Signalling via stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases in the cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular Research

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 826-842

  Bogoyevitch, Marie A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Gene expression; Growth factors; Protein kinases; Signal transduction

Indexed keywords

CONTRACTILE PROTEIN; GROWTH FACTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE;

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CELL GROWTH; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ENZYME REGULATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART STRESS; HEART VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CARDIOMEGALY; CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMANS; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; RECEPTORS, CYTOKINE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS, MECHANICAL; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0033954603     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00386-7     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Boulton T.G., Nye S.H., Robbins D.J., et al. ERKs: a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF. Cell. 65:1991;663-675.
2. Cobb M.H., Goldsmith E.J. How MAP kinases are regulated. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;14843-14846.
3. Sugden P.H., Bogoyevitch M.A. Intracellular signalling through protein kinases in the heart. Cardiovasc Res. 30:1995;478-492.
4. Force T., Bonventre J.V. Growth factors and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Hypertension. 31:1998;152-161.
5. Thorburn J., Frost J.A., Thorburn A. Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate changes in gene expression, but not cytoskeletal organization associated with cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy. J Cell Biol. 126:1994;1565-1572.
6. Glennon P.E., Kaddoura S., Sale E.M., Sale G.J., Fuller S.J., Sugden P.H. Depletion of mitogen-activated protein kinase using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide approach downregulates the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response in rat cardiac myocytes. Circ Res. 78:1996;954-961.
7. Post G.R., Goldstein D., Thuerauf D.J., Glembotski C.C., Brown J.H. Dissociation of p44 and p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation from receptor-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;8452-8457.
8. Abdellatif M., Packer S.E., Michael L.H., Zhang D., Charng M.J., Schneider M.D. A Ras-dependent pathway regulates RNA polymerase II phosphorylation in cardiac myocytes: implications for cardiac hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biol. 18:1998;6729-6736.
9. Kyriakis J.M., Banerjee P., Nikolakaki E., et al. The stress-activated protein kinase subfamily of c-Jun kinases. Nature. 369:1994;156-160.
10. Gupta S., Barrett T., Whitmarsh A.J., et al. Selective interaction of JNK protein kinase isoforms with transcription factors. EMBO J. 15:1996;2760-2770.
11. Dérijard B., Hibi M., Wu I.-H., et al. JNK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell. 76:1994;1025-1037.
12. Li Y.-S., Shyy J.Y.-J., Li S., et al. The Ras-JNK pathway is involved in shear-induced gene expression. Mol Cell Biol. 16:1996;5947-5954.
13. i2 and Gβ/γ-dependent signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;1395-1401.
14. 2-terminal kinase in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. Circ Res. 80:1997;139-146.
15. 2-terminal kinase groups of mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;5750-5754.
16. Rao G.N., Runge M.S. Cyclic AMP inhibition of thrombin-induced growth in vascular smooth muscle cells correlates with decreased JNK1 activity and c-Jun expression. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;20805-20810.
17. Han J., Lee J.-D., Bibbs L., Ulevitch R.J. A MAP kinase targeted by endotoxin and hyperosmolarity in mammalian cells. Science. 265:1994;808-811.
18. Rouse J., Cohen P., Trigon S., et al. A novel kinase cascade triggered by stress and heat shock that stimulates MAPKAP kinase-2 and phosphorylation of the small heat shock proteins. Cell. 78:1994;1027-1037.
19. Lee J.C., Laydon J.T., McDonnell P.C., et al. A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature. 372:1994;739-746.
20. Zervos A.S., Faccio L., Gatto J.P., Kyriakis J.M., Brent R. Mxi2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase that recognizes and phosphorylates Max protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;10531-10534.
21. Jiang Y., Chen C., Li Z., et al. Characterization of the structure and function of a new mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38β). J Biol Chem. 271:1996;17920-17926.
22. Stein B., Yang M.X., Young D.B., et al. p38-2, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase with distinct properties. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;19509-19517.
