Host genes and infectious diseases: HIV, other pathogens, and a public health perspective

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 141-154

  McNicholl, Janet M ^a   Cuenco, Karen T ^a,b  

^a Div Parasitic Dis Natl Ctr I   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Disease susceptibility; Genetics; HIV; Human; Infection; Mouse

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATHOGENESIS; PUBLIC HEALTH;

HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH;

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; ENDEMIC DISEASES; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MORTALITY; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0032986751     PISSN: 07493797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00143-3     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Miller L.H. Impact of malaria on genetic polymorphism and genetic diseases in Africans and African Americans. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 91:1997;2415-2419.
2. Glass R.I., Holmgren J., Haley C.E., et al. Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance. Am J Epidemiol. 121:1985;791-796.
3. Hill A.V. Genetics of infectious disease resistance. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 6:1996;348-353.
4. Abel L., Dessein A.J. The impact of host genetics on susceptibility to human infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol. 9:1997;509-516.
5. Jepson A.P. Infection . by the new genetics. J Infect. 33:1996;1-5.
6. Singh N., Agrawal S., Rastogi A.K. Infectious diseases and immunity special reference to the major histocompatibility complex . Emerg Infect Dis. 3:1997;41-49.
7. Vogel F., Motulsky A.G. Human genetics Problems and approaches . 3rd ed. 1997;Springer, Berlin.
8. Diamond J. Guns, germs, and steel. The fates of human societies. 1997;W.W. Norton and Company, New York.
9. McKusik V. OMIM: http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim. 1998.
10. Tiwari J.L., Terasaki P.I. HLA and disease associations. 1985;Springer-Verlag, New York.
11. HLA 1991. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. Yokohama, Japan, 6-13 November, 1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
12. Mandell Douglas. 4th ed. 1995;Churchill Livingstone Inc, New York.
13. Plyusnin A., Horling J., Kanerva M., et al. Puumala hantavirus genome in patients with nephropathia epidemica Correlation of PCR positivity with HLA haplotype and link to viral sequences in local rodents . J Clin Microbiol. 35:1997;1090-1096.
14. Mustonen J., Partanen J., Kanerva M., et al. Association of HLA B27 with benign clinical course of nephropathia epidemica caused by Puumala hantavirus. Scand J Immunol. 47:1998;277-279.
15. Newport M.J., Huxley C.M., Huston S., et al. A mutation in the interferon-γ-receptor gene and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1941-1949.
16. Jouanguy E., Altare F., Lamhamedi S., et al. Interferon-gamma-receptor deficiency in an infant with fatal bacille Calmette-Guerin infection. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1956-1961.
17. Bellamy R., Ruwende C., Corrah T., McAdam K.P.W.J., Whittle H.C., Hill A.V.S. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med. 338:1998;640-644.
18. Bellamy R., Hill A.V. Genetic susceptibility to mycobacteria and other infectious pathogens in humans. Curr Opin Immunol. 10:1998;483-487.
19. Kalish R.A., Leong J.M., Steere A.C. Association of treatment-resistant chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and antibody reactivity to OspA and OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun. 61:1993;2774-2779.
20. Decastro J.A.L. The pathogenic role of HLA-B27 in chronic arthritis. Curr Opin Immunol. 10:1998;59-66.
21. Hill A.V.S., Allsopp C.E.M., Kwiatkowski D., et al. Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature. 352:1991;595-600.
22. Hill A.V.S., Elvin J., Willis A.C., et al. Molecular analysis of the association of HLA-B53 and resistance to severe malaria. Nature. 360:1992;434-439.
23. McGuire W., Hill A.V.S., Allsopp C.E.M., Greenwood B.M., Kwiatkowski D. Variation in the TNF-α promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature. 371:1994;508-511.
24. Hilton E., Chandrasekaran V., Rindos P., Isenberg H.D. Association of recurrent candidal vaginitis with inheritance of Lewis blood group antigens. J Infect Dis. 172:1995;1616-1619.
25. Anonymous editor. HLA class II in severity of coccidioidomycosis. 1998.
26. Alper C.A., Kruskall M.S., Marcus-Bagley D., et al. Genetic prediction of nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccine. N Engl J Med. 321:1989;708-712.
27. Hayney M.S., Poland G.A., Dimanlig P., Schaid D.J., Jacobson R.M., Lipsky J.J. Polymorphisms of the TAP2 gene may influence antibody response to live measles vaccine virus. Vaccine. 15:1997;3-6.
