메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 50-60

The evolutionary genomics of pathogen recombination

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIUM CONJUGATION; BACTERIUM TRANSDUCTION; BACTERIUM TRANSFORMATION; CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION; DISEASE CONTROL; DNA VIRUS; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EUKARYOTE EVOLUTION; FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE; GENE LOCUS; GENE TRANSFER; GENEALOGY; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; MICROBIAL GENETICS; MOLECULAR CLOCK; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; PAN TROGLODYTES; PARALOGY; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA VIRUS;

EID: 0037223888     PISSN: 14710056     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrg964     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (163)

References (127)
  • 1
    • 0034682335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation
    • Ochman, H., Lawrence, J. G. & Groisman, E. A. Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation. Nature 405, 299-304 (2000). Reviews work of the authors and other researchers (for example, see references 46,47,73) who have used interspecific comparative approaches to identify the foreign transfers between species that correlate with a change in pathogenicity and fitness.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 299-304
    • Ochman, H.1    Lawrence, J.G.2    Groisman, E.A.3
  • 2
    • 0028605344 scopus 로고
    • Clonal divergence in Escherichia coli as a result of recombination, not mutation
    • Guttman, D. S. & Dykhuizen, D. E. Clonal divergence in Escherichia coli as a result of recombination, not mutation. Science 266, 1380-1383 (1994).
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1380-1383
    • Guttman, D.S.1    Dykhuizen, D.E.2
  • 3
    • 0033551061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High recombination rate in natural populations of Plasmodium falciparum
    • Conway, D. J. et al. High recombination rate in natural populations of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4506-4511 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 4506-4511
    • Conway, D.J.1
  • 4
    • 0034769889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombination and the population structures of bacterial pathogens
    • Feil, E. J. & Spratt, B. G. Recombination and the population structures of bacterial pathogens. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55, 561-590 (2001).
    • (2001) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.55 , pp. 561-590
    • Feil, E.J.1    Spratt, B.G.2
  • 6
    • 0032889281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination
    • Lole, K. S. et al. Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination. J. Virol. 73, 152-160 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 152-160
    • Lole, K.S.1
  • 7
    • 0034694005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of new forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 intersubtype recombinants in central Myanmar
    • Motomura, K. et al. Emergence of new forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 intersubtype recombinants in central Myanmar. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 16, 1831-1843 (2000).
    • (2000) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.16 , pp. 1831-1843
    • Motomura, K.1
  • 8
    • 0034095856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A principal target of human immunity to malaria identified by molecular population genetic and immunological analyses
    • Conway D. J. et al. A principal target of human immunity to malaria identified by molecular population genetic and immunological analyses. Nature Med. 6, 689-892 (2000). By using a population genetic approach, this paper reports the identification of highly variable regions in the P. falciparum msp1 gene that seem to be under diversifying selection. The authors also developed a vaccine based on the translated portion of the msp1-encoded protein.
    • (2000) Nature Med. , vol.6 , pp. 689-892
    • Conway, D.J.1
  • 9
    • 0033795404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
    • Anderson, T. J. et al. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 1467-1482 (2000). A microsatellite study that pre-dates some of the recent malaria single-nucleotide polymorphism surveys and that reveals extensive diversity and recombination in P. falciparum.
    • (2000) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 1467-1482
    • Anderson, T.J.1
  • 11
    • 0032566768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why sex and recombination?
    • Barton, N. H. & Charlesworth, B. Why sex and recombination? Science 281, 1986-1990 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 1986-1990
    • Barton, N.H.1    Charlesworth, B.2
  • 12
    • 0036209507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolving the paradox of sex and recombination
    • Otto, S. P. & Lenormand, T. Resolving the paradox of sex and recombination. Nature Rev. Genet. 3, 252-261 (2002). A balanced and up-to-date review of the evolutionary significance of sex and recombination, and of the current status of the field.
    • (2002) Nature Rev. Genet. , vol.3 , pp. 252-261
    • Otto, S.P.1    Lenormand, T.2
  • 13
    • 0001224667 scopus 로고
    • Some genetic aspects of sex
    • Muller H. J. Some genetic aspects of sex. Am. Nat. 66, 118-138 (1932).
    • (1932) Am. Nat. , vol.66 , pp. 118-138
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 14
    • 50549201557 scopus 로고
    • The relation of recombination to mutation advance
    • Muller, H. J. The relation of recombination to mutation advance. Mutat. Res. 1, 2-9 (1964).
    • (1964) Mutat. Res. , vol.1 , pp. 2-9
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 15
    • 0013979181 scopus 로고
    • The effect of linkage on limits to artificial selection
    • Hill, W. G. & Robertson, A. The effect of linkage on limits to artificial selection. Genet. Res. 8, 269-294 (1966).