23. Mertens S., Craxton M., Goedert M. SAP kinase-3, a new member of the family of mammalian stress-activated protein kinases. FEBS Lett. 383:1996;273-276.
24. Wang X.S., Diener K., Manthey C.L., et al. Molecular clonding and characterization of a novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;23668-23674.
25. Lee J.-D., Ulevitch R.J., Han J. Primary structure of BMK1: A new mammalian MAP kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 213:1995;715-724.
26. Zhou G., Bao Z.Q., Dixon J.E. Components of a new human protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;12665-12669.
27. Abe J.-i., Kushuhara M., Ulevitch R.J., Berk B.C., Lee J.-D. Big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (BMK1) is a redox-sensitive kinase. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;16586-16590.
28. Yan C., Takahashi M., Okuda M., Lee J.-D., Berk B.C. Fluid shear stress stimulates Big mitogen-activated protein kinase (BMK1) activity in endothelial cells. Dependence on tyrosine kinases and intracellular calcium. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;143-150.
29. rsk) in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. J Cell Physiol. 175:1998;239-246.
30. Zou Y., Komuro I., Yamazaki T., et al. Cell type-specific angiotensin II-evoked signal transduction pathways. Critical roles of Gβγ subunit, Src family, and Ras in cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res. 82:1998;337-345.
31. Wilden P.A., Agazie Y.M., Kaufman R., Halenda S.P. ATP-stimulated smooth muscle cell proliferation requires independent ERK and PI3K signaling pathways. Am J Physiol. 275:1998;H1209-H1215.
32. Fischer T.A., Singh K., O'Hara D.S., Kaye D.M., Kelly R.A. Role of AT1 and AT2 receptors in regulation of MAPKs and MKP-1 by ANGII in adult cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol. 275:1998;H906-H916.
33. Wang X., Martindale J.L., Liu Y., Holbrook N.J. The cellular response to oxidative stress: influences of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways on cell survival. Biochem J. 333:1998;291-300.
34. Bogoyevitch M.A., Ketterman A.J., Sugden P.H. Cellular stresses differentially activate the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in cultured ventricular myocytes. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;29710-29717.
35. Komuro I., Kudo S., Yamazaki T., Zou Y., Shiojima I., Yazaki Y. Mechanical stretch activates the stress-activated protein kinases in cardiac myocytes. FASEB J. 10:1996;631-636.
36. McDonough P.M., Hanford D.S., Sprenkle A.B., Mellon N.R., Glembotski C.C. Collaborative roles for c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, serum response factor and Sp1 in calcium-regulated myocardial gene expression. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;24046-24053.
37. Wang X., Proud C.G. p70 S6 kinase is activated by sodium arsenite in adult rat cardiomyocytes: roles for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p38 MAP kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 238:1997;207-212.
38. Weinbrenner C., Liu G.-S., Cohen M.V., Downey J.M. Phosphorylation of Tyr 182 of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase correlates with the protection of preconditioning in the rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 29:1997;2383-2391.
39. Chen K.-D., Li Y.-S., Kim M., Yuan S., Chien S., Shyy J.Y.-J. Mechanotransduction in response to shear stress. Roles of receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and Shc. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;18393-18400.
40. Malek A.M., Gibbons G.H., Izumo S. Fluid shear stress differentially modulates expression of genes encoding basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor B chain in vascular endothelium. J Clin Invest. 92:1993;2013-2021.
41. Malek A.M., Greene A.L., Izumo S. Regulation of endothelin 1 gene by fluid shear stress is transcriptionally mediated and independent of protein kinase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;5999-6003.
42. Standley P.R., Obards T.J., Martina C.L. Cyclic stretch regulates autocrine IGF-I in vascular smooth muscle cells: implications in vascular hyperplasia. Am J Physiol. 276:1999;E697-E705.
43. Hamada K., Takuwa N., Yokoyama K., Takuwa Y. Stretch activates Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells through mechanisms involving autocrine ATP stimulation of purinoceptors. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;6334-6340.
