Biotransformation of post-clozapine antipsychotics. Pharmacological implications

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 393-414

  Caccia, Silvio ^a  

^a MARIO NEGRI INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMISULPRIDE; BENZISOOXAZOLE; CYTOCHROME P450; CYTOCHROME P450 2D6; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; ILOPERIDONE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PEROSPIRONE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZIPRASIDONE; ZOTEPINE;

AGING; BIOTRANSFORMATION; DEALKYLATION; DEMETHYLATION; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG HYDROXYLATION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG OXIDATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; KIDNEY DISEASE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0034062749     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200038050-00002     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. 1. Dahl SG. Plasma level monitoring of antipsychotic drugs. Clinical utility. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986; 11: 36-61
2. 2. Jorgensen A. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of antipsychotic drugs. Prog Drug Metab 1986; 9: 111-74
3. 3. Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant L. Antipsychotic drugs. Clinical pharmacokinetics of potential candidates for plasma concentration monitoring. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987; 13: 65-90
4. 4. Sellers EM, Bendayan R. Pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs in selected patient populations. In: Meltzer HY, editor. Psychopharmacology. The third generation of progress. New York (NY): Raven Press, 1987: 1397-406
5. 5. Verghese C, Kessel JB, Simpson GM. Pharmacokinetics of neuroleptics. Psychopharmacol Bull 1991; 27: 551-67
6. 6. Dahl SG. Active metabolites of neuroleptic drugs: possible contribution to therapeutic and toxic effects. Ther Drug Monit 1982; 4: 33-40
7. 7. Martensson E. Nyberg G. Active metabolites of neuroleptics in plasma and CSF: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Psychopharmacology Series 1989; 7: 257-62
8. 8. Caccia S, Garattini S. Formation of active metabolites of psychotropic drugs. An updated review of their significance. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990; 18: 434-59
9. 9. Hubbard JW, Midha KK, Hawes EM, et al. Metabolism of phenothiazine and butyrophenone antipsychotic drugs. A review of some recent research findings and clinical implications. Br J Psychiatry 1993; Suppl. 22: 19-24
10. 10. Fang J, Gorrod JW. Metabolism, pharmacogenetics, and metabolic drug-drug interactions of antipsychotic drugs. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1999; 19: 491-509
11. 11. Williams DP, Pirmohamed M, Naisbitt DJ, et al. Neutrophil cytotoxicity of the chemically reactive metabolite(s) of ctozapine: possible role in agranulocytosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 283: 1375-82
12. 12. Midha KK, Hawes EM, Hubbard JW, et al. The search for correlations between neuroleptic plasma levels and clinical outcome: a critical review. In: Meltzer HY, editor. Psychopharmacology. The third generation of progress. New York (NY): Raven Press, 1987: 1341-51
13. 13. Waraska J, Nagle JD. A critical assessment of antipsychotic drug monitoring. Clin Lab Med 1987; 7: 435-52
14. 14. Eilers R. Therapeutic drug monitoring for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Clinical use and cost effectiveness. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29: 442-50
15. 15. Freeman DJ, Oyewumi LK. Will routine therapeutic drug monitoring have a place in clozapine therapy? Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32: 93-100
16. 16. Janicak PG, Davis JM. Antipsychotic dosing strategies in acute schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11 Suppl. 2: 35-40
17. 17. Leysen JE, Janssen PM, Schotte A, et al. Interaction of antipsychotic drugs with neurotransmitter receptor sites in vitro and in vivo in relation to pharmacological and clinical effects: role of 5HT2 receptors. Psychopharmacology 1993; 112 Suppl. 1: S40-54
18. 18. Gerlach J, Peacock L. New antipsychotics: the present status. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10 Suppl. 3: 39-48
19. 19. Arnt J, Skarsfeldt T. Do novel antipsychotics have similar pharmacological characteristics? A review of the evidence. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 18: 63-101
20. 20. Moore NA. Behavioural pharmacology of the new generation of antipsychotic agents. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174 Suppl. 38: 5-11