    • (1966) Genet. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 269-294
    • Hill, W.G.1    Robertson, A.2
  • 16
    • 0036189827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting a local signature of genetic hitchhiking along a recombining chromosome
    • Kim, Y. & Stephan, W. Detecting a local signature of genetic hitchhiking along a recombining chromosome. Genetics 160, 765-777 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.160 , pp. 765-777
    • Kim, Y.1    Stephan, W.2
  • 17
    • 0033911330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated framework for the inference of viral population history from reconstructed genealogies
    • Pybus, O. G., Rambaut, A. & Harvey P. H. An integrated framework for the inference of viral population history from reconstructed genealogies. Genetics 155, 1429-1437 (2000).
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.155 , pp. 1429-1437
    • Pybus, O.G.1    Rambaut, A.2    Harvey, P.H.3
  • 18
    • 0026548159 scopus 로고
    • Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences
    • Rogers, A. R. & Harpending, H. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 552-569 (1992).
    • (1992) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.9 , pp. 552-569
    • Rogers, A.R.1    Harpending, H.2
  • 19
    • 0028819120 scopus 로고
    • The molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Edinburgh
    • Holmes, E. C. et al. The molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Edinburgh. J. Infect. Dis. 17, 45-53 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.17 , pp. 45-53
    • Holmes, E.C.1
  • 20
    • 0004732896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of HIV-1 env gene sequences reveals evidence for a low effective number in the viral population
    • Leigh-Brown, A. J. Analysis of HIV-1 env gene sequences reveals evidence for a low effective number in the viral population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1862-1865 (1997).
    • (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.94 , pp. 1862-1865
    • Leigh-Brown, A.J.1
  • 21
    • 0030683599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PAML: A program for package for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood
    • Yang, Z. PAML: a program for package for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Cabios 15, 555-556 (1997).
    • (1997) Cabios , vol.15 , pp. 555-556
    • Yang, Z.1
  • 22
    • 0033639150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for detecting molecular adaptation
    • Yang, Z. & Bielawski, B. Statistical methods for detecting molecular adaptation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 496-503 (2000).
    • (2000) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 496-503
    • Yang, Z.1    Bielawski, B.2
  • 23
    • 0034625771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains
    • Korber, B. et al. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science 288, 1789-1796 (2000).
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 1789-1796
    • Korber, B.1
  • 24
    • 0035148533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for positive selection in foot-and-mouth-disease-virus capsid genes from field isolates
    • Haydon, D. T., Bastos, A., Samuel, A. & Knowles, N. Evidence for positive selection in foot-and-mouth-disease-virus capsid genes from field isolates. Genetics 157, 7-15 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.157 , pp. 7-15
    • Haydon, D.T.1    Bastos, A.2    Samuel, A.3    Knowles, N.4
  • 25
    • 0033521911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes
    • Gao, F. et al. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 397, 436-441 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.397 , pp. 436-441
    • Gao, F.1
  • 26
    • 0025951996 scopus 로고
    • Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations
    • Slatkin, M. & Hudson, R. R. Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations. Genetics 129, 555-562 (1991).
    • (1991) Genetics , vol.129 , pp. 555-562
    • Slatkin, M.1    Hudson, R.R.2
  • 27
    • 0020744702 scopus 로고
    • Properties of a neutral allele model with intragenic recombination
    • Hudson, R. R. Properties of a neutral allele model with intragenic recombination. Theor. Popul. Biol. 23, 183-201 (1983).
    • (1983) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.23 , pp. 183-201
    • Hudson, R.R.1
  • 29
    • 0025886466 scopus 로고
    • A constant rate of spontaneous mutation in DNA-based microbes
    • Drake, J. W. A constant rate of spontaneous mutation in DNA-based microbes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7160-7164 (1991).
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.88 , pp. 7160-7164
    • Drake, J.W.1
  • 31
    • 0031897789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting recombination from gene trees
    • Maynard Smith, J. & Smith, N. H. Detecting recombination from gene trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15, 590-599 (1998).
    • (1998) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 590-599
    • Maynard Smith, J.1    Smith, N.H.2
  • 33
    • 0034897826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel approach to detecting and measuring recombination: New insights into evolution in viruses, bacteria and mitochondria
    • Worobey, M. A novel approach to detecting and measuring recombination: New insights into evolution in viruses, bacteria and mitochondria. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 1425-1434 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 1425-1434
    • Worobey, M.1
  • 34
    • 0033805038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombination and the molecular clock
    • Schierup, M. H. & Hein, J. Recombination and the molecular clock. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 1578-1579 (2000).
    • (2000) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 1578-1579
    • Schierup, M.H.1    Hein, J.2
  • 35
    • 0034814736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unveiling the molecular clock in the presence of recombination
    • Posada, D. Unveiling the molecular clock in the presence of recombination. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 1976-1978 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 1976-1978
    • Posada, D.1
  • 36
    • 0036270185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Codon-substitution models for detecting molecular adaptation at individual sites along specific lineages
    • Yang, Z. & Nielsen, R. Codon-substitution models for detecting molecular adaptation at individual sites along specific lineages. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 908-917 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.19 , pp. 908-917
    • Yang, Z.1    Nielsen, R.2
  • 37
    • 0015071350 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical foundation of population genetics at the molecular level
    • Kimura, M. Theoretical foundation of population genetics at the molecular level. Theor. Popul. Biol. 2. 174-208 (1971).
