Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: Is there an epidemic?

Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 32-42

  Arslanian, Silva A ^a   Witchel, Selma F ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIANDROGEN; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; FINASTERIDE; FLUTAMIDE; FOLLITROPIN; GONADORELIN; GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; SPIRONOLACTONE; TROGLITAZONE;

ADOLESCENT; ADRENARCHE; ANDROGEN RELEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; HYPERINSULINEMIA; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY; REVIEW; RISK;

EID: 0036306262     PISSN: 10683097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00060793-200202000-00006     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: A prospective study
2. Definition, clinical manifestations and prevalence of PCOS
3. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome
4. The gonadotropic axis in hyperandrogenic adolescents
5. Polycystic ovary syndrome
6. Neuroendocrine aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome
7. Insulin regulation of human ovarian androgens
8. New perspectives in polycystic ovary syndrome
9. Evidence that idiopathic functional adrenal hyperandrogenism is caused by dysregulation of adrenal steroidogenesis and that hyperinsulinemia may be involved
10. Ovarian and adrenal function in polycystic ovary syndrome
11. Metabolic lessons from the study of young adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome-is insulin, indeed, the culprit
12. Insulin and the polycystic ovary syndrome
13. Role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome, and its clinical implications
14. Adrenal androgen excess in hyperandrogenism: Relation to age and body mass
15. Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion
16. Steroid secretion in polycystic ovarian disease after ovarian suppression by a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
17. Diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: Comparison of adolescent and adult hyperandrogenism
18. Accelerated 24-hour luteinizing hormone pulsatile activity in adolescent girls with ovarian hyperandrogenism: Relevance to the developmental phase of polycystic ovarian syndrome
19. Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in adolescents with PCOS-like condition: Consequences for adult reproduction
20. Disruption of the joint synchrony of luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and androstenedione secretion in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome
21. Correlation of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovarian disease
22. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanism and implications for pathogenesis
23. Insulin action in the polycystic ovary syndrome
24. Hyperinsulinemia in hyperthecosis of the ovaries
25. Persistence of insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian disease after inhibition of ovarian steroid secretion
26. Effect of weight loss and antiandrogenic therapy on sex hormone blood levels and insulin resistance in obese patients with polycystic ovaries
27. Treatment of hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism in nonobese, adolescent girls: Effect of flutamide
28. Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome
29. Suppression of serum insulin by diazoxide reduces serum testosterone levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome
30. Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450c17 activity and serum free testosterone after reduction in insulin secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
31. The insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone improves metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome
32. Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
33. Lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome respond to insulin reduction with decreases in ovarian P450c17α activity and serum androgens
34. Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome
35. Endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin versus ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized study
36. Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution, and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome
37. Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy
38. Therapeutic effects of metformin on insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome
39. Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-Chiro-Inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome
40. Dysregulation of cytochrome P450c17α as the cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome
41. Insulin action in human granulosa cells from normal and polycystic ovaries is mediated by the insulin receptor and not the type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor
42. Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system
43. Selective insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome
44. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries
45. Polycystic ovaries in young girls
46. The polycystic ovary syndrome
47. Endocrinological, ultrasonographic and clinical findings in adolescent and adult polycystic ovary patients: A comparative study
48. Ovarian ultrasound assessment in normal children, idiopathic precocious puberty and during low dose pulsatile GnRH therapy of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
49. Menstrual irregularities in adolescents. Hormonal pattern and ovarian morphology
50. Postmenarcheal evolution of endocrine pattern and ovarian aspects in adolescents with menstrual irregularities
51. Endocrine features of polycystic ovary syndrome in a random population sample of 14-16 year old adolescents
52. Endocrine determinants of fertility: Serum androgen concentrations during follow-up of adolescents into the third decade of life
53. Acne, hirsutism, and alopecia in adolescent girls
54. Puberty and polycystic ovarian syndrome: The insulin/insulin-like growth factor I hypothesis
55. Metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome are found in adolescent girls with hyperandrogenism
56. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I axis, and insulin secretion in hyperandrogenic adolescents
57. Source localization of androgen excess in adolescent girls
58. Premature adrenarche-normal variant or forerunner of adult disease?