21. 21. Owens DG. Adverse effects of antipsychotic agents. Do newer agents offer advantages? Drugs 1996; 51: 895-930
22. 22. Citrome L. New antipsychotic medications: what advantages do they offer? Postgrad Med 1997; 101: 207-10, 213-4
23. 23. Buckley P. How effective are the second generation antipsychotics? Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 1998; 2 Suppl. 2: S41-7
24. 24. Fleischhacker WW, Hummer M. Drug treatment of schizophrenia in the 1990s. Achievements and future possibilities in optimising outcomes. Drugs 1997; 53: 915-29
25. 25. Barnes TRE, McPhillips MA. Critical analysis and comparison of the side-effect and safety profiles of the new antipsychotics. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174 Suppl. 38: 34-43
26. 26. Campbell M, Young PI, Bateman DN, et al. The use of atypical antipsychotics in the management of schizophrenia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 47: 13-22
27. 27. Remington G, Kapur S. Atypical antipsychotics: are some more atypical than others? Psychopharmacology 2000; 148: 3-15
28. 28. Ereshefsky L. Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions: update for new antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 Suppl. 11: 12-25
29. 29. Markowitz JS, Brown CS, Moore TR. Atypical antipsychotics. Part I: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33: 73-85
30. 30. Prior TI, Chue PS, Tibbo P, et al. Drug metabolism and atypical antipsychotics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 9: 301-9
31. 31. Mannens G, Huang ML, Meuldermans W, et al. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of risperidone in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 1993; 21: 1134-41
32. 32. Huang ML, Van Peer A, Woestenborghs R, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the novel antipsychotic agent risperidone and the prolactin response in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54: 257-68
33. 33. von dem Wildenberg HM, Delbressine LPC, Kaspersen FM, et al. Biotransformation of trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a, 12b-tetrahydro-IH-dibenz [2,3: 6.7]oxepino [4,5-c]pyrrolidine maleate in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 1990; 40: 540-4
34. 34. Feng MR, Loo J, Wright J. Disposition of the antipsychotic agent CI-1007 in rats, monkeys, dogs, and human cytochrome P450 2D6 extensive metabolizers. Species comparison and allometric scaling. Drug Metab Dispos 1998; 26: 982-8
35. 35. Iyer RN, Davis MD, Juneau PL, et al. Brain extracellular levels of the putative antipsychotic CI-1007 and its effects on striatal and nucleus accumbens dopamine overflow in the awake rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50: 1147-53
36. 36. Sramek JJ, Eldon MA, Posvar E, et al. Initial safety, tolerability pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of CI-1007 in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1998; 34 (1): 93-9
37. 37. Feng MR, Corbin AE, Wang Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an investigational antipsychotic agent, CI-1007, in rats and monkeys. Pharm Res 1997; 14: 329-36
38. 38. Kehne JH, Baron BM, Carr AA, et al. Preclinical characterization of the potential of the putative atypical antipsychotic MDL 100,907 as a potent 5-HT2A antagonist with a favorable CNS safety profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 277: 968-81
39. 39. Scott DO, Heath TG. Investigation of the CNS penetration of a potent 5-HT2a receptor antagonist (MDL 100,907) and an active metabolite (MDL 105,725) using in vivo microdialysis sampling in the rat. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 17: 17-25
40. 40. He H, Richardson JS. A pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and clinical overview of risperidone, a new antipsychotic that blocks serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10: 19-30
41. 41. Byerly MJ, DeVanc CL. Pharmacokinetics of clozapine and risperidone: a review of recent literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16: 177-87
42. 42. Meuldermans W, Hendrickx J, Mannens G, et al. The metabolism and excretion of risperidone after oral administration in rats and dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 1994; 22: 129-38
43. 43. Fang J, Bourin M, Baker GB. Metabolism of risperidone to 9-hydroxyrisperidone by human cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A4. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1999; 359: 147-51
44. 44. Szewczak MR, Corbett R, Rush DK, et al. The pharmacological profile of iloperidone, a novel atypical antipsychotic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274: 1404-13
