G. and Cheadle, W. G. (1999) Neutrophil sequestration in liver and lung is differentially regulated by C-X-C chemokines during experimental peritonitis. Inflammation 23, 305-319
14. Walley, K. R., Lukacs, N. W., Standiford, T. J., Strieter, R. M. and Kunkel, S. L. (1997) Elevated levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 in severe murine peritonitis increase neutrophil recruitment and mortality. Infect. Immun. 65, 3847-3851
15. Hogaboam, C. M., Bone-Larson, C. L., Steinhauser, M. L., et al. (1999) Novel CXCR2-dependent liver regenerative qualities of ELR-containing CXC chemokines. FASEB J. 13, 1565-1574
16. Horbach, M., Gerber, E. and Kahl, R. (1997) Influence of acetaminophen treatment and hydrogen peroxide treatment on the release of a CINC-related protein and TNF-alpha from rat hepatocyte cultures. Toxicology 121, 117-126
17. Deutschman, C. S., Haber, B. A., Andrejko, K., et al. (1996) Increased expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in septic rat liver. Am. J. Physiol. 271, R593-R600
18. Maltby, J., Wright, S., Bird, G. and Sheron, N. (1996) Chemokine levels in human liver homogenates: associations between GRO alpha and histopathological evidence of alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 24, 1156-1160
19. Giron-Gonzalez, J. A., Rodriguez-Ramos, C., Elvira, J., et al. (2001) Serial analysis of serum and ascitic fluid levels of soluble adhesion molecules and chemokines in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 123, 56-61
20. Maher, J. J., Scott, M. K., Saito, J. M. and Burton, M. C. (1997) Adenovirus-mediated expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in rat liver induces a neutrophilic hepatitis. Hepatology 25, 624-630
21. Lentsch, A. B., Yoshidome, H., Cheadle, W. G., Miller, F. N. and Edwards, M. J. (1998) Chemokine involvement in hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice: roles for macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and KC. Hepatology 27, 1172-1177
22. Zhang, P., Xie, M., Zagorski, J. and Spitzer, J. A. (1995) Attenuation of hepatic neutrophil sequestration by anti-CINC antibody in endotoxic rats. Shock 4, 262-268
23. Bajt, M. L., Farhood, A. and Jaeschke, H. (2001) Effects of CXC chemokines on neutrophil activation and sequestration in hepatic vasculature. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 281, G1188-G1195
24. Faouzi, S., Burckhardt, B. E., Hanson, J. C. et al. (2001) Anti-Fas induces hepatic chemokines and promotes inflammation by an NF-kappa B-independent, caspase-3-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 49077-49082
25. Colletti, L. M., Kunkel, S. L., Walz, A. et al. (1996) The role of cytokine networks in the local liver injury following hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in the rat. Hepatology 23, 506-514
26. Colletti, L. M., Green, M. E., Burdick, M. D. and Strieter, R. M. (2000) The ratio of ELR + to ELR-CXC chemokines affects the lung and liver injury following hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in the rat. Hepatology 31, 435-445
27. Colletti, L. M., Kunkel, S. L., Walz, A. et al. (1995) Chemokine expression during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury in the rat. The role of epithelial neutrophil activating protein. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 134-141
28. Colletti, L. M., Green, M., Burdick, M. D., Kunkel, S. L. and Strieter, R. M. (1998) Proliferative effects of CXC chemokines in rat hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Shock 10, 248-257
29. Ohkubo, K., Masumoto, T., Horiike, N. and Onji, M. (1998) Induction of CINC (interleukin-8) production in rat liver non-parenchymal cells. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 696-702
30. Morland, C. M., Fear, J., McNab, G., Joplin, R. and Adams, D. H. (1997) Promotion of leukocyte transendothelial cell migration by chemokines derived from human biliary epithelial cells in vitro. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 109, 372-382