    • (1971) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 174-208
    • Kimura, M.1
  • 38
    • 0033594983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread intreserotype recombination in natural populations of dengue virus
    • Worobey, M., Rambaut, A. & Holmes, E. C. Widespread intreserotype recombination in natural populations of dengue virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 7352-7387 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 7352-7387
    • Worobey, M.1    Rambaut, A.2    Holmes, E.C.3
  • 39
    • 0034876171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic heterogeneity of SAT-1 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses in southern Africa
    • Bastos, A. D. et al. Genetic heterogeneity of SAT-1 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses in southern Africa. Arch. Virol. 146, 1537-1551 (2001).
    • (2001) Arch. Virol. , vol.146 , pp. 1537-1551
    • Bastos, A.D.1
  • 40
    • 0035793056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombination within natural populations of pathogenic bacteria: Short-term empirical estimates and long-term phylogenetic consequences
    • Feil, E. J. et al. Recombination within natural populations of pathogenic bacteria: Short-term empirical estimates and long-term phylogenetic consequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 182-187 (2001). A thorough analysis of allelic variation at several loci in six bacterial pathogens. Four of the species seem to recombine extensively; however, all show some sign of recombination.
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 182-187
    • Feil, E.J.1
  • 41
    • 0024356449 scopus 로고
    • Statistical tests for detecting gene conversion
    • Sawyer, S. Statistical tests for detecting gene conversion. Mol. Biol. Evol. 6, 526-538 (1989). Describes a 'runs' test to compare clustering of segregating variants between species. The principle on which this test is based underlies several nonparametric tests.
    • (1989) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.6 , pp. 526-538
    • Sawyer, S.1
  • 42
    • 0032819207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The detection and measurement of recombination from sequence data
    • Maynard Smith, J. The detection and measurement of recombination from sequence data. Genetics 153, 1021-1027 (1999).
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.153 , pp. 1021-1027
    • Maynard Smith, J.1
  • 43
    • 0026708873 scopus 로고
    • Analysing the mosaic structure of genes
    • Maynard Smith, J. Analysing the mosaic structure of genes. J. Mol. Evol. 34, 126-129 (1992).
    • (1992) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.34 , pp. 126-129
    • Maynard Smith, J.1
  • 44
    • 0028366181 scopus 로고
    • Comments on the detection of reciprocal recombination or gene conversion
    • Takahata, N. Comments on the detection of reciprocal recombination or gene conversion. Immunogenetics 39, 146-149 (1994).
    • (1994) Immunogenetics , vol.39 , pp. 146-149
    • Takahata, N.1
  • 45
    • 0030902601 scopus 로고
    • 1997 The estimation of the number and the length distribution of gene conversion tracts from population DNA sequence data
    • Betran, E., Rozas, J., Navarro, A. & Barbadilla, A. 1997 The estimation of the number and the length distribution of gene conversion tracts from population DNA sequence data. Genetics 146, 89-99 (1994).
    • (1994) Genetics , vol.146 , pp. 89-99
    • Betran, E.1    Rozas, J.2    Navarro, A.3    Barbadilla, A.4
  • 46
    • 0032482924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome
    • Lawrence, J. G. & Ochman, H. Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9413-9417 (1998).
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 9413-9417
    • Lawrence, J.G.1    Ochman, H.2
  • 47
    • 0035843908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genes lost and genes found: Evolution of bacterial pathogenesis and symbiosis
    • Ochman, H. & Moran, N. A. Genes lost and genes found: Evolution of bacterial pathogenesis and symbiosis. Science 292, 1096-1099 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 1096-1099
    • Ochman, H.1    Moran, N.A.2
  • 48
    • 0035923699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of methods for detecting recombination from DNA sequences: Computer simulations
    • Posada, D. & Crandall, K. A. Evaluation of methods for detecting recombination from DNA sequences: Computer simulations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13757-13762 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 13757-13762
    • Posada, D.1    Crandall, K.A.2
  • 49
    • 0031041347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A likelihood method for the detection of selection and recombination using nucleotide sequences
    • Grassly, N. C. & Holmes, E. C. A likelihood method for the detection of selection and recombination using nucleotide sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 239-247 (1997).
    • (1997) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.14 , pp. 239-247
    • Grassly, N.C.1    Holmes, E.C.2
  • 50
    • 0019797407 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach
    • Felsenstein, J. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 17, 368-376 (1981).
    • (1981) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 368-376
    • Felsenstein, J.1
  • 51
    • 0036097812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of methods for detecting recombination from DNA sequences: Empirical data
    • Posada, D. Evaluation of methods for detecting recombination from DNA sequences: Empirical data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 708-717 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.19 , pp. 708-717
    • Posada, D.1
  • 52
    • 0032925859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombination and selection at Brassca self-incompatibility loci
    • Awadalla, P. & Chadesworth, D. Recombination and selection at Brassca self-incompatibility loci. Genetics 152, 413-425 (1999).