45. 45. Kongsamut S, Roehr JE, Cai J, et al. Iloperidone binding to human and rat dopamine and 5-HT receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 317: 417-23
46. 46. Sainati SM, Hubbard JW, Chi E, et al. Safety, tolerability, and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of iloperidone (HP 873), a potential atypical antipsychotic. J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 35: 713-20
47. 47. Mutlib AE, Strupczewski JT, Chesson SM. Application of hyphenated LC/NMR and LC/MS techniques in rapid identification of in vitro and in vivo metabolites of iloperidone. Drug Metab Dispos 1995; 23: 951-64
48. 48. Mutlib AE, Klein JT. Application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in accelerating the identification of human liver cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of iloperidone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 286: 1285-93
49. 49. Howard HR, Lowe 3rd JA, Seeger TF, et al. 3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents. J Med Chem 1996; 39: 143-8
50. 50. Seeger TF, Seymour PA, Schmidt AW, et al. Ziprasidone (CP-88,059): a new antipsychotic with combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 275: 101-13
51. 51. Bench CJ, Lammertsma AA, Grasby PM, et al. The time course of binding to striatal dopamine D2 receptors by the neuroleptic ziprasidone (CP-88,059-01 ) determined by positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology 1996; 124: 141-7
52. 52. Fischman AJ, Bonab AA, Babich JW, et al. Positron emission tomographic analysis of central 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 receptor occupancy in healthy volunteers treated with the novel antipsychotic agent, ziprasidone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 279: 939-47
53. 53. Ishizumi K, Kojima A, Antoku F, et al. Succinimide derivatives. II. Synthesis and antipsychotic activity of N-[4-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]buty1]1,2-cis-cyclohexanedicarboximide (SM-9018) and related compounds. Chem Pharm Bull 1995; 43: 2139-51
54. 54. Perospirone hydrochloride. Drugs Fut 1998; 23: 231-2
55. 55. Ohno Y, Ishida-Tokuda K, Ishibshi T, et al. Potential role of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor interaction in the atypical antipsychotic action of the novel succimide derivative, perospirone. Pol J Pharmacol 1997; 49: 213-9
56. 56. Takahashi Y, Kusumi I, Ishikane T, et al. In vivo occupation of dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin(2A) receptors by novel antipsychotic drug, SM-9018 and its metabolite, in rat brain. J Neural Transm 1998; 105: 181-91
57. 3H]perospirone-binding sites in rat brain. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 31: 159-64
58. 58. Blin O. A comparative review of new antipsychotics. Can J Psychiatry 1999; 44: 235-44
59. 59. Westrick ML, Molitor JA, Gammans RD. Preliminary pharmacokinetics of tiaspirone in man [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 26: 546
60. 60. Prakash C, Kamel A, Cui D, et al. Identification of the major human liver cytochrome P450 isoform(s) responsible for the formation of the primary metabolites of ziprasidone and prediction of possible drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 35S-42S
61. 61. Mayol RF, Jajoo HK, Klunk LJ, et al. Metabolism of the antipsychotic drug tiospirone in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 1991; 19: 394-9
62. 3H-labeled ziprasidone. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 206-18
63. 63. Prakash C, Kamel A, Gummerus J, et al. Metabolism and excretion of a new antipsychotic drug, ziprasidone, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 863-72
64. 64. Caccia S, Garattini S. 1-Arylpiperazines as active metabolites of (4-substituted aryl-1-piperazinyl)alkyl heterocyclic drugs. Acta Pharm Jugosl 1990; 40: 441-60
65. 65. Prakash C, Kamel A, Cui D. Characterization of the novel benzisothiazole ring-cleaved products of the antipsychotic drug ziprasidone. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 897-901
66. 66. Kassahun K, Mattiuz E, Nyhart Jr E, et al. Disposition and biotransformation of the antipsychotic agent olanzapine in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 81-93
67. 67. Mattiuz E, Franklin R, Gillespie T, et al. Disposition and metabolism of olanzapine in mice, dogs, and rhesus monkeys. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 573-83
68. 68. Jann MW, Grimsley SR, Gray EC, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clozapine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993; 24: 161-76
69. 69. Dain JG, Nicoletti J, Ballard F. Biotransformation of clozapine in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 603-9
