Premature adrenarche - Normal variant or forerunner of adult disease?

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 671-696

  Ibáñez, Lourdes ^a   Dimartino Nardi, Joan ^b   Potau, Neus ^c   Saenger, Paul ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; PRASTERONE; PRASTERONE SULFATE;

ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS; ADOLESCENT; ADRENAL GLAND; ADRENARCHE; ANDROGEN RELEASE; BODY HEIGHT; CHILD; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; FETUS GROWTH; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; HYPERINSULINISM; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; NONHUMAN; OVARY INSUFFICIENCY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYNDROME X;

ADRENAL GLANDS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERANDROGENISM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; MICROVASCULAR ANGINA; POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME; PUBERTY, PRECOCIOUS; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 0034503112     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.21.6.671     Document Type: Review

References (327)

1. Excretion of 17-ketosteroids by normal and by abnormal children
2. A syndrome characterized by primary ovarian insufficiency and decreased stature. Report of 11 cases with digression on hormonal control of axillary and pubic hair
3. Osteoporosis
4. Premature adrenarche
5. The physiology of puberty
6. Precocious growth of sexual hair without other secondary sexual development: "Premature pubarche," a constitutional variation of adolescence
7. Normal urinary excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids with special reference to age and sex variations
8. The relationship between the production of cortisol and of androgen by the human adrenal
9. Identification and isolation of dehydroepiandrosterone from peripheral human plasma
10. Identification and isolation of androsterone from peripheral human plasma
11. Dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone levels in human plasma: Effect of age and sex, day to day and diurnal variations
12. Plasma 17-ketosteroid levels during adolescence
13. An adrenal secreted androgen: Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate: Its metabolism and a tentative generalization on the metabolism of other steroid conjugates in man
14. DHEA: A biologist's perspective
15. Studies to confirm the source of 11-hydroxyandrostenedione
16. Clinical disorders of adrenal function and puberty: An assessment of the role of the adrenal cortex in normal and abnormal puberty in man and evidence for an ACTH-like pituitary adrenal androgen stimulation hormone
17. Evidence for dissociation between adrenarche and gonadarche: Studies in patients with idiopathic precocious puberty, gonadal dysgenesis, isolated gonadotropin deficiency, and constitutionally delayed growth and adolescence
18. Adrenocortical function and puberty, serum ACTH, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in girls and boys
19. Cortisol production rate: Normal infants, children and adults
20. Normative data for adrenal steroidogenesis in a healthy pediatric population: Age and sex-related changes after ACTH stimulation
21. Normative data for the steroidogenic response of mineralocorticoids and their precursors to adrenocorticotropin in a healthy pediatric population
22. Adrenal steroidogenic function in black and Hispanic population with precocious pubarche
23. Altered sensitivity to low dose dexamethasone in a subset of patients with premature adrenarche
24. Screening heterozygotes for 21-hydroxylase deficiency among hirsute women: Lack of utility of the adrenocorticotropin hormone test
25. Present concept of initiation of puberty - Neonatal and prepubertal hormonal influences
26. Serum androgens in normal prepubertal and pubertal children with precocious adrenarche
27. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) levels, a rapid test for abnormal adrenal androgen secretion
28. Circulating concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate during puberty
29. Unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone plasma levels in normal subjects from birth to adolescence in humans: The use of a sensitive radioimmunoassay
30. Secretion of the adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate during normal infancy, childhood and adolescence, in sick infants and in children with endocrinologic abnormalities
31. Age-related response to plasma testosterone, 4-androstenedione, and cortisol to adrenocorticopin in infants, children and adults
32. Pattern of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in humans from birth to adulthood: Evidence for testicular production
33. Evidence for the adrenal source of androgens in precocious adrenarche
34. A mixed longitudinal study of adrenal steroid excretion in childhood and a mechanism of adrenarche
35. Adrenarche and skeletal maturation during luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue suppression of gonadarche
36. Control of adrenal androgen secretion
37. Control of adrenal androgen secretion
38. Adrenarche
39. The zona reticularis is the site of biosynthesis of DHEA and DHEAS in the adult human adrenal cortex
40. The fetal zone of the adrenal gland
41. Concerning function and origin of reticular zone of the adrenal cortex: Hyperplasia in adrenogenital syndrome
42. Serum DHEAS in a normal pediatric population
43. Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex
44. Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex
45. The contribution of adrenal and gonadal androgens to the growth in height of adolescent males
46. Catch-up growth during adolescence
47. Analyses of linear growth using a mathematical model