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.152 , pp. 413-425
    • Awadalla, P.1    Chadesworth, D.2
  • 53
    • 0036199914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A coalescent approach to detecting and estimating the population recombination rate
    • McVean, G. A., Awadalla, P. & Fearnhead, P. A coalescent approach to detecting and estimating the population recombination rate. Genetics 160, 1231-1241 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.160 , pp. 1231-1241
    • McVean, G.A.1    Awadalla, P.2    Fearnhead, P.3
  • 54
    • 0027521556 scopus 로고
    • Linkage disequilibrium in the white locus region of Drosophila melanogaster
    • Miyashita, N. T., Aguade, M. & Langley, C. H. Linkage disequilibrium in the white locus region of Drosophila melanogaster. Genet. Res. 62, 101-109 (1993).
    • (1993) Genet. Res. , vol.62 , pp. 101-109
    • Miyashita, N.T.1    Aguade, M.2    Langley, C.H.3
  • 55
    • 0001160612 scopus 로고
    • Linkage disequilibrium in finite populations
    • Hill, W. G. & Robertson, A. Linkage disequilibrium in finite populations. Theor. Appl. Genet. 33, 54-78 (1968).
    • (1968) Theor. Appl. Genet. , vol.33 , pp. 54-78
    • Hill, W.G.1    Robertson, A.2
  • 56
    • 0031035812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A coalescent estimator of the population recombination rate
    • Hey, J. & Wakeley, J. A coalescent estimator of the population recombination rate. Genetics 145, 833-846 (1997)
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.145 , pp. 833-846
    • Hey, J.1    Wakeley, J.2
  • 57
    • 0021909851 scopus 로고
    • The sampling distribution of linkage disequilibrium under an infinite allele model without selection
    • Hudson, R. R. The sampling distribution of linkage disequilibrium under an infinite allele model without selection. Genetics 109, 611-631 (1985).
    • (1985) Genetics , vol.109 , pp. 611-631
    • Hudson, R.R.1
  • 58
    • 0023612034 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the recombination parameter of a finite population model without selection
    • Hudson, R. R. Estimating the recombination parameter of a finite population model without selection. Genet. Res. 50, 245-250 (1987). Describes a method of moments estimator of recombination that is widely used by population geneticists.
    • (1987) Genet. Res. , vol.50 , pp. 245-250
    • Hudson, R.R.1
  • 59
    • 0035692320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-locus sampling distributions and their application
    • Hudson, R. R. Two-locus sampling distributions and their application. Genetics 159, 1805-1817 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.159 , pp. 1805-1817
    • Hudson, R.R.1
  • 60
    • 0022211482 scopus 로고
    • Statistical properties of the number of recombination events in the history of a sample of DNA sequences
    • Hudson, R. R. & Kaplan, N. L. Statistical properties of the number of recombination events in the history of a sample of DNA sequences. Genetics 111, 147-164 (1985).
    • (1985) Genetics , vol.111 , pp. 147-164
    • Hudson, R.R.1    Kaplan, N.L.2
  • 61
    • 0002556819 scopus 로고
    • On the genealogy of large populations
    • Kingman, J. F. C. On the genealogy of large populations. J. Appl. Prob. 19A, 27-43 (1982).
    • (1982) J. Appl. Prob. , vol.19 A , pp. 27-43
    • Kingman, J.F.C.1
  • 63
    • 0001935493 scopus 로고
    • Gene genealogies and the coalescent process
    • Hudson, R. R. Gene genealogies and the coalescent process. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 7, 1-44 (1990). An excellent review of the coalescent, its applications, and some source code in C language for carrying out simulations.
    • (1990) Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 1-44
    • Hudson, R.R.1
  • 64
    • 0033756316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum likelihood estimation of recombination rates from population data
    • Kuhner, M. K., Yamato, J. & Felsenstein, J. Maximum likelihood estimation of recombination rates from population data, Genetics 156, 1393-1401 (2000).
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 1393-1401
    • Kuhner, M.K.1    Yamato, J.2    Felsenstein, J.3
  • 65
    • 0035675042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating recombination rates from population genetic data
    • Fearnhead, P. & Donnelly, P. J. Estimating recombination rates from population genetic data. Genetics 159, 1299-1318 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.159 , pp. 1299-1318
    • Fearnhead, P.1    Donnelly, P.J.2
  • 66
    • 0033955443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of estimators of the population recombination rate
    • Wall, J. D. A comparison of estimators of the population recombination rate. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 156-163 (2000).
    • (2000) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 156-163
    • Wall, J.D.1
  • 67
    • 0030498194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancestral inference from samples of DNA sequences with recombination
    • Griffiths, R. C. & Marjoram, P. Ancestral inference from samples of DNA sequences with recombination. J. Comput. Biol. 3, 479-502 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Comput. Biol. , vol.3 , pp. 479-502
    • Griffiths, R.C.1    Marjoram, P.2
  • 68
    • 0034977045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage disequilibrium in humans: Models and data
    • Pritchard, J. K. & Przeworski, M. Linkage disequilibrium in humans: Models and data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69, 1-14 (2001). Critically assesses the various approaches used to estimate LD. The authors examined how various demographic models affect the relationship of LD with physical distance.