44. Sadoshima J.-I., Xu Y., Slayter H.S., Izumo S. Autocrine release of angiotensin II mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell. 75:1993;977-984.
45. Kudoh S., Komuro I., Hiroi Y., et al. Mechanical stretch induces hypertrophic responses in cardiac myocytes of angiotensin II Type1a receptor knockout mice. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;24037-24043.
46. Akhter S.A., Luttrell L.M., Rockman H.A., Lefkowitz R.J., Koch W.J. Targeting the receptor-Gq interface to inhibit in vivo pressure overload myocardial hypertrophy. Science. 280:1998;574-577.
47. Pan J., Fukuda K., Saito M., et al. Mechanical stretch activates the JAK/STAT pathway in rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res. 84:1999;1127-1136.
48. Baines C.P., Goto M., Downey J.M. Oxygen radicals released during ischemic preconditioning contribute to cardioprotection in the rabbit myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 29:1997;207-216.
49. Clerk A., Fuller S.J., Michael A., Sugden P.H. Stimulation of "stress-regulated" mitogen-activated protein kinases (Stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun N-terminal kinases and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases) in perfused rat hearts by oxidative and other stresses. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;7228-7234.
50. Aikawa R., Komuro I., Yamazaki T., et al. Oxidative stress activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases through Src and Ras in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. J Clin Invest. 100:1997;1813-1821.
51. + exchange in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Circ Res. 82:1998;1053-1062.
52. Clerk A., Michael A., Sugden P.H. Stimulation of multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase sub-families by oxidative stress and phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein HSP25/27, in neonatal ventricular myocytes. Biochem J. 333:1998;581-589.
53. Cavigelli M., Li W.W., Lin A., Su B., Yoshioka K., Karin M. The tumor promoter arsenite stimulates AP-1 by inhibiting a JNK phosphatase. EMBO J. 15:1996;6269-6279.
54. Meriin A.B., Yaglom J.A., Gabai V.L., Mosser D.D., Zon L., Sherman M.Y. Protein-damaging stresses activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase via inhibition of its dephosphorylation: a novel pathway controlled by HSP72. Mol Cell Biol. 19:1999;2547-2555.
55. Andersson M.B., Ketterman A.J., Bogoyevitch M.A. Differential regulation of parallel mitogen-activated protein kinases in cardiac myocytes revealed by phosphatase inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 251:1998;328-333.
56. Fuller S.J., Davies E.L., Gillespie-Brown J., Sun H., Tonks N.K. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 inhibits the stimulation of gene expression by hypertrophic agonists in cardiac myocytes. Biochem J. 323:1997;313-319.
57. Hirsch D.D., Stork P.J.S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases inactivate stress-activated protein kinase pathways in vivo. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;4568-4575.
58. Liu Y., Gorospe M., Yang C., Holbrook N.J. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase during the cellular response to genotoxic stress. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity and AP-1-dependent gene activation. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;8377-8380.
59. Franklin C.C., Srikanth S., Kraft A.S. Conditional expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, MKP-1, is cytoprotective against UV-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;3014-3019.
60. Thorburn J., Xu S., Thorburn A. MAP kinase- and Rho-dependent signals interact to regulate gene expression but not actin morphology in cardiac muscle cells. EMBO J. 16:1997;1899-1900.
61. Buerke M., Murohara T., Skurk C., Nuss C., Tomaselli K., Lefer A.M. Cardioprotective effect of insulin-like growth factor I in myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;8031-8035.
62. Guillen I., Blanes M., Gomez-Lechon M.J., Castell J.V. Cytokine signaling during myocardial infarction: sequential appearance of IL-1β and IL-6. Am J Physiol. 269:1995;R229-R235.
63. Meldrum D.R. Tumor necrosis factor in the heart. Am J Physiol. 274:1998;R577-R595.
64. Bryant D., Becker L., Richardson J., et al. Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-α Circulation. 97:1998;1375-1381.
65. 2+ transients. FEBS Lett. 376:1995;24-30.