59. Premature adrenarche: A normal variant of puberty?
60. Adrenal hyperandrogenism in children
61. Role of nutritional status in the regulation of adrenarche
62. Serine phosphorylation of human P450c17 increases 17,20-lyase activity: Implications for adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome
63. Postpubertal outcome in girls diagnosed of premature pubarche during childhood: Increased frequency of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism
64. Girls diagnosed with premature pubarche show an exaggerated ovarian androgen synthesis from the early stages of puberty: Evidence from gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist testing
65. Insulin resistance in prepubertal African-American and Hispanic girls with premature adrenarche: A risk factor for polycystic ovary syndrome
66. Decreased insulin sensitivity in prepubertal girls with premature adrenarche and acanthosis nigricans
67. The roles of insulin sensitivity, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and IGF-binding protein-1 and -3 in the hyperandrogenism of African-American and Caribbean Hispanic girls with premature adrenarche
68. Hyperinsulinemia and decreased insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 are common features in prepubertal and pubertal girls with a history of premature pubarche
69. Pubertal outcome of African-American (AA) and Caribbean Hispanic (CH) adolescent girls with a history of premature adrenarche (PA)
70. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children: Pathophysiology and risk factors
71. Obesity, acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenemia: Pediatric perspective and natural history
72. Ovarian responses to hCG stimulation: Insulin resistance/hyperinsulinaemia vs insulin deficiency
73. Ovarian hyperandrogenism is associated with insulin resistance to both peripheral carbohydrate and whole-body protein metabolism in postpubertal young females: A metabolic study
74. Hyperinsulinemia in postpubertal girls with a history of premature pubarche and functional ovarian hyperandrogenism
75. Early metabolic abnormalities in adolescent girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome
76. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: A prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women
77. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
78. Glucose intolerance in obese adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome: Roles of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease
79. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and hypertensive target-organ damage in children
80. Cardiovascular consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome
81. Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
82. Hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular risk in girls with a history of premature pubarche
83. Metformin to restore normal menses in oligo-amenorrheic teenage girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
84. Association of the steroid synthesis gene CYP11a with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenism
85. Thirty-seven candidate genes for polycystic ovary syndrome: Strongest evidence for linkage is with follistatin
86. Role of the follistatin gene in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
87. Molecular scanning of the insulin receptor gene in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
88. Molecular analysis of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
89. 5′ Polymorphism of the GYP17 gene is not associated with serum testosterone levels in women with polycystic ovaries
90. Linkage and association of insulin gene VNTR regulatory polymorphism with polycystic ovary syndrome
91. Evidence for a genetic basis for hyperandrogenemia in polycystic ovary syndrome
92. Hyperandrogenism and manifesting heterozygotes for 21-hydroxylase deficiency
93. Exhaustive screening of the 21-hydroxylase gene in a population of hyperandrogenic women
94. High incidence of molecular defects of the CYP21 gene in patients with premature adrenarche
95. Carrier status for steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is only one factor in the variable phenotype of acne
96. Variants of the type II 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene in children with premature pubic hair and hyperandrogenic adolescents
97. Carriers of 21-hydroxylase deficiency are not at increased risk for hyperandrogenism
98. Candidate gene analysis in premature pubarche and adolescent hyperandrogenism
99. Clinical features in women with polycystic ovaries; relationships to insulin sensitivity, insulin gene, VNTR, and birth weight
100. Role of allelic variants Gly972Arg of IRS-1 and Gly1057Asp of IRS-2 in moderate-to-severe insulin resistance of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
101. Antiandrogen treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome
102. Combined oral contraceptive treatment of adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. Lipid profile
103. Metformin: A review of its metabolic effects
104. Effect of metformin on insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and IGF-binding protein I in polycystic ovary syndrome
105. Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation
106. Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: A pilot study
107. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
108. The treatment of insulin resistance does not improve adrenal cytochrome P450c17α enzyme dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome
109. Troglitazone improves ovulation and hirsutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome: A multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial
110. Thiazolidinediones but not metformin directly inhibit the steroidogenic enzymes P450c17 and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
111. Restoration of reproductive potential by lifestyle modification in obese polycystic ovary syndrome: Role of insulin sensitivity and luteinizing hormone
112. Sensitization to insulin in adolescent girls to normalize hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarche
113. Sensitization to insulin induces ovulation in non-obese adolescents with anovulatory hyperandrogenism
114. Metformin therapy in adolescents with PCOS: Lowering of adrenal cytochrome P450c17α activity and attenuation of hyperandrogenemia with reduction of insulinemia