    • (2001) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.69 , pp. 1-14
    • Pritchard, J.K.1    Przeworski, M.2
  • 69
    • 0035912819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequences provide evidence of genetic exchange among distantly related lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi
    • Machado, C. A. & Ayala, F. J. Nucleotide sequences provide evidence of genetic exchange among distantly related lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7396-7401 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 7396-7401
    • Machado, C.A.1    Ayala, F.J.2
  • 70
    • 0034798494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative contributions of recombination and point mutation to the diversification of bacterial clones
    • Spratt, B. G., Hanage, W. P. & Feil, E. J. The relative contributions of recombination and point mutation to the diversification of bacterial clones. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 4, 602-606 (2001).
    • (2001) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. , vol.4 , pp. 602-606
    • Spratt, B.G.1    Hanage, W.P.2    Feil, E.J.3
  • 72
    • 0030958673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Did the inheritance of a pathogenicity island modify the virulence of Helicobacter pyfori?
    • Covacci, A., Falkow, S., Berg, D. E. & Rappuoli, R. Did the inheritance of a pathogenicity island modify the virulence of Helicobacter pyfori? Trends Microbiol. 6, 205-208 (1997).
    • (1997) Trends Microbiol. , vol.6 , pp. 205-208
    • Covacci, A.1    Falkow, S.2    Berg, D.E.3    Rappuoli, R.4
  • 73
    • 0037188519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
    • Enright, M. C. et al. The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7687-7692 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 7687-7692
    • Enright, M.C.1
  • 74
    • 0343058364 scopus 로고
    • Intercontinental spread of a genetically distinctive complex of clones of Neisseria meningitidis causing epidemic disease
    • Caugant, D. A. et al. Intercontinental spread of a genetically distinctive complex of clones of Neisseria meningitidis causing epidemic disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4927-4931 (1986).
    • (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.83 , pp. 4927-4931
    • Caugant, D.A.1
  • 75
    • 0031788831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting linkage disequilibrium in bacterial populations
    • Haubold, B., Travisano, M., Rainey, P. B. & Hudson, R. R. Detecting linkage disequilibrium in bacterial populations. Genetics 150, 1341-1348 (1998).
    • (1998) Genetics , vol.150 , pp. 1341-1348
    • Haubold, B.1    Travisano, M.2    Rainey, P.B.3    Hudson, R.R.4
  • 76
    • 0028840399 scopus 로고
    • Electrophoretic variation in adanylate kinase of Neisseria meningitidis is due to inter-and intraspecies recombination
    • Feil, E., Capenter, G. & Spratt, B. G. Electrophoretic variation in adanylate kinase of Neisseria meningitidis is due to inter-and intraspecies recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10535-10539 (1995).
    • (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 10535-10539
    • Feil, E.1    Capenter, G.2    Spratt, B.G.3
  • 77
    • 0032466551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemic spread of subgroup III of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A to South Africa in 1996
    • McGee, L., Koomhof, H. J. & Caugant, D. A. Epidemic spread of subgroup III of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A to South Africa in 1996. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 1214-1220 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.27 , pp. 1214-1220
    • McGee, L.1    Koomhof, H.J.2    Caugant, D.A.3
  • 78
    • 0032766627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic structure of natural populations of Escherichia coli in wild hosts on different continents
    • Souza, V., Rocha, M., Valera, A. & Eguiarte, L. E. Genetic structure of natural populations of Escherichia coli in wild hosts on different continents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 3373-3385 (1999).
    • (1999) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.65 , pp. 3373-3385
    • Souza, V.1    Rocha, M.2    Valera, A.3    Eguiarte, L.E.4
  • 79
    • 0035812705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries
    • Grigg, M. E., Bonnefoy, S., Hehl, A. B., Suzuki, Y. & Boothroyd, J. C. Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries. Science 294, 161-165 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 161-165
    • Grigg, M.E.1    Bonnefoy, S.2    Hehl, A.B.3    Suzuki, Y.4    Boothroyd, J.C.5
  • 80
    • 0029894768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents
    • Gupta, S. et al. The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents. Nature Med. 2, 437-442 (1996).
    • (1996) Nature Med. , vol.2 , pp. 437-442
    • Gupta, S.1
  • 82
    • 0031731805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence of drug-resistent malaria
    • Hastings, I. M. & Mackinnon, M. J. The emergence of drug-resistent malaria, Parasitology 117, 411-417 (1998).
    • (1998) Parasitology , vol.117 , pp. 411-417
    • Hastings, I.M.1    Mackinnon, M.J.2
  • 83
    • 0030789082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multigenic drug resistance among inbred malaria parasites
    • Dye, C. & Williams, B. G. Multigenic drug resistance among inbred malaria parasites. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci. 264, 61-67 (1997).
    • (1997) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci. , vol.264 , pp. 61-67
    • Dye, C.1    Williams, B.G.2
  • 84
    • 0032723013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arole for RAD51 and homologous recombination in Trypanosoma brucei antigenic vairation
    • McCulloch, R. & Barry, J. D. Arole for RAD51 and homologous recombination in Trypanosoma brucei antigenic vairation. Genes Dev. 13, 2875-2888 (1999).
