To model a psychiatric disorder in animals: Schizophrenia as a reality test

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 223-239

  Lipska, Barbara K ^a   Weinberger, Daniel R ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal models; Genetic models; Glutamate; Neurodevelopment; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; GLUTAMIC ACID; KETAMINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; PHENCYCLIDINE;

ANIMAL MODEL; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN INJURY; DEVELOPMENT; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STRESS; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL;

EID: 0034284828     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00137-8     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Abi-Dargham A., Gil R., Krystal J., Baldwin R.M., Seibyl J.P., Bowers M., van Dyck C.H., Charney D.S., Innis R.B., Laruelle M. Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia. Confirmation in a second cohort Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;761-767.
2. Adams W., Kendell R.E., Hare E.H., Munk-Jorgensen Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia. An analysis of Scottish, English and Danish data Br J Psychiatry. 163:1993;169-177.
3. Akbarian S., Bunney W.E. Jr., Potkin S.G., Wigal S.B., Hagman J.O., Sandman C.A., Jones E.G. Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;169-177. a.
4. Akbarian S., Vinuela A., Kim J.J., Potkin S.G., Bunney W.E. Jr., Jones E.G. Distorted distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase neurons in temporal lobe of schizophrenics implies anomalous cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;178-187. b.
5. Akbarian S., Kim J.J., Potkin S.G., Hagman J.O., Tafazzoli A., Bunney W.E. Jr., Jones E.G. Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;258-266.
6. Akbarian S., Sucher N.J., Bradley D., Tafazzoli A., Trinh D., Hetrick W.P., Potkin S.G., Sandman C.A., Bunney W.E. Jr., Jones E.G. Selective alterations in gene expression for NMDA receptor subunits in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. J Neurosci. 16:1996;19-30.
7. Al-Amin HA, Weinberger DR, Lipska BK (in press): Exaggerated MK-801-induced motor hyperactivity in rats with the neonatal lesion of the ventral hippocampus. Behav Pharm.
8. Anisman H., Zaharia M.D., Meaney M.J., Merali Z. Do early-life events permanently alter behavioral and hormonal responses to stressors? Int J Dev Neurosci. 16:1998;149-164.
9. Arnold S.E., Hyman B.T., van Hoesen G.W., Damasio A.R. Some cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:1991;625-632.
10. Ashe P, Chlan-Fourney J, Juorio AV, Li X-M, Boulton AA (1999): Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rats with neonatal ibotenic acid lesions of the ventral hippocampus. Soc Neurosci Abstract 635.11.
11. Bachevalier J., Alvarado M.C., Malkova L. Memory and socioemotional behavior in monkeys after hippocampal damage incurred in infancy or in adulthood. Biol Psychiatry. 46(3):1999;329-339.
12. Bakshi V.P., Swerdlow N.R., Braff D.L., Geyer M.A. Reversal of isolation rearing-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition by Seroquel and olanzapine. Biol Psychiatry. 43:1998;436-445.
13. Barbeau D., Liang J.J., Robitalille Y., Quirion R., Srivastava L.K. Decreased expression of the embryonic form of the neural cell adhesion molecule in schizophrenic brains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;2785-2789.
14. Beauregard M., Bachevalier J. Neonatal insult to the hippocampal region and schizophrenia. A review and a putative animal model Can J Psychiatry. 41(7):1996;446-456.
15. Becker A., Grecksch G., Bernsteinn H.-G., Hollt V., Bogerts B. Social behavior in rats lesioned with ibotenic acid in the hippocampus. Quantitative and qualitative analysis Psychopharmacology. 144:1999;333-338.
16. Benes F.M., McSparren J., Bird E.D., San Giovanni J.P., Vincent S.L. Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:1991;996-1001.
17. Benes F.M., Vincent S.L., Alsterberg G., Bird E.D., san Giovanni J.P. Increased GABA-A receptor binding in superficial laminae in cingulate cortex of schizophrenic brain. J Neurosci. 12:1992;924-929.
18. Benes F.M., Vincent S.L., Marie A., Khan Y. Up-regulation of GABA-A receptor binding on neurons of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Neuroscience. 7:1996;1021-1031.
19. Benes F.M., Wickramasinghe R., Vincent S.L., Khan Y., Todtenkopf M. Uncoupling of GABA(A) and benzodiazepine receptor binding activity in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenic brain. Brain Res. 755:1997;121-129.
20. Bertolino A., Saunders R.C., Mattay V.S., Bachevalier J., Frank J.A., Weinberger D.R. Altered development of prefrontal neurons in rhesus monkeys with neonatal mesial temporo-limbic lesions. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study Cerebral Cortex. 7:1997;740-748.
21. Bertolino A., Callicott J.H., Elman I., Mattay V.S., Tedeschi G., Frank J.A., Breier A., Weinberger D.R. Regionally specific neuronal pathology in untreated patients with schizophrenia. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study Biol Psychiatry. 43:1998;641-648.