31. Schwabe, R. F., Schnabl, B., Kweon, Y. O. and Brenner, D. A. (2001) CD40 activates NF-kappa B and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and enhances chemokine secretion on activated human hepatic stellate cells. J. Immunol. 166, 6812-6819
32. Sheron, N., Bird, G., Koskinas, J. et al. (1993) Circulating and tissue levels of the neutrophil chemotaxin interleukin-8 are elevated in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis, and tissue levels correlate with neutrophil infiltration. Hepatology 18, 41-46
33. Hill, D. B., Marsano, L. S. and McClain, C. J. (1993) Increased plasma interleukin-8 concentrations in alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 18, 576-580
34. Huang, Y. S., Chan, C. Y., Wu, J. C., Pai, C. H., Chao, Y. and Lee, S. D. (1996) Serum levels of interleukin-8 in alcoholic liver disease: relationship with disease stage, biochemical parameters and survival. J. Hepatol. 24, 377-384
35. Shimoda, K., Begum, N. A., Shibuta, K. et al. (1998) Interleukin-8 and hIRH (SDF1-alpha/PBSF) mRNA expression and histological activity index in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 28, 108-115
36. Tilg, H., Ceska, M., Vogel, W., Herold, M., Margreiter, R. and Huber, C. (1992) Interleukin-8 serum concentrations after liver transplantation. Transplantation 53, 800-803
37. Simonet, W. S., Hughes, T. M., Nguyen, H. Q., Trebasky, L. D., Danilenko, D. M. and Medlock, E. S. (1994) Long-term impaired neutrophil migration in mice over-expressing human interleukin-8. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 1310-1319
38. DeMeo, A. N. and Anderson, B. R. (1972) Defective chemotaxis associated with a serum inhibitor in cirrhotic patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 286, 735-740
39. Maderazo, E. C., Ward, P. A. and Quintiliani, R. (1975) Defective regulation of chemotaxis in cirrhosis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85, 621-630
40. Mohammed, H. H., Hayes, P. C. and Simpson, K. J. (1998) Defective CXC chemokine induced neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with liver failure. Hepatology 28, 87
41. Mohammed, H. H., Jalan, R., Damink, S. O., Hayes, P. C. and Simpson, K. J. (1999) A study of neutrophil chemotaxis towards CXC chemokines and the effect of simulated bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 30, 282
42. Mohammed, H. H., Sadler, K. M., Hayes, P. C., Ross, J. A. and Simpson, K. J. (2000) Neutrophil chemotaxis and expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in patients with chronic liver failure. Hepatology 32, 674
43. Afford, S. C., Fisher, N. C., Neil, D. A. et al. (1998) Distinct patterns of chemokine expression are associated with leukocyte recruitment in alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis. J. Pathol. 186, 82-89
44. Nanji, A. A., Jokelainen, K., Rahemtulla, A. et al. (1999) Activation of nuclear factor kappa B and cytokine imbalance in experimental alcoholic liver disease in the rat. Hepatology 30, 934-943
45. Bautista, A. P. (1997) Chronic alcohol intoxication induces hepatic injury through enhanced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 production and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the liver. Hepatology 25, 335-342
46. Hogaboam, C. M., Simpson, K. J., Chensue, S. W. et al. (1999) Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 gene therapy attenuates adenovirus and acetaminophen-mediated hepatic injury. Gene Ther. 6, 573-584
47. Hogaboam, C. M., Bone-Larson, C. L., Steinhauser, M. L. et al. (1999) Novel CXCR2-dependent liver regenerative qualities of ELR-containing CXC chemokines. FASEB J. 13, 1565-1574
48. Horiguchi, H., Harada, A., Oguma, E. et al. (2000) Cadmium-induced acute hepatic injury is exacerbated in human interleukin-8 transgenic mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 163, 231-239
49. Yoshidome, H., Kato, A., Edwards, M. J. et al. (1999) Activation and lung injury induced by hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion. Am. J. Physiol. 277, L919-L923