70. 70. Kando JC, Shepski JC, Satterlee W, et al. Olanzapine: a new antipsychotic agent with efficacy in the management of schizophrenia. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31: 1325-34
71. 71. Stephenson CME, Pilowsky LS. Psychopharmacology of olanzapine. A review. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174 Suppl. 38: 52-8
72. 72. Tollefson GD, Kuntz AJ. Review of recent clinical studies with olanzapine. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174 Suppl. 37: 30-5
73. 73. Ring BJ, Catlow J, Lindsay TJ, et al. Identification of the human cytochromes P450 responsible for the in vitro formation of the major oxidative metabolites of the antipsychotic agent olanzapine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 276: 658-66
74. 74. Eiermann B, Engel G, Johansson I, et al. The involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of clozapine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44: 439-46
75. 75. Kassahun K, Mattiuz E, Franklin R, et al. Olanzapine 10-N-glucuronide. A tertiary N-glucuronide unique to humans. Drug Metab Dispos 1998; 26: 848-55
76. 76. Obermeyer BD, Nyhart EH, Mattiuz EL, et al. The disposition of olanzapine (OL) in healthy volunteers [abstract]. Pharmacologist 1993; 35: 176
77. 77. Luo H, Hawes EM, McKay G, et al. N(+)-glucuronidation of aliphatic tertiary amines in human: antidepressant versus antipsychotic drugs. Xenobiotica 1995; 25: 291-301
78. 78. Anonymous. Quetiapine fumarate. Drugs Fut 1996; 21: 483-9
79. 79. Gunasekara NS, Spencer CM. Quetiapine. A review of its use in schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 1998; 9: 325-40
80. 80. Goren JL, Levin GM. Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 1183-94
81. 81. Grimm SW, Stams KR, Bui K. In vitro prediction of potential metabolic drug interactions for Seroquel [abstract]. Schizophrenia Res 1997; 24: 198
82. 82. Needham PL, Atkinson J, Skill MJ, et al. Zotepine: preclinical tests predict antipsychotic efficacy and an atypical profile. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32: 123-8
83. 83. Prakash A, Lamb HM. Zotepine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 1998; 9: 153-75
84. 84. Shiraga T, Kaneko H, Iwasaki K, et al. Identification of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of zotepine, an antipsychotic drug, in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 1999; 29: 217-29
85. 85. Ketter TA, Flockhart DA, Post RM, et al. The emerging role of cytochrome P4503A in psychopharmacology. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15: 387-98
86. 86. Kondo T, Tanaka O, Otani K, et al. Possible inhibitory effect of diazepam on the metabolism of zotepine, an antipsychotic drug. Psychopharmacology 1996; 127: 311-4
87. 87. Noda K, Suzuki A, Okui M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 2-chloro-11-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-dibenzo[b,f] thiepine (zotepine) in rat, mouse, dog and man. Arzneimittelforschung 1979; 29: 1595-600
88. 88. Coukell AJ, Spencer CM, Benfield P. Amisulpride. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 1996; 6: 237-56
89. 89. Scatton B, Claustre Y, Cudennec A, et al. Amisulpride: from animal pharmacology to therapeutic action. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 12 Suppl. 2: S29-36
90. 90. Ascalone V, Ripamonti M, Malavasi B. Stereospecific determination of amisulpride, a new benzamide derivative, in human plasma and urine by automated solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography on a chiral column application to pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996; 676: 95-105
91. 91. Malavasi B, Locatelli M, Ripamonti M, et al. Determination of amisulpride, a new benzamide derivative, in human plasma and urine by liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Application to pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996; 676: 107-15
92. 92. Reitz AB, Baxter EW, Codd EE, et al. Orally active benzamide antipsychotic agents with affinity fordopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT1A, and adrenergic alpha 1 receptors. J Med Chem 1998; 41: 1997-2009
93. 93. Reitz AB, McDonnell ME, Baxter EW, et al. The synthesis and evaluation of the major metabolites of mazapertine. Bioorg Med Chem Letters 1997; 7: 1927-30
94. 94. Wu WN, McKown LA, Takacs AR, et al. Biotransformation of the antipsychotic agent, mazapertine, in dog: mass spectral characterization and identification of metabolites. Xenobiotica 1999; 29: 453-66
95. 95. Sumiyoshi A, Murasaki M, Mori A, et al. Clinical evaluation of YM-09151, a benzoamide derivative on schizophrenics [abstract]. Psychopharmacology 1988; 96 Suppl.: 333