48. Failure of adrenal androgens to induce puberty in familial cytomegalic adrenocortical hypoplasia
49. SBP Sex-steroid-binding plasma protein, testosterone, oestradiol and DHEA in prepuberty and puberty
50. The effects of low doses of depot estradiol and testosterone in teenagers with ovarian failure and Turner's syndrome
51. Differentiation and regulation of peripheral androgen metabolism in rats and rhesus monkeys
52. Adrenarche and its relationship to the onset of puberty
53. Adrenarche: A study of rodents, domestic animals and primates
54. Further studies on adrenarche in non-human primates
55. Plasma concentrations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and oestradiol-17 in the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis) from birth to adulthood
56. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: A biomarker of primate aging slowed by calorie restriction
57. The biosynthesis of DHEA by the adrenal cortex and its age-related decline
58. The adrenal cortex
59. Acne, hirsutism, and alopecia in adolescent girls
60. Steroid biosynthesis by zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells purified from the mammalian adrenal cortex
61. Ultramicrochemical and tissue culture studies of adrenal tissue
62. Regulation of androgen secretion and sulfoconjugation in the adult human adrenal cortex: Studies with primary monolayer cell cultures
63. Serine phosphorylation of human P450C17 increases 17,20 lyase activity: Implications for adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome
64. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase localization in human adrenal glands: A light and electron microscopic study
65. Intraadrenal steroid concentration in man: Zonal differences and developmental changes
66. Adrenal androgen secretion and biologic effects
67. Further studies on the relationship between C19 and C21 steroid synthesis in the human adrenal gland
68. Heterodox notions on pathways of steroidogenesis
69. Dehydroisoandrosterone is secreted episodically and synchronously with cortisol by normal man
70. A genetic component to the variation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
71. Studies on changes in the concentration of serum adrenal androgens in pubertal twins
72. The prepubertal and pubertal growth of the adrenal (adrenarche)
73. Decreased adrenal androgen sensitivity to ACTH during aging
74. Changes in circulating steroids with aging in postmenopausal women
75. Age changes and sex difference in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations throughout adulthood
76. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels as an individual marker
77. Altersveraenderungen der menschlichen Neben-niere
78. Hormonal changes in girls with precocious adrenarche: A possible role for estradiol or prolactin
79. The relationship between prolactin, DHEAS and testosterone in normally menstruating females
80. Lack of effect of estrogens on adrenal androgen secretion in children and adolescents with a comment on oestrogens and pubic hair growth
81. Influence of estrogen in high and low doses on plasma steroid concentrations in girls with tall stature and Turner's syndrome
82. Changes in adrenocortical function of patients with gonadal dysgenesis after treatment with estrogen
83. Epidermal growth factor in human urine from birth to puberty
84. Output of estrogens, testosterone and their precursors by isolated human adrenal cells as compared with that of glucocorticosteroids
85. Angiotensin II potentiates ACTH-stimulated adrenal androgen secretion
86. The influence of age in the 24-hour integrated concentration of growth hormone in normal individuals
87. Lack of correlation between gonadotropin and adrenal androgen levels in agonadal children
88. Hormonal changes in puberty. III. Correlation of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, FSH and LH with stages of puberty and bone age in normal boys and girls and in patients with Addison's disease or hypogonadism or premature or late adrenarche
89. POMC-related peptide plasma levels throughout prepuberty and puberty
90. Changes throughout puberty in adrenal secretion after ACTH
91. Adrenal and gonadal steroids in girls during sexual maturation
92. Ontogenesis of prolactin receptors in the human fetus in early gestation: Implications for tissue differentiation and development
93. Role of prolactin in age-related change in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations
94. Fetal- and tumor-specific regulation of growth hormone receptor messenger RNA expression in human liver
95. Growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in normal and pathologic human adrenocortical tissues: An analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique
96. Modulation of pulsatile GH release through a novel receptor in hypothalamus and pituitary gland
97. Diminished adrenal androgen secretion implies a significant role for ACTH in the induction of adrenarche
98. Adrenal steroid, cortisol, adrenocorticotropin and β-endorphin responses to human corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in normal children and children with premature pubarche
99. Corticotropin-releasing hormone: A potent androgen secretagogue in girls with hyperandrogenism after precocious pubarche
100. Dissociation of cortisol and adrenal androgen secretion in the hypophysectomized, ACTH-replaced chimpanzee
101. Dissociation between plasma adrenal androgens and cortisol in Cushing's disease and ectopic ACTH-producing tumour: Relation to adrenarche
102. Anterior pituitary hormones in plasma and pituitary from patients with Cushing's disease
103. Measurement of N-terminal (1-76) proopiomelanocortin in human plasma: Correlation with adrenocorticotropin
104. A 60,000 molecular weight human pituitary glycopeptide stimulates adrenal androgen secretion