66. 2+]i and contractility in isolated adult rabbit ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol. 271:1996;H1449-H1455.
67. Nakano M., Knowlon A.A., Yokoyama T., Lesslauer W., Mann D.L. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced expression of heat shock protein 72 in adult feline cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol. 270:1996;H1231-H1239.
68. Nakamura K., Fushimi K., Kouchi H., et al. Inhibitory effects of antioxidants on neonatal rat cardiac myocyte hypertrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-α and angiotensin II. Circulation. 98:1998;794-799.
69. Yokoyama T., Nakano M., Bednarczyk J.L., McIntyre B.W., Entman M., Mann D.L. Tumor necrosis factor-α provokes a hypertrophic growth response in adult cardiac myocytes. Circulation. 95:1997;1247-1252.
70. Krown K.A., Page M.T., Nguyen C., et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Involvement of the sphingolipid signalling cascade in cardiac cell death. J Clin Invest. 98:1996;2854-2865.
71. Baker S.J., Reddy E.P. Modulation of life and death by the TNF receptor superfamily. Oncogene. 17:1998;3261-3270.
72. Roulston A., Reinhard C., Amiri P., Williams L.T. Early activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase regulate cell survival in response to tumor necrosis factor-α J Biol Chem. 273:1998;10232-10239.
73. Palmer J.N., Hartogensis W.E., Patten M., Fortuin F.D., Long C.S. Interleukin-1β induces cardiac myocyte growth but inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation in culture. J Clin Invest. 95:1995;2555-2564.
74. Patten M., Hartogensis W.E., Long C.S. Interleukin-1β is a negative transcriptional regulator of α1-adrenergic induced gene expression in cultured cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;21134-21141.
75. 1/S restriction point in response to interleukin (IL)-1β. Evidence for IL-1β-induced hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;25796-25803.
76. Wesche H., Korherr C., Kracht M., Falk W., Resch K., Martin M.U. The interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) is essential for IL-1-induced activation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and stress-activated protein kinases (SAP kinases). J Biol Chem. 272:1997;7727-7731.
77. Heinrich P.C., Behrmann I., Müller-Newen G., Schaper F., Graeve L. Interleukin-6-type cytokine signalling through the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway. Biochem J. 334:1998;297-314.
78. Wollert K.C., Taga T., Saito M., et al. Cardiotrophin-1 activates a distinct form of cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy. Assembly of sarcomeric units in series via gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor-dependent pathways. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;9535-9545.
79. Ishikawa M., Saito Y., Miyamoto Y., et al. cDNA cloning of rat cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1): augmented expression of CT-1 gene in ventricle of genetically hypertensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 219:1996;377-381.
80. Kodama H., Fukuda K., Pan J., et al. Leukemia inhibitory factor, a potent cardiac hypertrophic cytokine, activates the JAK/STAT pathway in rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res. 81:1997;656-663.
81. Kunisada K., Tone E., Fujio Y., Matsui H., Yamauchi-Takihara K., Kishimoto T. Activation of gp130 transduces hypertrophic signals via STAT3 in cardiac myocytes. Circulation. 98:1998;346-352.
82. Kunisada K., Hirota H., Fujio Y., et al. Activation of JAK-STAT and MAP kinases by Leukemic Inhibitory Factor through gp130 in cardiac myocytes. Circulation. 94:1996;2626-2632.
83. Sheng Z., Knowlton K., Chen J., Hoshijima M., Brown J.H., Chien K.R. Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) inhibition of cardiac myocyte apoptosis via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Divergence from downstream CT-1 signals for cardiac cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;5783-5791.
84. Lazou A., Sugden P.H., Clerk A. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38-MAPKs, SAPKs/JNKs and ERKs) by the G-protein-coupled receptor agonist phenylephrine in the perfused rat heart. Biochem J. 332:1998;459-465.
85. Ramirez M.T., Sah V.P., Zhao X.-L., Hunter J.J., Chien K.R., Heller Brown J. The MEKK-JNK pathway is stimulated by α1-adrenergic receptor and Ras activation and is associated with in vitro and in vivo cardiac hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;14057-14061.