50. Yoshidome, H., Kato, A., Miyazaki, M., Edwards, M. J. and Lentsch, A. B. (1999) IL-13 activates STAT 6 and inhibits liver injury induced by ischaemia/reperfusion. Am. J. Pathol. 155, 1059-1064
51. Nakamura, K., Okada, M., Yoneda, M. et al. (2001) MIP2 induced by TNF alpha plays a pivotal role in ConA induced liver injury. J. Hepatol. 35, 217-224
52. Farber, J. M. (1997) Mig and IP-10: CXC chemokines that target lymphocytes. J. Leukocyte Biol. 61, 246-257
53. Park, J. W., Gruys, M. E., McCormick, K. et al. (2001) Primary hepatocytes from mice treated with IL-2/IL-12 produce T cell chemoattractant activity that is dependent on monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig) and chemokine responsive to gamma-2 (Crg-2). J. Immunol. 166, 3763-3770
54. Loetscher, P., Pellergrino, A., Gong, J. H. et al. (2001) The ligands of CXC chemokine receptor 3, I-TAC, Mig, and IP10, are natural antagonists for CCR3. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 2986-2991
55. Shields, P. L., Morland, C. M., Salmon, M., Qin, S., Hubscher, S. G. and Adams, D. H. (1999) Chemokine and chemokine receptor interactions provide a mechanism for selective T cell recruitment to specific liver compartments within hepatitis C-infected liver. J. Immunol. 163, 6236-6243
56. Yoong, K. F., Afford, S. C., Jones, R. et al. (1999) Expression and function of CXC and CC chemokines in human malignant liver tumors: a role for human monokine induced by gamma-interferon in lymphocyte recruitment to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 30, 100-111
57. Goddard, S., Williams, A., Morland, C. M. et al. (2001) Differential expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors shapes the inflammatory response in rejecting human liver transplants. Transplantation 72, 1957-1967
58. Kakimi, K., Lane, T. E., Chisari, F. V. and Guidotti, L. G. (2001) Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by activated NK-T cells does not require inflammatory cell recruitment to the liver. J. Immunol. 167, 6701-6705
59. Koniaris, L. G., Zimmers-Koniaris, T., Hsiao, E. C., Chavin, K., Sitzmann, J. V. and Farber, J. M. (2001) Cytokine-responsive gene-2/IFN-inducible protein-10 expression in multiple models of liver and bile duct injury suggests a role in tissue regeneration. J. Immunol. 167, 339-406
60. Bone-Larson, C. L., Hogaboam, C. M., Evanhoff, H., Strieter, R. M. and Kunkel, S. L. (2001) IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (CXCL 10) is hepatoprotective during acute liver injury through the induction of CXCR2 on hepatocytes. J. Immunol. 167, 7077-7083
61. Pinzani, M. and Marra, F. (2001) Cytokine receptors and signaling in hepatic stellate cells. Semin. Liver Dis. 21, 397-416
62. Widney, D. P., Xia, Y. R., Lusis, A. J. and Smith, J. B. (2000) The murine chemokine CXCL 11 (IFN-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant) is an IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide-inducible glucocorticoid-attenuated response gene expressed in lung and other tissues during endotoxemia. J. Immunol. 164, 6322-6331
63. Gasperini, S., Marchi, M., Calzetti, F. et al. (1999) Gene expression and production of the monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig), IFN-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), and IFN-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) chemokines by human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 162, 4928-4937
64. Meyer, M., Hensbergen, P. J., van der Raaij-Helmer, E. M. et al. (2001) Cross reactivity of three T cell attracting murine chemokines stimulating the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR3 and their induction in cultured cells and during allograft rejection. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 2521-2527
65. Aiuti, A., Webb, I. J., Bleul, C., Springer, T. and Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C. (1997) The chemokine SDF-1 is a chemoattractant for human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and provides a new mechanism to explain the mobilization of CD34+ progenitors to peripheral blood. J. Exp. Med. 185, 111-120