22. Bertolino A, Roffman JL, Lipska BK, Van Gelderen P, Olson A, Weinberger DR (1999): Postpubertal emergence of prefrontal neuronal deficits and altered dopaminergic behaviors in rats with neonatal hippocampal lesions. Soc Neurosci Abstract 520.8.
23. Bertolino A., Breier A., Callicott J.H., Adler C., Mattay V.S., Shapiro M., Frank J.A., Pickar D., Weinberger D.R. The relationship between dorsolateral prefrontal neuronal N-acetylaspartate and evoked release of striatal dopamine in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 22:2000;125-132.
24. Black M.D., Lister S., Hitchcock J.M., Giersbergen P., Sorensen S.M. Neonatal hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia in rats. Sex differences and persistence of effects into maturity Drug Dev Res. 43:1998;206-213.
25. Black M.D., Selk D.E., Hitchcock J.M., Wetttstein J.G., Sorensen S.M. On the effect of neonatal nitric oxide synthase inhibition in rats. A potential neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia Neuropharmacology. 38:1999;1299-1306.
26. Bloom F.E. Advancing a neurodevelopmental origin of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;224-227.
27. Bogerts B., Ashtar M., Degreef G., Alvir J.M.J., Bilder R.M., Lieberman J.A. Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatr Res Neuroimaging. 35:1990;1-13.
28. Braff D.L., Geyer M.A. Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies Arch Gen Psychiatry. 47:1990;181-188.
29. Brake W., Noel M.B., Boksa P., Gratton A. Influence of perinatal factors on the nucleus accumbens dopamine response to repeated stress during adulthood. An electrochemical study in rat Neuroscience. 77:1997;1067-1076. a.
30. Brake W., Boksa P., Gratton A. Effects of perinatal anoxia on the locomotor response to repeated amphetamine administration in adult rats. Psychopharmacology. 133:1997;389-395. b.
31. Brake W.G., Sullivan R.M., Flores G., Srivastava L., Gratton A. Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions attenuate the nucleus accumbens dopamine response to stress. An electrochemical study in the rat Brain Res. 831:1999;25-32.
32. Breier A., Su T.P., Saunders R., Carson R.E., Kolachana B.S., de Bartolomeis A., Weinberger D.R., Weisenfeld N., Malhotra A.K., Eckelman W.C., Pickar D. Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations. Evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;2569-2574.
33. Brown A.S., Susser E.S., Butler P.D., Richardson A.R., Kaufmann C.A., Gorman J.M. Neurobiological plausibility of prenatal nutritional deprivation as a risk factor for schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 184:1996;71-85.
34. Carr D.B., Sesack S.R. Hippocampal afferents to the rat prefrontal cortex. Synaptic targets and relation to dopaminergic terminals J Comp Neurol. 369:1996;1-15.
35. Castner S.A., Al-Tikriti M.S., Baldwin R.M., Seibyl J.P., Innis R.B., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Behavioral changes and [123I]IBZM equilibrium SPECT measurement of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in rhesus monkeys exposed to subchronic amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 22:2000;4-13.
36. Cintra L., Granados L., Aguilar A., Kemper T., DeBassio W., Galler J., Morgane P., Duran P., Diaz-Cintra S. Effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on mossy fibers of the hippocampal formation in rats of four age groups. Hippocampus. 7:1997;184-191.
37. Chambers R.A., Moore J., McEvoy J.P., Levin E.D. Cognitive effects of neonatal hippocampal lesions in a rat model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 15:1996;587-594.
38. Conrad A.J., Abebe T., Ron A., Forsythe S., Scheibel B. Hippocampal pyramidal cell disarray in schizophrenia as a bilateral phenomenon. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:1991;413-417.
39. Costall B., Naylor R.J. Animal neuropharmacology and its prediction of clinical response. Hirsch S.R., Weinberger D.R. Schizophrenia. 1995;401-424 Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford.
40. Cotter D., Takei N., Farrell M., Sham P., Quinn P., Larkin C., Oxford J., Murray R., O'Callaghan E. Does prenatal exposure to influenza in mice induce pyramidal cell disarray in the dorsal hippocampus? Schiz Res. 16:1995;233-241.
41. Csernansky J.G., Csernansky C.A., Kogelman L., Montgomery E.M., Bardgett M.E. Progressive neurodegeneration after intracerebroventricular kainic acid administration in rats. Implications for schizophrenia? Biol Psychiatry. 44(11):1998;1143-1150.
42. Dalman C., Allebeck P., Cullberg J., Grunewald C., Koster M. Obstetric complications and the risk of schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of a national birth cohort Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;234-240.
43. Dean B., Hussain T., Hayes W., Scarr E., Kitsoulis S., Hill C., Opeskin K., Copolov D.L. Changes in serotonin2A and GABA(A) receptors in schizophrenia. Studies on the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex J Neurochem. 72:1999;1593-1599.