    • (1999) Genes Dev. , vol.13 , pp. 2875-2888
    • McCulloch, R.1    Barry, J.D.2
  • 85
    • 0023630539 scopus 로고
    • Spread of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum
    • Payne, D. Spread of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol. Today 3, 241-246 (1987).
    • (1987) Parasitol. Today , vol.3 , pp. 241-246
    • Payne, D.1
  • 86
    • 0037130254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum
    • Wootton, J. C. et al. Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 418, 320-323 (2002). Describes the microsatellite diversity along chromosome 3 of P. falciparum. Extensive LD is described around the pfcrt locus, which indicates that recent selection might be acting at this locus.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 320-323
    • Wootton, J.C.1
  • 87
    • 0036196885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The signature of positive selection at randomly chosen loci
    • Przeworski, M. The signature of positive selection at randomly chosen loci. Genetics 160, 1179-1189 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.160 , pp. 1179-1189
    • Przeworski, M.1
  • 88
    • 0034095856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A principal target of human immunity to malaria identified by molecular population genetic and immunological analyses
    • Conway, D. J. et al. A principal target of human immunity to malaria identified by molecular population genetic and immunological analyses. Nature Med. 6, 689-692 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Med. , vol.6 , pp. 689-692
    • Conway, D.J.1
  • 89
    • 0021799219 scopus 로고
    • Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex
    • Bernstein, H., Byerly, H. C., Hopf, F. A. & Michod, R. E. Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex. Science 229, 1277-1281 (1985).
    • (1985) Science , vol.229 , pp. 1277-1281
    • Bernstein, H.1    Byerly, H.C.2    Hopf, F.A.3    Michod, R.E.4
  • 91
    • 85047681854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins of the machinery of recombination and sex
    • Cavalier-Smith, T. Origins of the machinery of recombination and sex. Heredity 88, 125-141 (2002).
    • (2002) Heredity , vol.88 , pp. 125-141
    • Cavalier-Smith, T.1
  • 92
    • 0035345013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meiotic recombination hot spots and cold spots
    • Petes, T. D. Meiotic recombination hot spots and cold spots. Nature Rev. Genet. 2, 360-369 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Rev. Genet. , vol.2 , pp. 360-369
    • Petes, T.D.1
  • 93
    • 0018556854 scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology - Influenza as archetype
    • Kilbourne, E. D. Molecular epidemiology - Influenza as archetype. Harvey Lect. 73, 225-228 (1979).
    • (1979) Harvey Lect. , vol.73 , pp. 225-228
    • Kilbourne, E.D.1
  • 94
    • 0035956970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus nonstructural gene (NS) segment and characterization of recombinant viruses bearing the 1918 NS genes
    • Basler, C. F. et al. Sequence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus nonstructural gene (NS) segment and characterization of recombinant viruses bearing the 1918 NS genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2746-2751 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 2746-2751
    • Basler, C.F.1
  • 95
    • 0035088070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassortment in vivo. Driving force for diversity of human rotavirus strains isolated in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999
    • Iturriza-Gomara, M., Isherwood, B., Desselberge, U. & Gray, J. Reassortment in vivo. Driving force for diversity of human rotavirus strains isolated in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999. J. Viol. 75, 3696-3705 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Viol. , vol.75 , pp. 3696-3705
    • Iturriza-Gomara, M.1    Isherwood, B.2    Desselberge, U.3    Gray, J.4
  • 96
    • 0035883822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The HIV-1 repeated sequence R as a robust hotspot for copy-choice recombination
    • Moumen, A., Polomack, L., Roques, B., Buc, H. & Negroni, M. The HIV-1 repeated sequence R as a robust hotspot for copy-choice recombination. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 3814-3821 (2001).
    • (2001) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.15 , pp. 3814-3821
    • Moumen, A.1    Polomack, L.2    Roques, B.3    Buc, H.4    Negroni, M.5
  • 97
    • 0034542564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of mutation rates: Separating causes from consequences
    • Sniegowski, P. D., Gerrish, P. J., Johnson, T. & Shaver, A. The evolution of mutation rates: Separating causes from consequences Bioassays 22, 1057-1066 (2000).
    • (2000) Bioassays , vol.22 , pp. 1057-1066
    • Sniegowski, P.D.1    Gerrish, P.J.2    Johnson, T.3    Shaver, A.4
  • 99
    • 0032698219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genetic map and recombination parameters of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falicparum
    • Su, X. et al. A genetic map and recombination parameters of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falicparum. Science 12, 1351-1353 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.12 , pp. 1351-1353
    • Su, X.1
  • 100
    • 0000539632 scopus 로고
    • On the two-locus sampling distribution
    • Ethier, S. N. & Griffiths, R. C. On the two-locus sampling distribution. J. Math. Biol. 29, 131-159 (1990).
    • (1990) J. Math. Biol. , vol.29 , pp. 131-159
    • Ethier, S.N.1    Griffiths, R.C.2
  • 101
    • 0021592912 scopus 로고
    • The sampling distribution of linkage disequilibrium
    • Golding, G. B. The sampling distribution of linkage disequilibrium. Genetics 108, 257-274 (1984).