66. Bleul, C. C., Fuhlbrigge, R. C., Casasnovas, J. M., Aiuti, A. and Springer, T. A. (1996) A highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant, stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1). J. Exp. Med. 184, 1101-1109
67. Ueda, H., Siani, M. A., Gong, W., Thompson, D. A., Brown, G. G. and Wang, J. M. (1997) Chemically synthesized SDF-1 alpha analogue, N33A, is a potent chemotactic agent for CXCR4/Fusin/LESTR-expressing human leukocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24966-24970
68. Bleul, C. C., Farzan, M., Choe, H., et al. (1996) The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature (London) 382, 829-833
69. Zou, Y. R., Kottmann, A. H., Kuroda, M., Taniuchi, I. and Littman, D. R. (1998) Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature (London) 393, 595-599
70. Ma, Q., Jones, D., Borghesani, P. R. et al. (1998) Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4 and SDF-1-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 9448-9953
71. Coulomb-L'Hermin, A., Amara, A., Schiff, C. et al. (1999) Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and antenatal human B cell lymphopoiesis: expression of SDF-1 by mesothelial cells and biliary ductal plate epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 8585-8590
72. Mitra, P., De, A., Ethier, M. F. et al. (2001) Loss of chemokine SDF-1 alpha mediated CXCR4 signalling and receptor internalization in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Cell Signalling 5, 311-319
73. Muller, A., Homey, B., Soto, H. et al. (2001) Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature (London) 410, 50-56
74. Mitra, P., Shibuta, K., Mathai, J. et al. (1999) CXCR4 mRNA expression in colon, esophageal and gastric cancers and hepatitis C infected liver. Int. J. Oncol. 14, 917-925
75. Shibuta, K., Begum, N. A., Mori, M., Shimoda, K., Akiyoshi, T. and Barnard, G. F. (1997) Reduced expression of the CXC chemokine hIRH/SDF-1 alpha mRNA in hepatoma and digestive tract cancer. Int. J. Cancer 73, 656-662
76. Rucinski, B., Stewart, G. J., De Feo, P. A., Boden, G. and Niewiarowski, S. (1987) Uptake and processing of human platelet factor 4 by hepatocytes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 186, 361-367
77. el-Bassiouni, N. E., el Bassiouny, A. E., Akl, M. M. and el-Khayat, H. R. (1997) Fibronectin, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin in endemic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: relation to acute hematemesis. Haemostasis 27, 39-48
78. Porte, R. J., Blauw, E., Knot, E. A. et al. (1994) Role of the donor liver in the origin of platelet disorders and hyperfibrinolysis in liver transplantation. J. Hepatol. 21, 592-600
79. Sozzani, S., Locati, M., Zhou, D. et al. (1995) Receptors, signal transduction, and spectrum of action of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and related chemokines. J. Leukocyte Biol. 57, 788-794
80. Han, J., Yoo, H. Y., Choi, B. H. and Rho, H. M. (2000) Selective transcriptional regulation in the human liver cell by hepatitis B viral X protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 272, 525-530
81. Matsukawa, A., Hogaboam, C. M., Lukacs, N. W., Lincoln, P. M., Strieter, R. M. and Kunkel, S. L. (1999) Endogenous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) protects mice in a model of acute septic peritonitis: cross-talk between MCP-1 and leukotriene B4. J. Immunol. 163, 6148-6154
82. Matsukawa, A., Hogaboam, C. M., Lukacs, N. W., Lincoln, P. M., Strieter, R. M. and Kunkel, S. L. (2000) Endogenous MCP-1 influences systemic cytokine balance in a murine model of acute septic peritonitis. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 68, 77-84
83. Yamaguchi, Y., Matsumara, F., Liang, J. et al. (1999) Neutrophil elastase and oxygen radicals enhance monocyte chemoattractant protein expression after ischaemia/reperfusion in rat liver. Transplantation 68, 1459-1468