105. Human gland cortical androgen-stimulating hormone (CASH) is identical with a portion of the joint peptide of pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
106. Isolation, purification, synthesis and binding of human adrenal gland cortical androgen stimulating hormone
107. Human proopiomelanocortin (9-96), a proposed androgen stimulating hormone, does not affect steroidogenesis in cultured human fetal adrenal cells
108. Human proopiomelanocortin-(79-96), a proposed cortical androgen-stimulating hormone, does not affect steroidogenesis in cultured human adult adrenal cells
109. Isolation and characterization of three forms of joining peptide from adult human pituitaries: Lack of adrenal androgen-stimulating activity
110. Synthesis and glycosylation of proopiomelanocortin by a Cushing tumor
111. Role of nutritional status in the regulation of adrenarche
112. The adrenal androgen-stimulated hormone does not exist
113. Regulation of the activities of 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase in the human adrenal cortex: Kinetic analysis and inhibition by endogenous steroids
114. Kinetic analysis of adrenal 3β-HSD activity during human development
115. The developmental changes in plasma adrenal androgens during infancy and adrenarche are associated with changing activities of adrenal microsomal 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase
116. Adrenarche: Changing adrenal response to adrenocorticotropin
117. Different biological action of corticosteroids, corticosterone, and cortisol as a bases of zonal function adrenal cortex
118. Adrenarche results from development of a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-deficient adrenal reticularis
119. Insulin-like growth factors enhance steroidogenic enzyme and corticotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels and corticotropin steroidogenic responsiveness in cultured human adrenocortical cells
120. Effects of transforming growth factor-1 on human adrenocortical fasciculata- reticularis cell differentiated functions
121. Lymphocytes stimulate dehydroepiandrosterone production through direct cellular contact with adrenal zona reticularis cells: A novel mechanism of immune-endocrine interaction
122. Role of electron transport in the regulation of the lyase activity of C32 side-chain cleavage P-450 from porcine adrenal and testicular microsomes
123. Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities of P450C17: Contributions of serine 106 and P450 reductase
124. Molecular mechanism of 17,20-lyase deficiency
125. Cytochrome b5 augments the 17,20-lyase activity of human P450C17 without direct electron transfer
126. Modeling and mutagenesis of the active site of human P450C17
127. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanisms and implications for pathogenesis
128. Phorbol ester-induced serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor decreases its tyrosine kinase activity
129. Overexpression of protein kinase C isoenzymes α, β I, γ, and ε in cells overexpressing the insulin receptor: Effects on receptor phosphorylation and signaling
130. Evidence for dissociation between adrenarche and gonadarche: Studies in patients with idiopathic precocious puberty, gonadal dysgenesis, isolated gonadotropin deficiency, and constitutionally delayed growth and development
131. Turner's syndrome
132. Dissociation of adrenarche and gonadarche in precocious puberty and in isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
133. Androgens in pubertal males with Addison's disease
134. Abnormalities and variations of sexual development during childhood and adolescence
135. Precocious adrenarche
136. Premature pubarche
137. Prevalence of electro-encephalographic abnormalities in idiopathic precocious puberty and premature pubarche: Bearing on pathogenesis and neuroendocrine regulation of puberty
138. Premature pubarche: A hypothalamic disorder? Report of 17 cases
139. Sexual maturation in the female: Normal development and precocious puberty
140. Premature adrenarche
141. Obesity in childhood
142. Excess weight and precocious pubarche in children: Alterations of the adrenocortical hormones
143. Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: A study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network
144. Current age of onset of puberty
145. Adrenarche as a cause of benign pseudopuberty in boys
146. The adrenarche: Prolactin, gonadotropins, adrenal androgens and cortisol
147. Benign premature adrenarche: Clinical features and serum steroid levels
148. Usefulness of an ACTH test in the diagnosis of non-classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency among children presenting with premature pubarche
149. Normal and almost normal precocious variations in pubertal development: Premature pubarche and premature thelarche revisited
150. Familial hypersecretion of adrenal androgens transmitted as a dominant, non-HLA linked trait
151. Intraadrenal steroid concentration in man: Zonal differences and developmental changes
152. Premature adrenarche. Clinical and diagnostic features
153. Gonadotropin and sex steroid response to luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone in patients with premature adrenarche
154. Responsivity of pituitary gonadotropes to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in idiopathic precocious puberty, precocious thelarche, precocious adrenarche, and in patients treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate
155. Premature adrenarche: A normal variant of puberty?
156. Precocious thelarche and premature adrenarche
157. Natural history of premature pubarche: An auxological study
158. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A fountain of youth?
159. Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate in the cerebrospinal fluid of man: Relation to blood levels and the effects of age
160. Il pubarca prematuro
161. Le sulfate de dehydroépiandrostérone plasmatique en endocrinologie pédiatrique
162. Androgens in adrenarche and pubarche
163. Elevated urinary testosterone and androstenediol in precocious adrenarche
164. 3β-Androstenediol glucuronide in premature and normal pubarche
165. Lack of correlation between sex hormone binding globulin, adrenal and peripheral androgens in precocious adrenarche
166. Late-onset steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: A variant of classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia
167. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone responses to adrenocorticotropin in children with premature adrenarche
168. Genetic defects in steroidogenesis in premature pubarche
169. Studies of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase genes in infants and children manifesting premature pubarche and increased adrenocorticotropin-stimulated 5Δsteroid levels
170. Genotyping steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Hormonal reference data
171. Premature pubarche: Etiological heterogeneity?
172. Disorders of steroid 11-hydroxylase isozymes
173. Isolated precocious pubarche: An approach
174. Identification of nonclassical 21-hydroxylase deficiency in girls with precocious pubarche
175. High frequency of non-classical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency
176. Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia: Current concepts
177. Molecular genetics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency): Implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment
178. Nonclassical forms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency revised by molecular biology (154 patients, French Collaborative Studies)
179. Late-onset adrenal steroid 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. I. A cause of hirsutism in pubertal and postpubertal women
180. Secondary biosynthetic defects in women with late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia
181. Absence of molecular defect in the type II 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) gene in premature pubarche children and hirsute female patients with moderately decreased adrenal 3β-HSD activity
182. Adrenal androgen hyperresponsiveness to adrenocorticotropin in women with acne and/or hirsutism: Adrenal enzyme defects and exaggerated adrenarche
183. Source localization of androgen excess in adolescent girls
184. "Exaggerated adrenarche" in children presenting with premature pubarche
185. Detection of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism in women with androgen excess
186. Evidence that idiopathic functional adrenal hyperandrogenism is caused by dysregulation of adrenal steroidogenesis and that hyperinsulinemia may be involved
187. Hormonal findings in African American and Caribbean Hispanic girls with premature adrenarche: Implications for polycystic ovarian syndrome
188. Ovarian steroidogenic responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist testing with nafarelin in hirsute women with adrenal responses to adrenocorticotropin suggestive of 3-hydroxy-5-steroid dehydrogenase deficiency
189. Follow-up of growth and steroids in premature adrenarche
190. Chronic anovulation caused by peripheral endocrine disorders
191. Primary polycystic ovary syndrome in a premenarcheal girl: A case report
192. Ovaries in sexual precocity
193. Post-puberal assessment in girls with premature pubarche: Clinical, biochemical, and echographic findings
194. Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women
195. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries
196. The polycystic ovary syndrome
197. The polycystic ovary. I. Clinical and histologic features
198. Polycystic ovary syndrome
199. Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion
200. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: Towards a rational approach
201. Current concepts of polycystic ovary syndrome
202. Acute ovarian responses to a long-acting agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovulatory women and women with polycystic ovarian disease
203. The stimulatory and down-regulatory effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in man
204. Pituitary-ovarian responses to nafarelin testing in the polycystic ovary syndrome
205. A new test of combined pituitary-testicular function using the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist nafarelin in the differentiation of gonadotropin deficiency from delayed puberty: Pilot studies
206. Use of leuprolide acetate response patterns in the early diagnosis of pubertal disorders: Comparison with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone test
207. Ovarian 17-hydroxyprogesterone hyperresponsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist challenge in women with polycystic ovary syndrome is not mediated by luteinizing hormone hypersecretion: Evidence from GnRH agonist and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation testing
208. Studies of the nature of 17-hydroxyprogesterone hyperresponsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist challenge in functional ovarian hyperandrogenism
209. Postpubertal outcome in girls diagnosed of premature pubarche during childhood: Increased frequency of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism
210. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I axis and insulin secretion in hyperandrogenic adolescents