96. 3H]raclopride for dopamine D-2 receptor binding to rat striatum. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 173: 177-82
97. 3H]nemonapride include substantia serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in primate cerebral cortex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 255: 367-70
98. 98. Higuchi S, Yokoi K, Soeishi Y, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of a new benzamide neuroleptic drug in rats, dogs and monkeys using a stable isotope technique. Xenobiotica 1986; 16: 79-86
99. 99. Nagasaki T, Ohkubo T, Sugawar K, et al. High-performance liquid Chromatographic determination of nemonapride and desmethylnemonapride in human plasma using an electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1998; 714: 293-8
100. 3H-raclopride. A potent substituted benzamide drug with high affinity for dopamine D-2 receptors in the rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 2251-9
101. 11C]raclopride binding to D2-dopamine receptors studied by PET - a comparison to the equilibrium analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 696-708
102. 102. Farde L, von Bahr C, Wahlen A, et al. The new selective D2-dopamine receptor antagonist raclopride: pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability in healthy males. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 4: 115-26
103. 103. Movin-Osswald G, Nordstrom AL, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of raclopride formulations. Influence of prolactin and tolerability in healthy male volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992; 22: 152-61
104. 104. Florvall L, Ogren SO. Potential neuroleptic agents. 2,6-Dialkoxy-benzamide derivatives with potent dopamine receptor blocking activities. J Med Chem 1982; 25: 1280-6
105. 105. Grind M, Nilsson M-I, Nilsson L, et al. Remoxipride: a new potential antipsychotic compound. Psychopharmacology 1989; 98: 304-9
106. 106. Movin-Osswald G, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Remoxipride: pharmacokinetics and effect on plasma prolactin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 32: 355-60
107. 107. Kolasa K, Palazzi E, Salmoiraghi P, et al. Mode of action of tiaspirone on the central cholinergic system. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1989; 340: 259-64
108. 108. Leysen JE, Janssen PM, Megens AA, et al. Risperidone: a novel antipsychotic with balanced serotonin-dopamine antagonism, receptor occupancy profile, and pharmacologic activity. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; Suppl. 55: 5-12
109. 109. Megens AA, Awouters FH, Schotte A, et al. Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114: 9-23
110. 110. van Beijsterveldt LE, Geerts RJ, Leysen JE, et al. Regional brain distribution of risperidone and its active metabolite 9-hydroxy-risperidone in the rat. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114: 53-62
111. 111. Ereshefsky L, Lacombe S. Pharmacological profile of risperidone. Can J Psychiatry 1993; 38 Suppl. 3: S80-8
112. 112. Aravagiri M, Yuwiler A, Marder SR. Distribution after repeated oral administration of different dose levels of risperidone and 9-hydroxy-risperidone in the brain and other tissues of rat. Psychopharmacology 1998; 139: 356-63
113. 113. Snoeck E, Van Peer A, Sack M, et al. Influence of age, renal and liver impairment on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone in man. Psychopharmacology 1995; 122: 223-9
114. 114. Scordo MG, Spina E, Facciolà G, et al. Cytochrome P4502D6 genotype and steady state plasma levels of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone. Psychopharmacology 1999; 147: 300-5
115. 115. Caccia S. Metabolism of the newer antidepressants. An overview of the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998; 34: 281-302
116. 2 receptor occupancy induced by risperidone in poor metabolizers of debrisoquin and risperidone. Psychopharmacology 1995; 119: 345-8
117. 117. Bork JA, Rogers T, Wedlund P, et al. A pilot study on risperidone metabolism: the role of cytochrome P502D6 and 3A. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 469-76
118. 118. Cipollina JA, Ruediger EH, New JS, et al. Synthesis and biological activity of the putative metabolites of the atypical antipsychotic agent tiospirone. J Med Chem 1991; 34: 3316-28
119. 119. Mutlib AE, Strupczewski JT. Picogram determination of iloperidone in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and by high-performance liquid chromatography-selected-ion monitoring electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1995; 669: 237-46