84. Fisher, N. C., Neil, D. A., Williams, A. and Adams, D. H. (1999) Serum concentrations and peripheral secretion of the beta chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha in alcoholic liver disease. Gut 45, 416-420
85. Narumi, S., Tominaga, Y., Tamaru, M. et al. (1997) Expression of IP10 in chronic hepatitis. J. Immunol. 158, 5536-5544
86. Marra, F., DeFranco, R., Grappone, C. et al. (1998) Increased expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 during active hepatic fibrogenesis: correlation with monocyte infiltration. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 423-430
87. Marra, F., DeFranco, R., Grappone, C. et al. (1999) Expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 precedes monocyte recruitment in a rat model of acute liver injury, and is modulated by vitamin E. J. Invest. Med. 47, 66-75
88. Marra, F., Romanelli, R. G., Giannini, C. et al. (1999) Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 as a chemoattractant for human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 29, 140-148
89. Hogaboam, C. M., Bone-Larson, C. L., Steinhauser, M. L., et al. (2000) Exaggerated hepatic injury due to acetaminophen challenge in mice lacking C-C chemokine receptor. Am. J. Pathol. 156, 1245-1252
90. Dambach, D. M., Watson, L. M., Gray, K. R., Durham, S. K. and Laskin, D. L. (2002) Role of CCR2 in macrophage migration into the liver during acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in the mouse. Hepatology 35, 1093-1103
91. Wolpe, S. D. and Cerami, A. (1989) Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: members of a novel superfamily of cytokines. FASEB J. 14, 2565-2573
92. Murai, M., Yoneyama, H., Harada, A. et al. (1999) Active participation of CCR5+, CD8+ T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of liver injury in graft-versus-host disease. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 49-57
93. Serody, J. S., Cook, D. N., Kirby, S. L., Reap, E., Shea, T. C. and Frelinger, J. A. (1999) Murine T lymphocytes incapable of producing macrophage inhibitory protein-1 are impaired in causing graft-versus-host disease across a class I but not class II major histocompatibility complex barrier. Blood 93, 43-50
94. Salazar-Mather, T. P., Orange, J. S. and Biron, C. A. (1998) Early murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection induces liver natural killer (NK) cell inflammation and protection through macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1alpha) dependent pathways. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1-14
95. Adams, D. H., Hubscher, S., Fear, J., Johnston, J., Shaw, S. and Afford, S. (1996) Hepatic expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta after liver transplantation. Transplantation 61, 817-825
96. Hirano, F., Kobayashi, A., Hirano, Y., Nomura, Y., Fukawa, E. and Makino, I. (2001) Bile acids regulate RANTES gene expression through its cognate NF-kappaB binding sites. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288, 1095-1101
97. Bukara, M. and Bautista, A. P. (2000) Acute alcohol intoxication and gadolinium chloride attenuate endotoxin-induced release of CC chemokines in the rat. Alcohol 20, 193-203
98. Kusano, F., Tanaka, Y., Marumo, F. and Sato, C. (2000) Expression of C-C chemokines is associated with portal and periportal inflammation in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Lab. Invest. 80, 415-422
99. Muruve, D. A., Barnes, M. J., Stillman, I. E. and Libermann, T. A. (1999) Adenoviral gene therapy leads to rapid induction of multiple chemokines and acute neutrophil-dependent hepatic injury in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther. 10, 965-976
100. Nagral, A., Ben-Ari, Z., Dhillon, A. P. and Burroughs, A. K. (1998) Eosinophils in acute cellular rejection in liver allografts. Liver Transplant. Surg. 4, 355-362
101. Pham, B. N., Bemuau, J., Durand, F. et al. (2001) Eotaxin expression and eosinophil infiltrate in the liver of patients with drug-induced liver disease. J. Hepatol. 34, 537-547