    • (1984) Genetics , vol.108 , pp. 257-274
    • Golding, G.B.1
  • 102
    • 0037158599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA
    • Schwartz, M. & Vissing, J. The paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 576-580 (2002).
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.347 , pp. 576-580
    • Schwartz, M.1    Vissing, J.2
  • 103
    • 0036515339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergenerational transmission of pathogenic heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA
    • Wong, L.-J. C., Wong, H. & Liu, A. Intergenerational transmission of pathogenic heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA. Genet. Med. 4, 78-83 (2002).
    • (2002) Genet. Med. , vol.4 , pp. 78-83
    • Wong, L.-J.C.1    Wong, H.2    Liu, A.3
  • 104
    • 0028793170 scopus 로고
    • Identification of breakpoints in intergenotypic recombinants of HIV type-1 by bootscanning
    • Salminen, M. O., Carr J. K., Burke, D. S. & McCutchan, F. E. Identification of breakpoints in intergenotypic recombinants of HIV type-1 by bootscanning, Aids Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11, 1423-1425 (1995).
    • (1995) Aids Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.11 , pp. 1423-1425
    • Salminen, M.O.1    Carr, J.K.2    Burke, D.S.3    McCutchan, F.E.4
  • 105
    • 0031892518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic profiles: A graphical method for detecting genetic recombinations in homologous sequences
    • Weiller, G. F. Phylogenetic profiles: A graphical method for detecting genetic recombinations in homologous sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 326-335 (1998).
    • (1998) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.16 , pp. 326-335
    • Weiller, G.F.1
  • 106
    • 0031041347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A likelihood method for the detection of selection and recombination using sequence data
    • Grassly N. C. & Holmes, E. C. A likelihood method for the detection of selection and recombination using sequence data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 239-247 (1997).
    • (1997) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.14 , pp. 239-247
    • Grassly, N.C.1    Holmes, E.C.2
  • 107
    • 0033824415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RDP: Detection of recombination amongst aligned sequences
    • Martin, D. & Rybicki, E. RDP: Detection of recombination amongst aligned sequences. Boinformatics 16, 562-563 (2000).
    • (2000) Boinformatics , vol.16 , pp. 562-563
    • Martin, D.1    Rybicki, E.2
  • 108
    • 0025299784 scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing evolution of sequences subject to recombination using parsimony
    • Hein, J. Reconstructing evolution of sequences subject to recombination using parsimony. Math. Biosci. 98, 185-200 (1990).
    • (1990) Math. Biosci. , vol.98 , pp. 185-200
    • Hein, J.1
  • 109
    • 0029963710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A program for calculating and displaying compatibility matrices as an aid in determining reticulate evolution in molecular sequences
    • Jakobsen, I. B. & Easteal, S. A program for calculating and displaying compatibility matrices as an aid in determining reticulate evolution in molecular sequences. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 12, 291-295 (1996).
    • (1996) Comput. Appl. Biosci. , vol.12 , pp. 291-295
    • Jakobsen, I.B.1    Easteal, S.2
  • 110
    • 0031712606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of evenly spaced constant sites on the distribution of the random division of a molecular sequence
    • Sneath, P. H. A. The effect of evenly spaced constant sites on the distribution of the random division of a molecular sequence. Bioinformatics 14, 608-616 (1998).
    • (1998) Bioinformatics , vol.14 , pp. 608-616
    • Sneath, P.H.A.1
  • 111
    • 0026014851 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion in the evolution of the human and chimpanzee MHC class I loci
    • Kuhner, M. K., Lawtor, D. A., Ennis, P. D. & Parham, P. Gene conversion in the evolution of the human and chimpanzee MHC class I loci. Tissue Antigens 38, 152-164 (1991).
    • (1991) Tissue Antigens , vol.38 , pp. 152-164
    • Kuhner, M.K.1    Lawtor, D.A.2    Ennis, P.D.3    Parham, P.4
  • 112
    • 0033053371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of a globally distributed lineage of serotype 12F Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease
    • Robinson, D. A. et al. Molecular characterization of a globally distributed lineage of serotype 12F Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease. J. Infect. Dis. 179, 414-422 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.179 , pp. 414-422
    • Robinson, D.A.1
  • 113
    • 0034915769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directional gene movement from human-pathogenic to commensal-like streptococci
    • Kalia, A., Enright, M. C., Spratt, D. G. & Bessen, D. E. Directional gene movement from human-pathogenic to commensal-like streptococci. Infect. Immun. 69, 4859-4869 (2001).
    • (2001) Infect. Immun. , vol.69 , pp. 4859-4869
    • Kalia, A.1    Enright, M.C.2    Spratt, D.G.3    Bessen, D.E.4
  • 114
    • 0033846465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterisation of Plasmodium reichenowi apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1), comparison with P. falciparum AMA-1, and antibody-mediated inhibition of red cell invasion
    • Kocken, C. H. et al. Molecular characterisation of Plasmodium reichenowi apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1), comparison with P. falciparum AMA-1, and antibody-mediated inhibition of red cell invasion. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 109, 147-156 (2000).