28. Lagos R., Avendano A., Prado V., et al. Attenuated live cholera vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR elicits significantly higher serum vibriocidal antibody titers in persons of blood group O. Infect Immun. 63:1995;707-709.
29. Almarri A., El Dwick N., Al Kabi S., et al. Interferon-α therapy in HCV hepatitis HLA phenotype and cirrhosis are independent predictors of clinical outcome . Hum Immunol. 59:1998;239-242.
30. Ellard G.A. Variations between individuals and populations in the acetylation of isoniazid and its significance for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 19:1976;610-625.
31. Fischer A., Cavazzana-Calvo M., De Saint Basile G., et al. Naturally occurring primary deficiencies of the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol. 15:1997;93-124.
32. Smith C.I.E., Vihinen M. Immunodeficiency mutation databases - a new research tool. Immunol Today. 17:1996;495-496.
33. Fischer A., De Saint Basile G., Disanto J.P., Hacein-Bey S., Sharara L., Cavazzana-Calvo M. Gene therapy of primary immunodeficiencies. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp. 26:1997;107-120.
34. Tomer Y., Davies T.F. Infections and autoimmune endocrine disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 9:1995;47-70.
35. Blackwell C.C., James V.S., Davidson S., et al. Secretor status and heterosexual transmission of HIV. Br Med J. 303:1991;825-826.
36. Khoo S.H., Pepper L., Snowden N., et al. Tumor necrosis factor c2 microsatellite allele is associated with the rate of HIV disease progression. AIDS. 11:1997;423-428.
37. Wilson A.G., Symons J.A., McDowell T.L., McDevitt H.O., Duff G.W. Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;3195-3199.
38. McNicholl J.M., Smith D.K., Qari S.H., Hodge T. Host genes and HIV the role of the chemokine receptor gene CCR5 and its allele (δ 32 CCR5) . Emerg Infect Dis. 3:1997;261-271.
39. Muench K. Hemochromatosis and infection alcohol and iron, oysters and sepsis . Am J Med. 87:1989;40N-43N.
40. Gordeuk V.R., McLaren C.E., MacPhail A.P., Deichsel G., Bothwell T.H. Associations of iron overload in Africa with hepatocellular carcinoma and tuberculosis Strachan's 1929 thesis revisited . Blood. 87:1996;3470-3476.
41. Pier G.B., Grout M., Zaidi T.S., et al. Role of mutant CFTR in hypersusceptibility of cystic fibrosis patients to lung infections. Science. 271:1996;64-67.
42. Marquet S., Abel L., Hillaire D., et al. Genetic localization of a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31-q33. Nat Genet. 14:1996;181-184.
43. McLeod R., Buschman E., Arbuckle L.D., Skamene E. Immunogenetics in the analysis of resistance to intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol. 7:1995;539-552.
44. Skamene E., Schurr E. Infection genomics Nramp 1 as a major determinant of natural resistance of intracellular infections . Annu Rev Med. 49:1998;275-287.
45. Abel L., Sanchez F.O., Oberti J., et al. Susceptibility to leprosy is linked to the human NRAMP1 gene. J Infect Dis. 177:1998;133-145.
46. Williams L.M., Cloyd M.W. Polymorphic human gene(s) determines differential susceptibility of CD4 lymphocytes to infection by certain HIV-1 isolates. Virology. 184:1991;723-728.
47. Chang J., Naif H.M., Li S., Sullivan J.S., Randle C.M., Cunningham A.L. Twin studies demonstrate a host cell genetic effect on productive human immunodeficiency virus infection of human monocytes and macrophages in vitro. J Virol. 70:1996;7792-7803.
48. Murphy P.M. Chemokine receptors structure, function and role in microbial pathogenesis . Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 7:1996;47-64.
49. Carrington M., Kissner T., Gerrard B., Ivanov S., O'Brien S.J., Dean M. Novel alleles of the chemokine-receptor gene CCR5. Am J Hum Genet. 61:1997;1261-1267.
50. Kostrikis L.G., Huang Y., Moore J.P., et al. A chemokine receptor CCR2 allele delays HIV-1 disease progression and is associated with a CCR5 promoter mutation. Nat Med. 4:1998;350-353.
51. Quillent C., Oberlin E., Braun J., et al. HIV-1-resistance phenotype conferred by combination of two separate inherited mutations of CCR5 gene. Lancet. 351:1998;14-18.
52. Liu R., Paxton W.A., Choe S., Ceradini D., Martin S.R., Horuk R., et al. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 co-receptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell. 86:1996;367-377.