102. Proost, P., Wuyts, A. and van Damme, J. (1996) Human monocyte chemotactic proteins-2 and -3: structural and functional comparison with MCP-1. J. Leukocyte Biol. 59, 67-74
103. Tsuneyama, K., Harada, K., Yasoshima, M. et al. (2001) Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, -2, and -3 are distinctively expressed in portal tracts and granulomata in primary biliary cirrhosis: implications for pathogenesis. J. Pathol. 193, 102-109
104. Griffiths-Johnson, D. A., Collins, P. D., Rossi, A. G., Jose, P. J. and Williams, T. J. (1993) The chemokine, eotoxin, activates guinea-pig eosinophils in vitro and causes their accumulation into the lung in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197, 1167-1172
105. Quackenbush, E. J., Aguirre, V., Wershil, B. K. and Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C. (1997) Eotoxin influences the development of embroyonic hematopoietic progenitors in the mouse. J. Leukocyte Biol. 5, 661-666
106. Sarafi, M. N., Garcia-Zepeda, E. A., MacLean, J. A., Charo, I. F. and Luster, A. D. (1997) Murine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-5), a novel CC chemokine that is a structural and functional homologue of human MCP-1. J. Exp. Med. 185, 99-109
107. Blease, K., Mehrad, B., Lukacs, N. W., Kunkel, S. L., Standiford, T. J. and Hogaboam, C. M. (2001) Antifungal and airway remodeling roles for murine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCL2 during pulmonary exposure to Asperigillus fumigatus conidia. J. Immunol. 166, 1832-1842
108. Sun, D., Tani, M., Newman, T. A. et al. (2000) Role of chemokines, neuronal projections, and the blood-brain barrier in the enhancement of cerebral EAE following focal brain damage. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 12, 1031-1043
109. Kopydlowski, K. M., Salkowski, C. A., Cody, M. J. et al. (1999) Regulation of macrophage chemokine expression by lipopolysaccharide in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol. 163, 1537-1544
110. Schulz-Knappe, P., Magert, H. J., Dewald, B. et al. (1996) HCC-1, a novel chemokine from human plasma. J. Exp. Med. 183, 295-299
111. Tsou, C. L., Gladue, R. P., Carroll, L. A. et al. (1998) Identification of C-C chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) as the monocyte hemofiltrate C-C chemokine (HCC)-1 receptor. J. Exp. Med. 188, 603-608
112. Detheux, M., Standker, L., Vakili, J. et al. (2000) Natural proteolytic processing of hemofiltrate CC chemokine 1 generates a potent CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 1 and CCR5 agonist with anti-HIV properties. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1501-1508
113. Pardigol, A., Forssmann, U., Zucht, H. D. et al. (1998) HCC-2, a human chemokine: gene structure, expression pattern, and biological activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 6308-6313
114. Hedrick, J. A., Helms, A., Vicari, A. and Zlotnik, A. (1998) Characterisation of a novel CC chemokine, HCC-4, whose expression is increased by interleukin 10. Blood 91, 4242-4247
115. Nomiyama, H., Heishima, K., Nakayama, T. et al. (2001) Human CC chemokine liver-expressed chemokine/CCL16 is a functional ligand for CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5, and constitutively expressed by hepatocytes. Int. Immunol. 8, 1021-1029
116. Imai, T., Baba, M., Nishimura, M., Kakizaki, M., Takagi, S. and Yoshie, O. (1997) The T cell-directed CC chemokine TARC is a highly specific biological ligand for CC chemokine receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15036-15042
117. Bernardini, G., Hedrick, J., Sozzani, S. et al. (1998) Identification of the CC chemokines TARC and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta as novel functional ligands for the CCR8 receptor. Eur. J. Immunol. 28, 582-588
118. Sekiya, T., Miyamasu, M., Imanishi, M. et al. (2000) Inducible expression of a Th2 type CC chemokine thymus and activation regulated chemokine by human bronchial epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 165, 2205-2213