44. DeLisi L.E., Dauphinais I.D., Gershon E.S. Perinatal complications and reduced size of brain limbic structures in afmilial schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 14:1988;185-191.
45. Duncan G.E., Sheitman B.B., Lieberman J.A. An integrated view of pathophysiological models of schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 29:1999;250-264.
46. Ellenbroek B.A., Cools A.R. Animal models with construct validity for schizophrenia. Behav Pharm. 1:1990;469-490.
47. Ellenbroek B.A., Geyer M.A., Cools A.R. The behavior of APO-SUS rats in animal models with construct validity for schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 11:1995;7604-7611.
48. Ellenbroek B.A., van den Kroonenberg P.T., Cools A.R. The effects of an early stressful life event on sensorimotor gating in adult rats. Schizophr Res. 30(3):1998;251-260.
49. Ellenbroek B.A., Sluyter F., Cools A.R. The role of genetic and early environmental factors in determining apomorphine susceptibility. Psychopharmacology. 148:2000;124-131.
50. Eastwood S.L., Harrison P.J. Decreased synaptophysin in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia demonstrated using immunoautoradiography. Neuroscience. 69:1995;339-343.
51. Eastwood S.L., Burnet P.W., Harrison P.J. GluR2 glutamate receptor subunit flip and flop isoforms are decreased in the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) study Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 44:1997;92-98.
52. Eastwood S.L., McDonald B., Burnet P.W., Beckwith J.P., Kerwin R.W., Harrison P.J. Decreased expression of mRNAs encoding non-NMDA glutamate receptors GluR1 and GluR2 in medial temporal lobe neurons in schizophrenia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 29:1995;211-223.
53. Eastwood S.L., Harrison P.J. Hippocampal and cortical growth-associated protein-43 messenger RNA in schizophrenia. Neuroscience. 86:1998;437-448.
54. Egan M., Weinberger D.R. Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Curr Op Neurobiol. 7:1997;701-707.
55. El-Khodor B.F., Boksa P. Long-term reciprocal changes in dopamine levels in prefrontal cortex versus nucleus accumbens in rats born by Cesarean section compared to vaginal birth. Exp Neurol. 145:1997;118-129.
56. El-Khodor B.F., Boksa P. Birth insult increases amphetamine induced responses in the adult rat. Neuroscience. 87:1998;893-904.
57. Erickson R.P. Mouse models of human genetic disease. Which mouse is more like a man? Bioessays. 18:1996;993-998.
58. Falkai P., Bogerts B. Cell loss in the hippocampus of schizophrenics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 236:1986;154-161.
59. Fatemi S.H., Emamian E.S., Kist D., Sidwell R.W., Nakajima K., Akhter P., Shier A., Sheikh S., Bailey K. Defective corticogenesis and reduction in Reelin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of prenatally infected neonatal mice. Mol Psychiatry. 4:1999;145-154.
60. Feldpausch D.L., Needham L.M., Stone M.P., Althaus J.S., Yamamoto B.K., Svensson K.A., Merchant K.M. The role of dopamine D4 receptor in the induction of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and accompanying biochemical and molecular adaptations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 286:1998;497-508.
61. Flores G., Barbeau D., Quirion R., Srivastava L.K. Decreased binding of dopamine D3 receptors in limbic subregions after neonatal bilateral lesion of rat hippocampus. J Neurosci. 16:1996;2020-2026. a.
62. Flores G., Wood G.K., Liang J.-J., Quirion R., Srivastava L.K. Enhanced amphetamine sensitivity and increased expression of dopamine D2 receptors in postpubertal rats after neonatal excitotoxic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 16:1996;7366-7375. b.
63. Francis D., Diorio J., Liu D., Meaney M.J. Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science. 286(5442):1999;1155-1158.
64. Freedman R., Adler L.E., Gerhardt G.A., Waldo M., Baker N., Rose G.M., Drebing C., Nagamoto H., Bickford-Weimer P., Franks R. Neurobiological studies of sensory gating in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 13:1987;669-678.
65. Freedman R., Coon H., Myles-Worsley M., Orr-Urtreger A., Olincy A., Davis A., Polymeropoulos M., Holik J., Hopkins J., Hoff M., Rosenthal J., Waldo M.C., Reimherr F., Wender P., Yaw J., Young D.A., Breese C.R., Adams C., Patterson D., Adler L.E., Kruglyak L., Leonard S., Byerley W. Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 94:1997;587-592.
66. Gambarana C., Masi F., Tagliamonte A., Scheggi S., Ghiglieri O., De Montis M.G. A chronic stress that impairs reactivity in rats also decreases dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens. A microdialysis study J Neurochem. 72(5):1999;2039-2046.
67. Geyer M.A., Wilkinson L.S., Humby T., Robbins T.W. Isolation rearing of rats produces a deficit in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle similar to that in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 34:1993;361-372.