120. 120. Chesson SM, Hsu RS, DiLeo EM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of HP 873, a potential atypical antipsychotic, in rats and dogs [abstract]. Pharmacologist 1991; 33: 177
121. 121. Zyprexa®. Physicians' desk reference. 52nd ed. Montvale (NJ): Medical Economics, 1998: 1512-6
122. 122. Zyprexa® (olanzapine tablets) [prescribing information]. Indianapolis (IN): Lilly, 1999
123. 123. Fulton B, Goa KL. Olanzapine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of schizophrenia and related psychoses. Drugs 1997; 53: 281-98
124. 124. Kuoppamaki M, Syvalahti E, Hietala J. Clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine are potent 5-HT1C receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 245: 179-82
125. 125. Shen WW. The metabolism of atypical antipsychotic drugs: an update. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1999; 11: 145-58
126. 126. Chang WH, Lin SK, Lane HY, et al. Reversible metabolism of clozapine and clozapine N-oxide in schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1998; 22: 723-39
127. 127. Gen K, Yanagida H, Ohki M, et al. Relationship between daily dose, plasma concentration and anti-dopamine, anti-serotonin and antimuscarinic activities of olanzapine [abstract]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 14: 48
128. 128. Gefvert O, Bergstrom M, Langstrom B, et al. Time course of central nervous dopamine-D2 and 5-HT2 receptor blockade and plasma drug concentrations after discontinuation of quetiapine (Seroquel) in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 1998; 135: 119-26
129. 129. Ohki M, Morokawa Y, Yanagida H, et al. Evaluation of anti-serotonine and anti-dopamine activities of zotepine and its metabolites [abstract]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 14: 47
130. 130. Tozuka Z, Shiraga T, Hata T, et al. LC/ESI/MS analysis of the in-vivo metabolites of zotepine in the plasma of the patient and the in-vitro metabolites of zotepine produced in human microsome [abstract]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 14: 50
131. 131. Okada N, Morokawa Y, Yanagida H, et al. Relationship between plasma concentrations of zotepine or zotepine metabolites and anti-dopamine activity in schizophrenic patients [abstract]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 14: 47-8
132. 132. Callaghan JT, Bergstrom RF, Ptak LR, et al. Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 37: 177-93
133. 133. Miceli JJ, Wilner KD, Hansen RA, et al. Single-and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone under non-fasting conditions in healthy male volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 5S-13S
134. 134. Velagapudi R, Faulkner R, Hinson JL, et al. The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of zotepine and its metabolite norzotepine in healthy volunteers [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42 Suppl.: 46
135. 135. Imamura Y, Shibanoki S, Kubo T, et al. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cis-N-(1-benzyl-2-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-inethylaminoben-zamide in rat blood and brain using electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 1990; 526: 282-8
136. 136. Mohell N, Sallemark M, Rosqvist S, et al. Binding characteristics of remoxipride and its metabolites to dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 238: 121-5
137. 137. Ahlenius S, Ericson E, Hillegaart V, et al. In vivo effects of remoxipride and aromatic ring metabolites in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 283: 1356-66
138. 138. Movin-Osswald G, Boelaert J, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, et al. The pharmacokinetics of remoxipride and metabolites in patients with various degrees of renal function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 35: 615-22
139. 139. Bertilsson L, Dahl M-L. Polymorphic drug oxidation. Relevance to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 1996; 5: 200-23
140. 140. Kohler C, Radesater AC, Karlsson-Boethius G, et al. Regional distribution and in vivo binding of the atypical antipsychotic drug remoxipride. A biochemical and autoradiographic analysis in the rat brain. J Neural Transm Gen Sec 1992; 87: 49-62
141. 141. Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Mimura M, et al. Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 270: 414-23
142. 142. Wildt SN, Kearns GL, Leeder S, et al. Cytochrome P4503A. Ontogeny and drug disposition. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 37: 485-505
143. 143. Butler MA, Lang NP, Young JF, et al. Determination of CYP1A2 and NAT2 phenotypes in human populations by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. Pharmacogenetics 1992; 2: 116-27