86. Yano M., Kim S., Izumi Y., Yamanaka S., Iwao H. Differential activation of cardiac c-jun amino-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Circ Res. 83:1998;752-760.
87. Lenormand P., Sardet C., Pagès G., L'Allemain G., Brunet A., Pouysségur J. Growth factors induce nuclear translocation of MAP kinases (p42mapk and p44mapk) but not of their activator MAP kinase kinase (p45mapkk) in fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 122:1993;1079-1088.
88. Mizukami Y., Yoshioka K., Morimoto S., Yoshida K.-i. A novel mechanism of JNK1 activation. Nuclear translocation and activation of JNK1 during ischemia and reperfusion. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;16657-16662.
89. Ben-Levy R., Hooper S., Wilson R., Paterson H.F., Marshall C.J. Nuclear export of the stress-activated protein kinase p38 mediated by its substrate MAPKAP kinase-2. Curr Biol. 8:1998;1049-1057.
90. Lin Q., Schwarz J., Bucana C., Olson E.N. Control of mouse cardiac morphogenesis and myogenesis by transcription factor MEF2C. Science. 276:1997;1404-1407.
91. Han J., Jiang Y., Li Z., Kravchenko V.V., Ulevitch R.J. Activation of the transcription factor MEF2C by the MAP kinase p38 in inflammation. Nature. 386:1997;296-299.
92. Zhao M., New L., Kravchenko V.V., et al. Regulation of the MEF2 family of transcription factors by p38. Mol Cell Biol. 19:1999;21-30.
93. Lee Y., Nadal-Ginard B., Mahdavi V., Izumo S. Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 and thyroid hormone receptor associate and synergistically activate the α-cardiac myosin heavy-chain gene. Mol Cell Biol. 17:1997;2745-2755.
94. Zechner D., Thuerauf D.J., Hanford D.S., McDonough P.M., Glembotski C.C. A role for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in myocardial cell growth, sarcomeric organization, and cardiac-specific gene expression. J Cell Biol. 139:1997;115-127.
95. Vogt P.K., Bos T.J. The oncogene jun and nuclear signalling. Trends Biochem Sci. 14:1987;172-175.
96. Eferl R., Sibilia M., Hilberg F., et al. Functions of c-Jun in liver and heart development. J Cell Biol. 145:1999;1049-1061.
97. 1-mediated response. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;13809-13817.
98. Dunnmon P.M., Iwaki K., Henderson S.A., Sen A., Chien K.R. Phorbol esters induce immediate-early genes and activate cardiac gene transcription in neonatal rat myocardial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 22:1990;901-910.
99. Komuro I., Kaida T., Shibazaki Y., et al. Stretching cardiac myocytes stimulates protooncogene expression. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;3595-3598.
100. Webster K.A., Discher D.J., Bishopric N.H. Induction and nuclear accumulation of Fos and Jun proto-oncogenes in hypoxic cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;16852-16858.
101. Bishopric N.H., Jayasena V., Webster K.A. Positive regulation of the skeletal α-actin gene by Fos and Jun in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem. 267:1992;25535-25540.
102. Xia Y., Buja M., McMillin J.B. Activation of the cytochrome c gene by electrical stimulation in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Role of NRF-1 and c-Jun. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;12593-12598.
103. Thuerauf D.J., Arnold N.D., Zechner D., et al. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates the transcriptional induction of atrial natriuretic factor gene through a serum response element. A potential role for the transcription factor ATF6. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;20636-20643.
104. Wasylyk B., Hagman J., Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Ets transcription factors: nuclear effectors of the Ras-MAP kinase signaling pathway. Trends Biochem Sci. 23:1998;213-216.
105. Hines W.A., Thorburn J., Thorburn A. A low-affinity serum response element allows other transcription factors to activate inducible gene expression in cardiac myocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 19:1999;1841-1852.