53. Samson M., Libert F., Doranz B.J., et al. Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature. 382:1996;722-725.
54. Biti R., French R., Young J., Bennetts B., Stewart G. HIV-1 infection in an individual homozygous for the CCR5 deletion allele. Nat Med. 3:1997;252-253.
55. , Misrahi M, Teglas JP, N'Go N, et al. CCR5 chemokine receptor variant in HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission and disease progression in children. JAMA. 279:1998;277-280.
56. Michael N.L., Louie L.G., Rohrbaugh A.L., et al. The role of CCR5 and CCR2 polymorphisms in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nat Med. 3:1997;1160-1162.
57. Smith M.W., Dean M., Carrington M., et al. Contrasting genetic influence of CCR2 and CCR5 variants on HIV-1 infection and disease progression. Science. 277:1997;959-965.
58. Winkler C., Modi W., Smith M.W., et al. Genetic restriction of AIDS pathogenesis by an SDF-1 chemokine gene variant. ALIVE Study, Hemophilia Growth and Development Study (HGDS), Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (MHCS), San Francisco City Cohort (SFCC). Science. 279:1998;389-393.
59. Martinson J.J., Chapman N.H., Rees D.C., Liu Y., Clegg J.B. Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion. Nat Genet. 16:1997;100-103.
60. Stephens J.C., Reich D.E., Goldstein D.B., et al. Dating the origin of the CCR5-δ32 AIDS resistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet. 62:1998;1507-1515.
61. Kolata G. Geneticists seek to understand why disease genes spread. The New York Times. 1996;B5-B9.
62. O'Brien T.R., Padian N.S., Hodge T., Goedert J.J., O'Brien S.J., Carrington M. CCR5 genotype and sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDS. 12:1998;444-445.
63. Malkovsky M. HLA and natural history of HIV infection. Lancet. 348:1996;142-143.
64. Kaslow R.A., Carrington M., Apple R., et al. Influence of combinations of human major histocompatibility complex genes on the course of HIV-1 infection. Nat Med. 2:1996;405-411.
65. Steel C.M., Ludlam C.A., Beatson D., et al. HLA haplotype A1 B8 DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease. Lancet. 1:1988;1185-1188.
66. Kaslow R.A., Duquesnoy R., VanRaden M., et al. A1,Cw7,B8,DR3 HLA antigen combination associated with rapid decline of T-helper lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Lancet. 335:1990;927-930.
67. McNeil A.J., Yap P.L., Gore S.M., et al. Association of HLA types A1-B8-DR3 and B27 with rapid and slow progression of HIV disease. Q J Med. 89:1996;177-185.
68. Hill A.V.S. HIV and HLA confusion or complexity? Nat Med. 2:1996;395-400.
69. Kaslow R.A., Koup R., Zimmerman, et al. HLA scoring profile (HSP) and CCRS deletion heterozygosity as predictors of AIDS in seroconverters. Fourth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 1997;69 American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC.
70. MacDonald K.S., Embree J., Njenga S., et al. Mother-child class I HLA concordance increases perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type I transmission. J Infect Dis. 177:1998;551-556.
71. Brinkman B.M.N., Keet I.P.M., Miedema F., Verweij C.L., Klein M. Polymorphisms within the human tumor necrosis factor-a promoter region in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive persons. J Infect Dis. 375:1997;188-190.
72. Knuchel M.C., Spira T.J., Neumann A.U., et al. Analysis of a biallelic polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor a promoter and HIV type 1 disease progression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 14:1998;305-309.
73. Hentges F., Hoffmann A., Oliveira de Araujo F., Hemmer R. Prolonged clinically asymptomatic evolution after HIV-1 infection is marked by the absence of complement C4 null alleles at the MHC. Clin Exp Immunol. 88:1992;237-242.
74. Garred P., Madson H.O., Balslev U., Hofmann B., Gerstoft J., Svejgaard A. Susceptibility to HIV infection and progression of AIDS in relation to variant alleles of mannose-binding lectin. Lancet. 349:1997;236-240.
75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Translating advances in human genetics into public health action: a strategic plan. 1997.
76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preventing emerging infectious diseases: a strategy for the 21st century. 1998; Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
77. Bjorkman P.J. MHC restriction of three dimensions a view of T cell receptor/ligand interactions . Cell. 89:1997;167-170.