68. Glantz L.A., Lewis D.A. Reduction of synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Regional and diagnostic specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 54:1997;943-952.
69. Grecksch G., Bernstein H.G., Becker A., Hollt V., Bogerts B. Disruption of latent inhibition in rats with postnatal hippocampal lesions. Neuropsychopharmacology. 20:1999;525-532.
70. Harrison P.J., Eastwood S.L. Preferential involvement of excitatory neurons in medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Lancet. 352:1998;1669-1673.
71. Hirotsune S., Fleck M.W., Gambello M.J., Bix G.J., Chen A., Clark G.D., Ledbetter D.H., McBain C.J., Wynshaw-Boris Graded reduction of Pafah1b1 (Lis1) activity results in neuronal migration defects and early embryonic lethality. Nature Genet. 19:1998;333-339.
72. Hori T, Subramaniam S, Carli M, Srivastava LK, Quirion R (1999): Effects of repeated phencyclidine administration on locomotor activity and forced swimming test in rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions. Soc Neurosci Abstract 635.8.
73. Hornig M., Weissenbock H., Horscroft N., Lipkin W.I. An infection-based model of neurodevelopmental damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;12102-12107.
74. Hultman C.M., Ohman A., Cnattingius S., Wieselgren I.M., Lindstrom L.H. Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 170:1997;128-133.
75. Huntsman M.M., Tran B.V., Potkin S.G., Bunney W.E. Jr., Jones E.G. Altered ratios of alternatively spliced long and short gamma2 subunit mRNAs of the gamma-amino butyrate type A receptor in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;15066-15071.
76. Impagnatiello F., Guidotti A.R., Pesold C., Dwivedi Y., Caruncho H., Pisu M.G., Uzunov D.P., Smalheiser N.R., Davis J.M., Pandey G.N., Pappas G.D., Tueting P., Sharma R.P., Costa E. A decrease of reelin expression as a putative vulnerability factor in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;15718-15723.
77. Imperato A., Obinu M.C., Carta G., Mascia M.S., Casu M.A., Gessa G.L. Reduction of dopamine release and synthesis by repeated amphetamine treatment. Role in behavioral sensitization Eur J Pharmacol. 317:1996;231-237.
78. Javitt D.C., Zukin S.R. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 148:1991;1301-1308.
79. Jay T.M., Glowinski J., Thierry A.-M. Selectivity of the hippocampal projection to the prelimbic area of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Brain Res. 505:1989;337-340.
80. Jentsch J.D., Tran A., Le D., Joungren K.D., Roth R.H. Subchronic phencyclidine administration reduces mesoprefrontal dopamine utilization and impairs prefrontal cortical-dependent cognition inn the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology. 17:1997;92-99.
81. Jentsch J.D., Redmond D.E., Elsworth J.D., Taylor J.R., Youngren K.D., Roth R.H. Enduring cognitive deficits and cortical dopamine dysfunction in monkeys after long-term administration of phencyclidine. Science. 277:1998;953-955. a.
82. Jentsch J.D., Taylor J.R., Roth R.H. Subchronic phencyclidine administration increases mesolimbic dopaminergic system responsivity and augments stress- and psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion. Neuropsychopharmacology. 19(2):1998;105-113. b.
83. Jentsch J.D., Roth R.H. The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine. From NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia Neuropsychopharmacology. 20:1999;201-225.
84. Jeste D.V., Lohr J.B. Hippocampal pathologic findings in schizophrenia. A morphometric study Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:1989;1019-1024.
85. Johnson-Wood K., Lee M., Motter R., Hu K., Gordon G., Barbour R., Khan K., Gordon M., Tan H., Games D., Lieberburg I., Schenk D., Seubert P., MacConlogue L. Amyloid precursor protein processing and Abeta42 deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;1550-1555.
86. Johnston M.V., Barks J., Greenmyre T., Silverstein F. Use of toxins to disrupt neurotransmitter circuitry in the developing brain. Prog Brain Res. 73:1988;425-446.
87. Jones G.H., Hernandez T.D., Kendall D.A., Marsden C.A., Robbins T.W. Dopaminergic and serotonergic function following isolation rearing in rats. Study of behavioral responses and postmortem and in vivo neurochemistry Pharm Biochem Behav. 43:1992;17-35.
88. Karson C.N., Mrak R.E., Schluterman K.O., Sturner W.Q., Sheng J.G., Griffin W.S. Alterations in synaptic proteins and their encoding mRNAs in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. a possible neurochemical basis for "hypofrontality." Mol Psychiatry. 4:1999;39-45.
89. Kelz M.B., Chen J., Carlezon W.A. Jr., Whisler K., Gilden L., Beckmann A.M., Steffen C., Zhang Y.J., Marotti L., Self D.W., Tkatch T., Baranauskas G., Surmeier D.J., Neve R.L., Duman R.S., Picciotto M.R., Nestler E.J. Expression of the transcription factor deltaFosB in the brain controls sensitivity to cocaine. Nature. 401:1999;272-276.