106. Fentzke R.C., Korcarz C.E., Lang R.M., Lin H., Leiden J.M. Dilated cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative CREB transcription factor in the heart. J Clin Invest. 101:1998;2415-2426.
107. Xing J., Ginty D.D., Greenberg M.E. Coupling of the Ras-MAPK pathway to gene activation by RSK2, a growth factor-regulated CREB kinase. Science. 273:1996;959-963.
108. Tan Y., Rouse J., Zhang A., Cariati S., Cohen P., Comb M.J. FGF and stress regulate CREB and ATF-1 via a pathway involving RK/p38 MAP kinase and MAPKAP kinase-2. EMBO J. 15:1996;4629-4642.
109. Deak M., Clifton A.D., Lucocq J.M., Alessi D.R. Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) is directly activated by MAPK and SAPK2/p38, and may mediate activation of CREB. EMBO J. 17:1998;4426-4441.
110. Sadoshima J., Qiu Z., Morgan J.P., Izumo S. Angiotensin II and other hypertrophic stimuli mediated by G protein coupled receptors activated tyrosine kinase, MAP kinase and 90 K S6 kinase in cardiac myocytes; a critical role of Ca2+-dependent signaling. Circ Res. 76:1995;1-15.
111. Erikson R.L. Structure, expression, and regulation of protein kinases involved in the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;6007-6010.
112. Maulik N., Watanabe M., Zu Y.-L., et al. Ischemic preconditioning triggers the activation of MAP kinases and MAPKAP kinase 2 in rat hearts. FEBS Lett. 396:1996;233-237.
113. Rousseau S., Houle F., Landry J., Huot J. p38 MAP kinase activation by vascular endothelial growth factor mediates actin reorganization and cell migration in human endothelial cells. Oncogene. 15:1997;2169-2177.
114. Fukunaga R., Hunter T. MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates. EMBO J. 16:1997;1921-1933.
115. Waskiewicz A.J., Flynn A., Proud C.G., Cooper J.A. Mitogen-activated protein kinases activate the serine/threonine kinases Mnk1 and Mnk2. EMBO J. 16:1997;1909-1920.
116. Xia Z.G., Dickens M., Raingeaud J., Davis R.J., Greenberg M.E. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science. 270:1995;1326-1331.
117. Bogoyevitch M.A., Gillespie-Brown J., Ketterman A.J., et al. Stimulation of the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamilies in perfused heart. p38/RK mitogen-activated protein kinases and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases are activated by ischemia/reperfusion. Circ Res. 79:1996;162-173.
118. Yin T., Sandhu G., Wolfgang C.D., et al. Tissue-specific pattern of stress kinase activation in ischemic/reperfused heart and kidney. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;19943-19950.
119. Li W.G., Zaheer A., Coppey L., Oskarsson H.J. Activation of JNK in the remote myocardium after large myocardial infarction in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 246:1998;816-820.
120. Mackay K., Mochly-Rosen D. An inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase protects neonatal cardiac myocytes from ischemia. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;6272-6279.
121. Meldrum D.R., Dinarello C.A., Cleveland J.C., et al. Hydrogen peroxide induces tumour necrosis factor α-mediated cardiac injury by a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. Surgery. 124:1999;291-296.
122. Ma X.L., Kumar S., Gao F., et al. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation. 99:1999;1685-1691.
123. Wang Y., Huang S., Sah V.P., et al. Cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy and apoptosis induced by distinct members of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase family. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;2161-2168.
124. Behrens A., Sibilia M., Wagner E.F. Amino-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun regulates stress-induced apoptosis and cellular proliferation. Nature Genet. 21:1999;326-329.
125. Maulik N., Yoshida T., Engelman R.M., et al. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates apoptotic cell death associated with ischemia/reperfusion. Mol Cell Biochem. 186:1998;139-145.
126. Yujiri T., Sather S., Fanger G.R., Johnson G.L. Role of MEKK1 in cell survival and activation of JNK and ERK pathways defined by targeted gene disruption. Science. 282:1998;1911-1914.