119. Campbell, J. J., Haraldsen, G., Pan, J. et al. (1999) The chemokine receptor CCR4 in vascular recognition by cutaneous but not intestinal memory T cells. Nature (London) 400, 776-780
120. Chvatchko, Y., Hoogewerf, A. J., Meyer, A. et al. (2000) A key role for CC chemokine receptor 4 in lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxic shock. J. Exp. Med. 191, 1755-1764
121. Yoneyama, H., Harada, A., Imai, T. et al. (1998) Pivotal role of TARC, a CC chemokine, in bacteria induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 1933-1941
122. Yoshida, R., Imai, T., Hieshima, K. et al. (1997) Molecular cloning of a novel human CC chemokine EBII-ligand chemokine that is a specific functional ligand for EBII, CCR7. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13803-13809
123. Kellermann, S. A., Hudak, S., Oldham, E. R., Liu, Y. J. and McEvoy, L. M. (1999) The CC chemokine receptor-7 ligands, 6Ckine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta are potent chemoattractants for in vitro and in vivo derived dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 162, 3859-3864
124. Robertson, M. J., Williams, B. T., Christopherson, II, K., Brahmi, Z. and Hromas, R. (2000) Regulation of human natural killer cell migration and proliferation by the exodus subfamily of CC chemokines. Cell. Immunol. 199, 8-14
125. Robbiani, D. F., Finch, R. A., Jager, D., Muller, W. A., Sartorelli, A. C. and Randolph, G. J. (2000) The leukotriene C4 transporter MRP1 regulates CCL19 (MIP-3 beta, ELC) dependent mobilization of dendritic cells to lymph nodes. Cell 103, 757-768
126. Shimizu, Y., Murata, H., Kashii, Y. et al. (2001) CCR6 and its ligand MIP3 alpha might be involved in the amplification of local necroinflammatory response in the liver. Hepatology 34, 311-319
127. Yoshie, O., Imai, T. and Nomiyama, H. (1997) Novel lymphocyte specific CC chemokines and their receptors. J. Leukocyte Biol. 62, 634-644
128. Yoshida, R., Nagira, M., Kitaura, M., Imagawa, N., Imai, T. and Yoshie, O. (1998) Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine is a functional ligand for the CC chemokine receptor CCR7. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 7118-7122
129. Soto, H., Wang, W., Strieter, R. M. et al. (1998) The CC chemokine 6Ckine binds the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 8205-8210
130. Ploix, C., Lo, D. and Carson, M. J. (2001) A ligand for chemokine receptor CCR7 can influence the homeostatic proliferation of CD4 T cells and progression of autoimmunity. J. Immunol. 167, 6724-6730
131. Chen, S. C., Leach, M. W., Chen, Y. et al. (2002) Central nervous system inflammation and neurological disease in transgenic mice expressing the CC chemokine CCL21 in oligodendrocytes. J. Immunol. 168, 1009-1017
132. Chen, S. C., Vassileva, G., Kinsley, D. et al. (2002) Ectopic expression of the murine chemokines CCL21a and CCL21b induces the formation of lymph node like structures in pancreas, but not skin, of transgenic mice. J. Immunol. 168, 1001-1008
133. Yoneyama, H., Matsuno, K., Zhang, Y. et al. (2001) Regulation by chemokines of circulating dendritic cell precursors and the formation of portal tract associated lymphoid tissue in granulomatous liver disease. J. Exp. Med. 193, 35-49
134. Grant, A. J., Goddard, S., Ahmed-Choudhury, J. et al. (2002) Hepatic expression of SLC (CCL21) promotes the development of portal associated lymphoid tissue in chronic inflammatory liver disease. Am. J. Pathol. 160, 1445-1455
135. Godiska, R., Chantry, D., Raport, C. J. et al. (1997) Human macrophage derived chemokine (MDC), a novel chemoattractant for monocytes, monocyte derived dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med. 185, 1595-1604
136. Imai, T., Chantry, D., Raport, C. J. et al. (1998) Macrophage derived chemokine is a functional ligand for the CC chemokine receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1764-1768