90. Kendell R.E., Kemp I.W. Maternal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:1989;878-882.
91. Kendler K.S., MacLean C.J., O'Neill F.A., Burke J., Murphy B., Duke F., Shinkwin R., Easter S.M., Webb B.T., Zhang J., Walsh D., Straub R.E. Evidence for a schizophrenia vulnerability locus on chromosome 8p in the Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families. Am J Psychiatry. 153:1996;1534-1540.
92. Kirkpatrick B., Conley R.C., Kakoyannis A., Reep R.L., Roberts R.C. Interstitial cells of the white matter in the inferior parietal cortex in schizophrenia. An unbiased cell-counting study Synapse. 34:1999;95-102.
93. Kobayashi K., Forte T.M., Taniguchi S., Ishida B.Y., Oka K., Chan L. The db/db mouse, a model for diabetic dyslipidemia. Molecular characterization and effects of Western diet feeding Metabolism. 49:2000;22-31.
94. Kornetsky C., Markowitz R. Animal models of schizophrenia. Lipton M.A., DiMascio A., Killam K.F. Psychopharmacology. A Generation of Progress:1978;583-593 Raven Press, New York.
95. Krystal J.H., Karper L.P., Seibyl J.P., Freeman G.K., Delaney R., Bremner J.D., Heninger G.R., Bowers M.B. Jr., Charney D.S. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. 1994;perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 199-214, Psychotomimetic.
96. Lahti A.C., Koffel B., LaPorte D., Tamminga C.A. Subanesthetic doses of ketamine stimulate psychosis in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 13:1995;9-19.
97. Laruelle M., Abi-Dargham A., van Dyck C.H., Gil R., D'Souza C.D., Erdos J., McCance E., Rosenblatt W., Fingado C., Zoghbi S.S., Baldwin R.M., Seibyl J.P., Krystal J.H., Charney D.S., Innis R.B. Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;9235-9240.
98. Lee C.J., Binder T., Lipska B.K., Zhu Y., Weinberger D.R., Nakabeppu Y., Robertson G.S. Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions produce an elevation of Δ-FosB-like protein(s) in the rodent neocortex. Soc Neurosci Abstract. 24:1998;489.
99. Lewis P., Patel A., Balazs R. Effect of undernutrition on cell generation in the adult rat brain. Brain Res. 168:1979;186-189.
100. Lieberman J.A., Sheitman B.B., Kinon B.J. Neurochemical sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Deficits and dysfunction in neuronal regulation and plasticity Neuropsychopharmacology. 17(4):1997;205-229.
101. Lillrank S.M., Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R. Neurodevelopmental animal models of schizophrenia. Clin Neurosci. 3:1995;98-104.
102. Lipska B.K., Jaskiw G.E., Weinberger D.R. Postpubertal emergence of hyperresponsiveness to stress and to amphetamine after neonatal hippocampal damage. A potential animal model of schizophrenia Neuropsychopharmacology. 9:1993;67-75.
103. Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R. Delayed effects of neonatal hippocampal damage on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors in the rat. Dev Brain Res. 75:1993;213-222.
104. Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R. Subchronic treatment with haloperidol or clozapine in rats with neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage. Neuropsychopharmacology. 10:1994;199-205. a.
105. Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R. Gonadectomy does not prevent novelty- or drug-induced hyperresponsiveness in rats with neonatal excitototxic hippocampal damage. Dev Brain Res. 78:1994;253-258. b.
106. Lipska B.K., Swerdlow N.R., Geyer M.A., Jaskiw G.E., Braff D.L., Weinberger D.R. Neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats causes postpubertal changes in prepulse inhibition of startle and its disruption by apomorphine. Psychopharmacology. 122:1995;35-43. a.
107. Lipska B.K., Chrapusta S.J., Egan M.F., Weinberger D.R. Neonatal excitotoxic ventral hippocampal damage alters dopamine response to mild chronic stress and haloperidol treatment. Synapse. 20:1995;125-130. b.
108. Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R. Genetic variation in vulnerability to the behavioral effects of neonatal hippocampal damage in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;8906-8910.
109. Lipska B.K., Al-Amin H.A., Weinberger D.R. Excitotoxic lesions of the rat medial prefrontal cortex. effects on abnormal behaviors associated with neonatal hippocampal damage Neuropsychopharmacology. 19:1998;451-464. a.
110. Lipska B.K., Khaing Z.Z., Lerman D.N., Weinberger D.R. Neonatal damage of the rat ventral hippocampus reduces expression of a dopamine transporter. Soc Neurosci Abstract. 24:1998;365. b.
111. Liu D., Diorio J., Tannenbaum B., Caldji C., Francis D., Freedman A., Sharma S., Pearson D., Plotsky P.M., Meaney M.J. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science. 277:1997;1659-1662.