211. Molecular biology of steroid hormone synthesis
212. Puberty and polycystic ovarian syndrome: The Insulin/insulin-like growth factor I hypothesis
213. Girls diagnosed with premature pubarche show an exaggerated ovarian androgen synthesis from the early stages of puberty: Evidence from gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist testing
214. Anovulation after precocious pubarche: Early markers and time course in adolescence
215. Functional adrenal hyperandrogenism is a common feature in post-pubertal girls with a history of premature pubarche: Relationship to hyperinsulinemia and ovarian androgen excess
216. Insulin resistance of puberty: A defect restricted to peripheral glucose metabolism
217. Increased insulin secretion in puberty: A compensatory response to reductions in insulin sensitivity
218. Puberty decreases insulin sensitivity
219. Basal and stimulated insulin levels rise with advancing puberty
220. Changes in serum Insulin concentration during puberty and their relationship to growth hormone
221. Relationship between the pubertal fall in sex hormone binding globulin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1. A synchronized approach to pubertal development
222. Normative data for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-binding proteins, and growth hormone-binding protein in healthy Spanish pediatric population: Age- and sex-related changes
223. Pubertal changes in insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity
224. Gender and Tanner stage differences in body composition and insulin sensitivity in early pubertal children
225. Differences in the in vivo insulin secretion an sensitivity of healthy black vs. white adolescents
226. Racial (Black-White) differences in insulin secretion and clearance in adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study
227. Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandrogenism
228. Insulin-like factor I and insulin potentiate luteinizing hormone-induced androgen synthesis by rat ovarian thecal-interstitial cells
229. Obesity, acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia: Pediatric perspective and natural history
230. Decreased insulin sensitivity in prepubertal girls with premature pubarche and acanthosis nigricans
231. The modified minimal model: Application to measurement of insulin sensitivity in children
232. Assessment of insulin sensitivity in vivo
233. Insulin regulates the serum levels of low molecular weight insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
234. Linking the hyperandrogenism of benign premature adrenarche in children and polycystic ovarian syndrome in adults
235. The role of insulin sensitivity, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 3 in the hyperandrogenism of African-American and Caribbean Hispanic girls with premature adrenarche
236. Hyperinsulinemia and decreased insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 are common features in prepubertal and post-pubertal girls with a history of premature pubarche
237. Sex hormone-binding globulin: A marker for hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance?
238. The effects of hyperinsulinemia on serum testosterone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cortisol levels in normal women and in a woman with hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans
239. Portal insulin concentrations rather than insulin sensitivity regulate serum sex hormone-binding globulin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 in vivo
240. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
241. Decreased sex hormone-binding globulin predicts noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women but not in men
242. Insulin resistance, premature adrenarche, and a risk of the polycystic ovary syndrome (POS)
243. Fasting insulin glucose ratio: A useful measure of insulin resistance in girls with premature adrenarch
244. Premature adrenarch: Findings in prepubertal African-American and Caribbean-Hispanic girls
245. Defects in β-cell function in functional ovarian hyperandrogenism
246. Characterization of groups of hyperandrogenic women with acanthosis nigricans, impaired glucose tolerance, and/or hyperinsulinemia
247. Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome
248. Insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovarian disease
249. Evidence for insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovarian disease
250. The central role of obesity (hyperinsulinemia) in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome
251. Androgen response to endogenous insulin secretion during the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test in normal and hyperandrogenic women
252. Insulin C-peptide, androgens, and β-endorphin response to oral glucose in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
253. Insulin secretory defects in polycystic ovary syndrome. Relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
254. β-Cell dysfunction independent of obesity and glucose intolerance in the polycystic ovary syndrome
255. Lack of linear relationship between hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism
256. Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS): A unique disorder of insulin action associated with an increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
257. Ethnicity and polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with independent and additive decreases in insulin action in Caribbean-Hispanic women
258. Ethnic differences in insulin and glucose response to glucose between white and Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome
259. Does ethnicity influence the prevalence of adrenal hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome?
260. On the paradox of insulin-induced hyperandrogenism in insulin-resistant states
261. Correlation of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovarian disease
262. Induction of insulin resistance by androgens and estrogens
263. Persistence of insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian disease after inhibition of ovarian steroid secretion
264. Suppression of hyperandrogenism does not improve peripheral or hepatic insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome
265. Insulin resistance improves in hyperandrogenic women treated with Lupron
266. The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: Evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women
267. Insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction
268. Insulin administration alters gonadal steroid metabolism independent of changes in gonadotropin secretion in insulin-resistant women with the polycystic ovary syndrome
269. Suppression of serum insulin by diazoxide reduces serum testosterone levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome
270. Inhibitory effects of sandostatin on secretion of luteinizing hormone and ovarian steroids in polycystic ovary syndrome
271. The insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone improves metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome
272. Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450C17 activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome
273. Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system
274. Hyperinsulinemia in postpubertal girls with a history of premature pubarche and functional ovarian hyperandrogenism
275. Pubertal outcome of African American (AA) and Caribbean Hispanic (CH) adolescent girls with a history of premature adrenarche (PA)
276. Hyperinsulinemia is common in family members of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
277. Increased prevalence of unknown type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in first-degree relatives of gifts with a history of precocious pubarche
278. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease
279. Insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia and coronary heart disease
280. The insulin resistance syndrome: The controversy is dead, long live the controversy
281. Hyperinsulinemia, dyslipemia and cardiovascular risk in girls with a history of premature pubarche
282. Insulin sensitivity, lipids, and body composition in childhood: Is "Syndrome X" present?
283. Hyperinsulinemia in youth is a predictor of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
284. Acanthosis nigricans
285. The syndromes of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Insulin-receptor disorders in man
286. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans syndrome: A common endocrinopathy with distinct pathophysiologic features
287. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. 10 years of progress
288. Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans in an unselected population
289. Acanthosis nigricans in obese women with hyperandrogenism. Characterization of an insulin-resistant state distinct from the type A and B syndromes
290. Insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans: The roles of obesity and androgen excess
291. Vulvar acanthosis nigricans: A marker for insulin resistance in hirsute women
292. Prevalence and significance of acanthosis nigricans in an adult obese population
293. Pathophysiology, genetics and treatment of hyperandrogenism
294. Excessive insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts and in skeletal muscle. A potential mechanism for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome
295. Differential modulation of ACTH-stimulated cortisol and androstenedione secretion by insulin
296. The effect of prolactin, human chorionic gonadotropin, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 on adrenal steroidogenesis in isolated guinea-pig adrenal cells
297. Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances luteinizing hormone binding to rat ovarian theca-interstitial cells
298. Insulin action in human granulosa cells from normal and polycystic ovaries is mediated by the insulin receptor and not the type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor
299. Insulin infusion amplifies 17β-hydroxycorticosteroid intermediates response to adrenocorticotropin in hyperandrogenic women: Apparent relative impairment of 17,20-lyase activity
300. Metabolic approaches to the subclassification of polycystic ovary syndrome
301. The genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome
302. Familial polycystic ovarian disease
303. Familial clustering in the polycystic ovarian syndrome
304. Familial polycystic ovaries: A genetic disease
305. A twin study of polycystic ovary syndrome
306. Evidence for a single gene effect causing polycystic ovaries and male pattern baldness
307. Polycystic ovaries and premature male pattern baldness are associated with one allele of the steroid metabolism gene CYP17
308. 5′ Polymorphism of the CYP17 gene is not associated with serum testosterone levels in women with polycystic ovaries
309. Linkage and association of insulin gene VNTR regulatory polymorphism with polycystic ovary syndrome
310. Susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes at IDDM2 is determined by tandem repeat variation at the insulin gene minisatellite locus
311. The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription
312. Association of the steroid synthesis gene CYP11a with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenism
313. Carriers of 21-hydroxylase deficiency are not at increased risk for hyperandrogenism
314. Thirty seven candidate genes for polycyctic ovary syndrome: Strongest evidence for linkage is with follistatin
315. Malnutrition: Probable cause of fetal growth retardation
316. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in premature infants and infants with intrauterine growth retardation
317. Urinary steroid levels in newborn infants with intrauterine growth retardation
318. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life
319. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth
320. Adrenarche and fetal growth
321. Precocious pubarche, hyperinsulinism and ovarian hyperandrogenism in girls: Relation to reduced fetal growth
322. Premature pubarche, dyslipidemia and low IGFBP-1 in girls: Relation to reduced prenatal growth
323. Premature pubarche, ovarian hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinism and the polycystic ovary syndrome: From a complex constellation to a simple sequence of prenatal onset
324. Pronounced adrenarche and precocious pubarche in boys
325. Androgens and fetal growth