    • (2000) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.109 , pp. 147-156
    • Kocken, C.H.1
  • 115
    • 0033758284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation and heterogeneity of the glutamaterich protein (GLURP) among field isolates and laboratory lines of Plasmodium falciparum
    • de Stricker, K., Vuust, J., Jepsen, S., Oeuvray, C. & Theisen, M. Conservation and heterogeneity of the glutamaterich protein (GLURP) among field isolates and laboratory lines of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 111, 123-130 (2000).
    • (2000) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.111 , pp. 123-130
    • De Stricker, K.1    Vuust, J.2    Jepsen, S.3    Oeuvray, C.4    Theisen, M.5
  • 116
    • 0036137980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphism in the gene encoding the Pfs48/45 antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. XI. Asembo Bay Cohort Project
    • Escalante, A. A. et al. Polymorphism in the gene encoding the Pfs48/45 antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. XI. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 119, 17-22 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.119 , pp. 17-22
    • Escalante, A.A.1
  • 117
    • 0034732703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium vivax synonymous substitution frequencies, evolution and population structure deduced from diversity in AMA1 and MSP1 genes
    • Figtree, M. et al. Plasmodium vivax synonymous substitution frequencies, evolution and population structure deduced from diversity in AMA1 and MSP1 genes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 108, 53-66 (2003).
    • (2003) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.108 , pp. 53-66
    • Figtree, M.1
  • 118
    • 0036714780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of measles viruses in the United States, 1997-2001
    • Rota, P. A. Molecular epidemiology of measles viruses in the United States, 1997-2001. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 902-908 (2002).
    • (2002) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.8 , pp. 902-908
    • Rota, P.A.1
  • 119
    • 0034929792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic characterization of contemporary wild-type measles viruses from Vietnam and the People's Republic of China: Identification of two genotypes within clacle H
    • Liffick, S. L. et al. Genetic characterization of contemporary wild-type measles viruses from Vietnam and the People's Republic of China: Identification of two genotypes within clacle H. Virus Res. 77, 81-87 (2001).
    • (2001) Virus Res. , vol.77 , pp. 81-87
    • Liffick, S.L.1
  • 120
    • 0034790053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune and artificial selection in the hemagglutinin (h) glycoprotein of measles virus
    • Woelk, C. H., Li, J., Holmes, E. C. & Brown, D. W. G. Immune and artificial selection in the hemagglutinin (h) glycoprotein of measles virus. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 2463-2474 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.82 , pp. 2463-2474
    • Woelk, C.H.1    Li, J.2    Holmes, E.C.3    Brown, D.W.G.4
  • 121
    • 0035143532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homologous recombination in GB virus C/hepatitis G virus
    • Worobey, M. & Holmes, E. C. Homologous recombination in GB virus C/hepatitis G virus. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 254-261 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 254-261
    • Worobey, M.1    Holmes, E.C.2
  • 122
    • 13144251208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free recombination within Helicobacter pylori
    • Suerbaum, S. et al. Free recombination within Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12619-12624 (1998).
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 12619-12624
    • Suerbaum, S.1
  • 123
    • 0035140053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allelic variation within Helicobacter pylori babA and babB
    • Pride, D. T. Meinersmanri, R. J. & Blaser, M. J. Allelic variation within Helicobacter pylori babA and babB. Infect. Immun. 69, 1160-1171 (2001).
    • (2001) Infect. Immun. , vol.69 , pp. 1160-1171
    • Pride, D.T.1    Meinersmanri, R.J.2    Blaser, M.J.3
  • 124
    • 0034331207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis reveals epidemiologic patterns in the spread of human immunodeficiency virus
    • Kuiken, C., Thakallapalli, R., Esklid, A. & de Ronde, A. Genetic analysis reveals epidemiologic patterns in the spread of human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152, 814-822 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.152 , pp. 814-822
    • Kuiken, C.1    Thakallapalli, R.2    Esklid, A.3    De Ronde, A.4
  • 125
    • 0036166646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: Serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70
    • Savolainen, C., Blomqvist, S., Mulders, M. N. & Hovi, T. Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 333-340 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.83 , pp. 333-340
    • Savolainen, C.1    Blomqvist, S.2    Mulders, M.N.3    Hovi, T.4
  • 126
    • 0033002047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case-control study on a novel DNA virus (TT virus) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. The Brescia HCC Study
    • Tagger, A. et al. A case-control study on a novel DNA virus (TT virus) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. The Brescia HCC Study. Hepatology 30, 294-299 (1999).
    • (1999) Hepatology , vol.30 , pp. 294-299
    • Tagger, A.1
  • 127
    • 0033793521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of recombination on traditional phylogenetic analysis
    • Schierup, M. H. & Hein, J. Consequences of recombination on traditional phylogenetic analysis. Genetics 156, 879-891 (2000). The first paper to show how recombination affects the shape of phylogenies and how it can be confounded with other demographic or mutation properties.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 879-891
    • Schierup, M.H.1    Hein, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.