112. Lohr J.B., Bracha S. Can schizophrenia be related to prenatal exposure to alcohol? Some speculations. Schizophr Bull. 15:1989;595-603.
113. Loring J.F., Paszty C., Rose A., McIntosh T.K., Murai H., Pierce J.E.S., Schramm S.E., Wymore K., Lee V.M.-Y., Trojanowski J.Q., Peterson K.R. Rational design of an animal model for Alzheimer's disease. Introduction of multiple human genomic transgenes to reproduce AD pathology in a rodent Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;173-182.
114. Mathe J.M., Nomikos G.G., Schilstrom B., Svensson T.H. Non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediate systemic dizocilpine (MK-801) induced hyperlocomotion and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci Res. 51:1998;583-592.
115. Mazer C., Muneyyirci J., Taheny K., Raio N., Borella A., Whitaker-Azmitia P. Serotonin depletion during synaptogenesis leads to decreased synaptic density and learning deficits I the adult rat. A possible model of neurodevelopmental disorders with cognitive deficits Brain Res. 760:1997;68-73.
116. McKinney W.T., Moran E.C. Animal models of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 138:1981;478-483.
117. McNiel T.F. Obstetric factors and perinatal injuries. Tsuang M.T., Simpson J.C. Handbook of Schizophrenia, Vol. 3., Nosology, Epidemiology and Genetic. 1988;319-344 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
118. Mednick S.A., Machon R.A., Huttunen M.O., Bonett D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 45:1988;189-192.
119. Meng Z.H., Feldpaush D.L., Merchant K.M. Clozapine and haloperidol block the induction of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and associated genomic responses in rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 61(1-2):1998;39-50.
120. Mintz M., Youval G., Gigi A., Myslobodsky M.S. Rats exposed to prenatal gamma-radiation at day 15 of gestation exhibit enhanced persevaration in T-maze. Soc Neurosci Abstract. 23:1997;1365.
121. Moghaddam B., Adams B., Verma A., Daly D. Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine. A novel step in pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex J Neurosci. 17:1997;2921-2927.
122. Moghaddam B., Adams B. Reversal of phencyclidine effects by group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science. 281:1998;1349-1352.
123. Mohn A.R., Gainetdinov R.R., Caron M.G., Koller B.H. Mice with reduced NMDA receptor expression display behaviors related to schizophrenia. Cell. 98:1999;427-436.
124. Montgomery E.M., Bardgett M.E., Lall B., Csernansky C.A., Csernansky J.G. Delayed neuronal loss after administration of intracerebroventricular kainic acid to preweanling rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 112(1):1999;107-116.
125. Morgane P.J., Austin-LaFrance R., Bronzino J., Tonkiss J., Diaz-Cintra S., Cintra L., Kemper T., Galler J.R. Prenatal malnutrition and development of the brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 17:1993;91-128.
126. Moore H, Ghajarnia M, Grace AA (1998): Anatomy and function of prefrontal and limbic corticostriatal circuits in a rodent model of schizophrenia. 37th ACNP Annual Meeting Abstract 37:179.
127. Murase S., Mathe J.M., Grenhoff J., Svensson T.H. Effects of dizocilpine (MK-801) on rat midbrain dopamine cell activity. differential actions on firing pattern related to anatomical localization J Neur Transm. 91:1993;13-25. [Gen Sect].
128. Murray R.M., Lewis S.W. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? Br Med J. 295:1987;681-682.
129. Nestler E.J., Aghajanian G.K. Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science. 278:1997;58-63.
130. O'Callaghan E., Sham P., Takei N., Glover G., Murray R.M. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Lancet. 337:1991;1248-1250.
131. O'Donnell P., Grace A.A. Phencyclidine interferes with the hippocampal gating of nucleus accumbens neuronal activity in vivo. Neuroscience. 87:1998;823-830.
132. O'Donnell P, Lewis BL, Lerman D, Weinberger DR, Lipska BK (1999): Effects of neonatal hippocampal lesions on prefrontal cortical pyramidal cell responses to VTA stimulation. Soc Neurosci Abstract 664.2.
133. Ohnuma T., Augood S.J., Arai H., McKenna P.J., Emson P.C. Expression of the human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 and metabotropic glutamate receptors 3 and 5 in the prefrontal cortex from normal individuals and patients with schizophrenia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 56:1998;207-217.
134. Ohshima T., Ward J.M., Huh C.G., Longenecker G., Veeranna Pant H.C., Brady R.O., Martin L.J., Kulkarni A.B. Targeted disruption of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 gene results in abnormal corticogenesis, neuronal pathology and perinatal death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;11173-11178.
135. Olney J.W., Farber N.B. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;998-1007.
136. Patel V.B., Richardson P.J., Preedy V.R. Non-cardiac nucleic acid composition and protein synthesis rates in hypertension. studies on the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model Clin Chim Acta. 293:2000;167-179.