127. Leppa S., Saffrich R., Ansorge W., Bohmann D. Differential regulation of c-Jun by ERK and JNK during PC12 cell differentiation. EMBO J. 17:1998;4404-4413.
128. Assefa Z., Vantieghem A., Declercq W., et al. The activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways protects HeLa cells from apoptosis following photodynamic therapy with hypericin. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;8766-8796.
129. Wojtaszek P.A., Heasley L.E., Siriwardana G., Berl T. Dominant-negative c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 2 sensitizes renal inner medullary collecting duct cells to hypertonicity-induced lethality independent of organic osmolyte transport. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;800-804.
130. Zechner D., Craig R., Hanford D.S., McDonough P.M., Sabbadini R.A., Glembotski C.C. MKK6 activates myocardial cell NF-κB and inhibits apoptosis in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;8232-8239.
131. Pedram A., Razandi M., Levin E.R. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase/Jun kinase cross-talk underlies endothelial cell growth factor-induced endothelial cell proliferation. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;26722-26728.
132. Cuenda A., Cohen P. Stress-activated protein kinase-2/p38 and a rapamycin-sensitive pathway are required for C2C12 myogenesis. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;4341-4346.
133. 2-terminal kinase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;25845-25850.
134. Nagarkatti D.S., Sha'afi R.I. Role of p38 MAP kinase in myocardial stress. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 30:1998;1651-1664.
135. 2 - Role in cell survival following oxidant injury. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;4138-4142.
136. Thorburn A., Thorburn J., Chen S.-Y., et al. HRas-dependent pathways can activate morphological and genetic markers of cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;2244-2249.
137. Abdellatif M., MacLellan W.R., Schneider M.D. p21 Ras a governor of global gene expression. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;15423-15426.
138. Katz M.E., McCormick F. Signal transduction from multiple Ras effectors. Curr Biol. 7:1997;75-79.
139. Votjek A.B., Der C.J. Increasing complexity of the Ras signaling pathway. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;19925-19928.
140. Gillespie-Brown J., Fuller S.J., Bogoyevitch M.A., Cowley S., Sugden P.H. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1 stimulates a pattern of gene expression typical of the hypertrophic phenotype in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;28092-28096.
141. Thorburn J., McMahon M., Thorburn A. Raf-1 kinase activity is necessary and sufficient for gene expression changes but not sufficient for cellular morphology changes associated with cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;30580-30586.
142. Ho P.D., Zechner D.K., He H., Dillmann W.H., Glembotski C.C., McDonough P.M. The Raf-MEK-ERK cascade represnts a common pathway for alteration of intracellular calcium by Ras and protein kinase C in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;21730-21735.
143. Fuller S.J., Finn S.G., Downward J., Sugden P.H. Stimulation of gene expression in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes by Ras is mediated by Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (Ral.GDS) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in addition to Raf. Biochem J. 335:1998;241-246.
144. Nemoto S., Sheng Z., Lin A. Opposing effects of Jun kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biol. 18:1998;3518-3526.
145. 2-terminal kinase in ventricular muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;5423-5426.
146. Thorburn J., Carlson M., Mansour S.J., Chien K.R., Ahn N.G., Thorburn A. Inhibition of a signaling pathway in cardiac muscle cells by active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Mol Biol Cell. 6:1995;1479-1490.
147. +-ATPase to growth-related genes in cardiac myocytes. The roles of Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;15229-15256.
148. Clerk A., Michael A., Sugden P.H. Stimulation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes by the G protein-coupled receptor agonists, endothelin-1 and phenylephrine: a role in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy? J Cell Biol. 142:1998;523-535.
149. Hunter J.J., Tanaka N., Rockman H.A., Ross J. Jr., Chien K.R. Ventricular expression of a MLC-2v-ras fusion gene induces cardiac hypertrophy and selective diastolic dysfunction in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;23173-23178.
150. Izumi Y., Kim S., Murakami T., Yamanaka S., Iwao H. Cardiac mitogen-activated protein kinase activities are chronically increased in stroke-prone hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 31:1998;50-56.