144. 144. Relling MV, Lin JS, Ayers GD, et al. Racial and gender differences in N-acetyltransferase, xanthine oxidase, and CYP1A2 activities. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 643-58
145. 145. Sweet RA, Pollock BG. New atypical antipsychotics. Experience and utility in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1998; 12: 115-27
146. 146. Perry PJ, Sanger T, Beasley C. Olanzapine plasma concentrations and clinical response in acutely ill schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17: 472-7
147. 147. Kondo T, Otani K, Ishida M, et al. A study of the therapeutic spectrum of a fixed-dose of zotepine and its relationship with serum concentrations of the drug. Human Psychopharmacology 1993; 8: 133-9
148. 148. Tanaka O, Kondo T, Otani K, et al. Single oral dose kinetics of zotepine and its relationship to prolactin response and side effects. Ther Drug Monit 1998; 20: 117-9
149. 149. Thyrum PT, Jaskiw G, Fuller M, et al. multiple dose pharmacokinetics of ICI 204,636 in elderly patients with selected psychotic disorders [abstract]. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32: 524
150. 150. Thyrum PT, Fabre LF, Wong YWJ, et al. multiple dose pharmacokinetics of ICI 204,636 in schizophrenic men and women [abstract]. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32: 525
151. 151. Jerling M, Merle Y, Mentré F, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of clozapine evaluated with the nonparametric maximum likelihood method. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44: 447-53
152. 152. Lane HY, Chang YC, Chang WH, et al. Effects of gender and age on plasma levels of clozapine and its metabolites: analyzed by critical statistics. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 36-40
153. 153. Wilner KD, Tensfeldt TG, Baris B, et al. Single-and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy young and elderly volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 15S-20S
154. 154. Otani K, Kondo T, Kaneko S, et al. Steady-state serum kinetics of zotepine. Human Psychopharmacology 1992; 7: 331-6
155. 155. Risperdal®. Physicians' desk reference. 52nd ed. Montvale (NJ): Medical Economics, 1998: 1309-13
156. 156. Balant-Gorgia AE, Gex-Fabry M, Genet C, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of risperidone using a new, rapid HPLC method: reappraisal of interindividual variability factors. Ther Drug Monit 1999; 21: 105-15
157. 157. Bergstrom RF, Callaghan JT, Cerimele BJ. et al. Pharmacokinetics of olanzapine in elderly and young [abstract]. Pharm Res 1995; 12 Suppl.: 358
158. 158. Hamon-Vilcot B, Chaufour S, Deschamps C, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of amisulpride in healthy elderly volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 54: 405-9
159. 159. Aweeka F, Jayesekara D, Horton M, et al. The pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 27S-33S
160. 160. Everson G, Lasseter KC, Anderson KE, et al. The pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in subjects with normal and impaired hepatic function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 21S-26S
161. 161. Seroquel® (quetiapine) [prescribing information]. Wilmington (DE): Zeneca Pharmaceutical, 1999
162. 162. Miceli JJ, Hunt T. Cole MJ, et al. The pharmacokinetics of CP-88,059 in healthy male volunteers following oral and intravenous administration [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 55: 142
163. 163. Hamelin BA, Allard S, Laplante LM, et al. The effect of timing of a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel atypical antipsychotic agent ziprasidone. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 9-15
164. 164. Aravagiri M, Ames D, Wirshing WC, et al. Plasma level monitoring of olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia: determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19: 307-13
165. 165. Wong JWJ, Ewing BJ, Thyrum PT, et al. multiple dose pharmacokinetics of 'seroquel' (quetiapine) in schizophrenic men and women [abstract]. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32: 524
166. 166. Darby JK, Pasta DJ, Elfand L, et al. Risperidone dose and blood level variability: accumulation effects and interindividual and intraindividual variability in the nonresponder patient in the clinical practice setting. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17: 478-84
167. 167. Gendron A, Sirois G, Nair NPV, et al. An open study of tolerability and pharmacokinetics of raclopride extended release capsules in psychiatric patients: a Canadian study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1995; 20: 287-96