137. Pearce B.D., Steffensen S.C., Paoletti A.D., Henriksen S.J., Buchmeier M.J. Persistent dentate granule cell hyperexcitability following neonatal infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Neurosci. 16:1996;220-228.
138. Pearce B.D., Po C.L., Pisell T.L., Miller A.H. Lymphocytic responses and the gradual hippocampal neuron loss following infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). J Neuroimmunol. 101(2):1999;137-147.
139. Pellegrini M., Mansouri A., Simeone A., Boncinelli E., Gruss P. Dentate gyrus formation requires Emx2. Development. 122:1996;3893-3898.
140. Perrone-Bizzozero N.I., Sower A.C., Bird E.D., Benowitz L.I., Ivins K.J., Neve R.L. Levels of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 are selectively increased in association cortices in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;14182-14187.
141. Porter F.D., Drago J., Xu Y., Cheema S.S., Wassif C., Huang S.P., Lee E., Grinberg A., Massalas J.S., Bodine D., Alt F., Westphal H. Lhx2, a LIM homeobox gene, is required for eye, forebrain, and definitive erythrocyte development. Development. 124:1997;2935-2944.
142. Qin Z.H., Zhang S.P., Weiss B. Dopaminergic and glutamatergic blocking drugs differentially regulate glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in mouse brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 21(3-4):1994;293-302.
143. Rajakumar N., Williamson P.C., Stoessl J.A., Flumerfelt B.A. Neurodevelopmental pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Soc Neurosci Abstract. 22:1996;1187.
144. Rakic P (1996): Experimental deletion of specific cortical neurons: Relevance to schizophrenia. 35th ACNP Annual Meeting Abstract 35:91.
145. 1H-MRS signals. Neuropsychopharmacology. 22:2000;430-439.
146. Rott R., Herzog S., Fleischer B., Winokur A., Amsterdam J., Dyson W., Koprowski H. Detection of serum antibodies to Borna disease virus in patients with psychiatric disorders. Science. 228:1985;755-756.
147. Rupniak N.M.J., Iversen S.D. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. how experimental models using nonhuman primates may assist improved drug therapy for negative symptoms Neuropsychologia. 31:1993;1133-1146.
148. Sams-Dodd F., Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R. Neonatal lesions of the rat ventral hippocampus result in hyperlocomotion and deficits in social behaviour in adulthood. Psychopharmacology. 132:1997;303-310.
149. Saunders R.C., Kolachana B.S., Bachevalier J., Weinberger D.R. Neonatal lesions of the temporal lobe disrupt prefrontal cortical regulation of striatal dopamine. Nature. 393:1998;169-171.
150. Scheibel A.B., Kovelman J.A. Disorientation of the hippocampal pyramidal cell and its processes in the schizophrenic patient. Biol Psychiatry. 16:1981;101-102.
151. Schroeder H., Grecksch G., Becker A., Bogerts B., Höllt V. Alterations of the dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in adult rats with postnatal ibotenic acid hippocampal lesion. Psychopharmacology. 145:1999;61-66.
152. Sheldon M., Rice D.S., D'Arcangelo G., Yoneshima H., Nakajima K., Mikoshiba K., Howell B.W., Cooper J.A., Goldowitz D., Curran T. Scrambler and yotari disrupt the disabled gene and produce a reeler-like phenotype in mice. Nature. 389:1997;730-733.
153. Sibley D.R. New insights into dopaminergic receptor function using antisense and genetically altered animals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 39:1999;313-341.
154. Solbrig M.V., Koob G.F., Fallon J.H., Lipkin W.I. Tardive dyskinetic syndrome in rats infected with Borna disease virus. Neurobiol Disease. 1:1994;111-119.
155. Solbrig M.V., Koob G.F., Joyce J.N., Lipkin W.I. A neural substrate of hyperactivity in Borna disease. changes in brain dopamine receptors Virology. 222:1996;332-338. a.
156. Solbrig M.V., Koob G.F., Fallon J.H., Reid S., Lipkin W.I. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in Borna disease virus (BDV)-infected rats. Biol Psychiatry. 40:1996;629-636. b.
157. Spanagel R., Weiss F. The dopamine hypothesis of reward. Past and current status Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;521-527.
158. Suddath R.L., Christisin G.W., Torrey E.F., Casanova M., Weinberger D.R. Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 322:1990;789-794.
159. Susser E.S., Lin S.P. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;983-988.
160. Steiner H., Gerfen C.R. Role of dynorphin and enkephalin in the regulation of striatal output pathways and behavior. Exp Brain Res. 123:1998;60-76.
161. Stevens K.E., Kem W.R., Mahnir V.M., Freedman R. Selective α7-nicotinic agonists normalize inhibition of auditory response in DBA mice. Psychopharmacology. 136:1998;320-327.
162. Talamini L.M., Koch T., Ter Horst G.J., Korf J. Methylazoxymethanol acetate-induced abnormalities in the entorhinal cortex of the rat; parallels with morphological findings in schizophrenia. Brain Res. 789:1998;293-306.