137. Matsukawa, A., Kaplan, M. H., Hogaboam, C. M., Lukacs, N. W. and Kunkel, S. L. (2001) Pivotal role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 4 and Stat 6 in the innate immune response during sepsis. J. Exp. Med. 193, 679-688
138. Vicari, A. P., Figueroa, D. J., Hedrick, J. A. et al. (1997) TECK: a novel CC chemokine specifically expressed by thymic dendritic cells and potentially involved in T cell development. Immunity 7, 291-301
139. Youn, B. S., Kim, C. H., Smith, F. O. and Broxmeyer, H. E. (1999) TECK, an efficacious chemoattractant for human thymocytes, uses GPR-9-6/CCR9 as a specific receptor. Blood 94, 2533-2536
140. Zabel, B. A., Agace, W. W., Campbell, J. J. et al. (1999) Human G protein coupled receptor GPR-9-6/CC chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal homing T lymphocytes, mucosal lymphocytes, and thymocytes and is required for thymus expressed chemokine mediated chemotaxis. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1241-1256
141. Vicari, A. P., Figueroa, D. J., Hedrick, J. A. et al. (1997) TECK: a novel CC chemokine specifically expressed by thymic dendritic cells and potentially involved in T cell development. Immunity 7, 291-301
142. Youn, B. S., Kim, Y. J., Mantel, C., Yu, K. Y. and Broxmeyer, H. E. (2001) Blocking of c-FLIP(L)-independent cycloheximide induced apoptosis or Fas mediated apoptosis by the CC chemokine receptor 9/TECK interaction. Blood 98, 925-933
143. Pan, Y., Lloyd, C., Zhou, H. et al. (1997) Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature (London) 387, 611-617
144. Bazan, J. F., Bacon, K. B., Hardiman, G. et al. (1997) A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature (London) 385, 640-644
145. Fong, A. M., Robinson, L. A., Steeber, D. A. et al. (1998) Fractalkine and CX3CR1 mediate a novel mechanism of leukocyte capture, firm adhesion, and activation under physiologic flow. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1413-1419
146. Tsou, C. L., Haskell, C. A. and Charo, I. F. (2001) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme mediates the inducible cleavage of fractalkine. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 44622-44626
147. Garton, K. J., Gough, P. J., Blobel, C. P. et al. (2001) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (ADAM17) mediates the cleavage and shedding of fractalkine (CX3CL1). J. Biol. Chem. 276, 37993-38001
148. Harrison, J. K., Jiang, Y., Chen, S. et al. (1998) Role for neuronally derived fractalkine in mediating interactions between neurons and CX3CR1 expressing microglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 10896-10901
149. Moatti, D., Faure, S., Fumeron, F. et al. (2001) Polymorphism in the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 as a genetic risk factor for coronary artery disease. Blood 97, 1925-1928
150. Combadiere, C., Salzwedel, K., Smith, E. D., Tiffany, H. L., Berger, E. A. and Murphy, P. M. (1998) Identification of CX3CR1. A chemotactic receptor for the human CX3C chemokine fractalkine and a fusion co-receptor for HIV. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23799-23804
151. Bone-Larson, C. L., Simpson, K. J., Colletti, L. M., et al. (2000) The role of chemokines in the immunopathology of the liver. Immunol. Rev. 177, 8-20
152. Zhang, H., Cook, J., Nickel, J. et al. (2000) Reduction of liver Fas expression by an antisense oligonucleotide protects mice from fulminant hepatitis. Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 862-867
153. Efsen, E., Grappone, C., Raffaella, M. S. et al. (2002) Up-regulated expression of fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 during liver injury in humans. J. Hepatol. 37, 39-47
154. Kennedy, J., Kelner, G. S., Kleyensteuber, S. et al. (1995) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of human lymphotactin. J. Immunol. 155, 203-209
155. Ebrahimi, B., Dutia, B. M., Brownstein, D. G. and Nash, A. A. (2001) Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 infection causes multi-organ fibrosis and alters leukocyte trafficking in interferon-gamma receptor knockout mice. Am. J. Pathol. 158, 2117-2125