168. 168. Gisclon LG, Curtin CR. The effect of food on the bioavailability (BA) of a new antipsychotic drug (RWJ-37796) [abstract]. Pharm Res 1993; 10: S-398
169. 169. Andree B, Nyberg S, Ito H, et al. Positron emission tomographic analysis of dose-dependent MDL 100,907 binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors in the human brain. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18: 317-23
170. 170. Kleinbloesem CH, Jaquet-Muller F, al-Hamdan Y, et al. Incremental dosage of the new antipsychotic mazapertine induces tolerance to cardiovascular and cognitive effects in healthy men. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 59: 675-85
171. 171. Zevin S, Benowitz NL. Drug interactions with tobacco smoking. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 36: 425-38
172. 172. Tanaka E, Hisawa S. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with psychoactive drugs: antidepressants and antipsychotics and the cytochrome P450 system. J Clin Pharm Ther 1999; 24: 7-16
173. 173. Brown CS, Markowitz JS, Moore TR, et al. Atypical antipsychotics: pt II. Adverse effects, drug interactions, and costs. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33: 210-7
174. 174. Miceli JJ, Anziano RJ, Robarge L, et al. The effect of carbamazepine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 65S-70S
175. 175. Miceli JJ, Smith M, Robarge L, et al. The effects of ketoconazole on ziprasidone pharmacokinetics - a placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 71S-76S
176. 176. Ring BJ, Binkley SN, Vandenbranden M, et al. In vitro interaction of the antipsychotic agent olanzapine with human cytochromes P450 CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 41: 181-6
177. 177. Wrighton SA, Ring BJ. Predicting drug interactions and pharmacokinetic variability with in vitro methods: the olanzapine experience. Drug Metab Rev 1999; 31: 15-28
178. 178. Olesen OV. Linnet K. Olanzapine serum concentrations in psychiatric patients given standard doses: the influence of comedication. Ther Drug Monit 1999; 21: 87-90
179. 179. Muirhead GJ, Harness J, Holt PR, et al. Ziprasidone and the pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 49S-56S
180. 180. Wilner KD, Demattos SB, Anziano RJ, et al. Ziprasidone and the activity of cytochrome P4502D6 in healthy extensive metabolizers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49 Suppl. 1: 43S-47S
181. 181. Axelsson R, Nilsson A, Christensson E, et al. Effects of amperozide in schizophrenia. An open study of a potent 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Psychopharmacology 1991; 287-92
182. 182. Norman MH, Navas 3rd F, Thompson JB, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents. J Med Chem 1996; 39: 4692-703
183. 183. Andree B, Halldin C. Vrijmoed-de Vries M, et al. Central 5-HT2A and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy after sublingual administration of ORG 5222 in healthy men. Psychopharmacology 1997; 131: 339-45
184. 184. Bruhwyler J, Liegeois JF, Bergman J, et al. JL13, a pyridobenzoxazepine compound with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: a review of its behavioural properties. Pharmacol Res 1997; 36: 255-64
185. 185. Campiani G, Nacci V, Bechelli S, et al. New antipsychotic agents with serotonin and dopamine antagonist properties based on a pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazepine structure. J Med Chem 1998; 41: 3763-72
186. 186. Teschendorf HJ, Needham P, Gross G. Belaperidone: antidopaminergic and antiserotonergic effects in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128 Suppl.: 1-166
187. 187. Bertz RJ, Granneman GR. Use of in vitro and in vivo data to estimate the likelihood of metabolic pharmacokinetic interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32: 210-58
188. 188. Yuan R, Parmelee T, Balian JD, et al. In vitro metabolic interaction studies: experience of the Food and Drug Administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 66: 9-15
189. 189. Nyberg S, Nordstrom AL, Halldin C, et al. Positron emission tomography studies on D2 dopamine receptor occupancy and plasma antipsychotic drug levels in man. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10 Suppl. 3: 81-5
190. 190. Remington G, Kapur S. D2 and 5-HT2 receptor effects of antipsychotics: bridging basic and clinical findings using PET. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60 Suppl. 10: 15-9
191. 191. Bigliani V, Pilowsky LS. In vivo neuropharmacology of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174 Suppl. 38: 23-33