163. Tomasiewicz H., Ono K., Yee D., Thompson C., Goridis C., Rutishauser U., Magnuson T. Genetic deletion of a neural cell adhesion molecule variant (N-CAM-180) produces distinct defects in the central nervous system. Neuron. 11:1993;1163-1174.
164. Tonkiss J., Galler J.R. Prenatal protein malnutrition and working memory performance in adult rats. Behav Brain Res. 40:1990;95-107.
165. Vanderschuren L.J., Schmidt E.D., De Vries T.J., Van Moorsel C.A., Tilders F.J., Schoffelmeer A.N. A single exposure to amphetamine is sufficient to induce long-term behavioral, neuroendocrine, and neurochemical sensitization in rats. J Neurosci. 19:1999;9579-9586.
166. Varty G.B., Higgins G.A. Examination of drug-induced and isolation-induced disruptions of prepulse inhibition as models to screen antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacology. 122:1995;15-26.
167. Vawter M.P., Hemperly J.J., Hyde T.M., Bachus S.E., VanderPutten D.M., Howard A.L., Cannon-Spoor H.E., McCoy M.T., Webster M.J., Kleinman J.E., Freed W.J. VASE-containing N-CAM isoforms are increased in the hippocampus in bipolar disorder but not schizophrenia. Exp Neurol. 154:1998;1-11.
168. Verma A., Moghaddam B. NMDA receptor antagonists impair prefrontal cortex function as assessed via spatial delayed alternation performance in rats. Modulation by dopamine J Neurosci. 16:1996;373-379.
169. Waltrip R.W., Buchanan R.W., Summerfeld A., Breier A., Carpenter W.T. Jr., Bryant N.L., Rubin S.A., Carbone K.M. Borna disease virus and schizophrenia. Psychiatr Res. 56:1995;33-44.
170. Wan R.-Q., Giovanni A., Kafka S.H., Corbett R. Neonatal hippocampal lesions induced hyperresponsiveness to amphetamine. Behavioral and in vivo microdialysis studies Behav Brain Res. 78:1996;211-223.
171. Wan R.Q., Corbett R. Enhancement of postsynaptic sensitivity to dopaminergic agonists induced by neonatal hippocampal lesions. Neuropsychopharmacology. 16:1997;259-268.
172. Wan R.Q., Hartman H., Corbett R. Alteration of dopamine metabolites in CSF and behavioral impairments induced by neonatal hippocampal lesions. Physiol Behav. 65:1998;429-436.
173. Weickert C.S., Weinberger D.R. A candidate molecule approach to defining developmental pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 24:1998;303-316.
174. Weinberger D.R. The pathogenesis of schizophrenia. a neurodevelopmental theory Nasrallah H.A., Weinberger D.R. The Neurology of Schizophrenia. 1986;397-406 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
175. Weinberger D.R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archiv Gen Psychiatry. 44:1987;660-669.
176. Weinberger D.R. Schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Hirsch S.R., Weinberger D.R. Schizophrenia. 1995;293-323 Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford.
177. Weinberger D.R. Cell biology of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 45:1999;395-402.
178. Wilkinson L.S., Killcross S.S., Humby T., Hall F.S., Geyer M.A., Robbins T.W. Social isolation in the rat produces developmentally specific deficits in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response without disrupting latent inhibition. Neuropsychopharmacology. 10:1994;61-72.
179. Woerner M.G., Pollack M., Klein D.F. Pregnancy and birth complications in psychiatric patients. A comparison of schizophrenic and personality disorder patients with their siblings Acta Psychiat Scand. 49:1973;712-721.
180. Wolf M.E., White F.J., Hu X.-T. Behavioral sensitization to MK-801 (dizocilpine). Neurochemical and electrophysiological correlates in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system Behav Pharm. 4:1993;429-442.
181. Wood G.K., Tomasiewicz H., Rutishauser U., Magnuson T., Quirion R., Rochford J., Srivastava L.K. NCAM-180 knockout mice display increased lateral ventricle size and reduced prepulse inhibition of startle. Neuroreport. 9:1998;461-466.
182. Wu C.L., Melton D.W. Production of a model for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient mice. Nature Gen. 3:1993;235-240.
183. Yonezawa Y., Kuroki T., Kawahara T., Tashiro N., Uchimura H. Involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission in phencyclidine-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol. 341(1):1998;45-56.
184. Young C.E., Arima K., Xie J., Hu L., Beach T.G., Falkai P., Honer W.G. SNAP-25 deficit and hippocampal connectivity in schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex. 8:1998;261-268.
185. Zaharia M.D., Kulczycki J., Shanks N., Meaney M.J., Anisman H. The effects of early postnatal stimulation on Morris water-maze acquisition in adult mice. genetic and maternal factors Psychopharmacology. 128:1996;227-239.