78. McNicholl J.M., Whitworth W.C., Oftung F., et al. Structural requirements of peptide and MHC for DR(αβ1*0401)-restricted T-cell antigen recognition. J Immunol. 155:1995;1951-1963.
79. Doolan D.L., Hoffman S.L., Southwood S., et al. Degenerate cytotoxic T cell epitopes from P. falciparum restricted by multiple HLA-A and HLA-B supertype alleles. Immunity. 7:1997;97-112.
80. Meister G.E., Roberts C.G., Berzofsky J.A., De Groot A.S. Two novel T cell epitope prediction algorithms based on MHC-binding motifs; comparison of predicted and published epitopes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV protein sequences. Vaccine. 13:1995;581-591.
81. del Guercio M.F., Sidney J., Hermanson G., et al. Binding of a peptide antigen to multiple HLA alleles allows definition of an A2-like supertype. J Immunol. 154:1995;685-693.
82. Davenport M.P., Hill A.V. Reverse immunogenetics from HLA-disease associations to vaccine candidates . Mol Med Today. 2:1996;38-45.
83. Hadler S.C., Francis D.P., Maynard J.E., et al. Long-term immunogeneicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men. N Engl J Med. 315:1986;209-214.
84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts about CCR5 and protection against HIV-1 infection. 1997; CDC.
85. Thursz M.R., Kwiatkowski D., Allsopp C.E.M., Greenwood B.M., Thomas H.C., Hill A.V.S. Association between an MHC class II allele and clearance of hepatitis B virus in the Gambia. N Engl J Med. 332:1995;1065-1066.
86. Dean M., Carrington M., Winkler C., et al. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion of the CKR5 structural gene. Science. 273:1996;1856-1862.
87. Huang Y., Paxton W.A., Wolinsky S.M., et al. The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nature Medicine. 2:1996;1240-1243.
88. Michael N.L., Chang G., Louie L.G., et al. The role of viral phenotype and CCR-5 gene defects in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nat Med. 3:1997;338-340.
89. Zimmerman P.A., Bucklerwhite A., Alkhatib G., Spalding T., Kubofcik J., Combadiere C.E. Inherited resistance to HIV-1 conferred by an inactivating mutation in CC chemokine receptor 5 - Studies in populations with contrasting clinical phenotypes, defined racial background, and quantified risk. Mol Med. 3:1997;23-36.
90. Sanjeevi C.B., Hjelmstrom P., Hallmans G., et al. Different HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes are associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among human papillomavirus type-16 seropositive and seronegative Swedish women. Int J Cancer. 68:1996;409-414.
91. Apple R.J., Erlich H.A., Klitz W., Manos M.M., Becker T.M., Wheeler C.M. HLA DR-DQ associations with cervical carcinoma show papillomavirus-type specificity. Nat Genet. 6:1994;157-162.
92. Steere A.C., Dwyer E., Winchester R. Association of chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR2 alleles. N Engl J Med. 323:1990;219-223.
93. Conway D.J., Holland M.J., Bailey R.L., et al. Scarring trachoma is associated with polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter and with elevated TNF-alpha levels in tear fluid. Infect Immunol. 65:1997;1003-1006.
94. Conway D.J., Holland M.J., Campbell A.E., et al. HLA class I and II polymorphisms and trachomatous scarring in a Chlamydia trachomatis-endemic population. J Infect Dis. 174:1996;643-646.
95. Kimani J., Maclean I.W., Bwayo J.J., et al. Risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis pelvic inflammatory disease among sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. J Infect Dis. 173:1996;1437-1444.
96. Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M., Topley N., Smith C., Verrier-Jones K., Williams J.D. P1 blood group phenotype, secretor status in patients with urinary tract infections. Clin Nephrol. 44:1995;376-379.
97. Svanborg Eden C., Hagberg L., Hanson L.A., et al. Bacterial adherence - A pathogenetic mechanism in urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Prog Allergy. 33:1983;175-188.
98. Ng E.K., Sung J.J., Ling T.K., et al. Helicobacter pylori and the null genotype of glutathione-S-transferase-mu in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer. 82:1998;268-273.
99. De Vries R.R., Mehra N.K., Vaidya M.C., Gupte M.D., Meera Khan P., van Rood J.J. HLA-linked control of susceptibility to tuberculoid leprosy and association with HLA-DR types. Tissue Antigens. 16:1980;294-304.
100. Zerva L., Cizman B., Mehra N., et al. Arginine at positions 13 or 70-71 in pocket 4 of HLA-DRB1 alleles is associated with susceptibility to tuberculoid leprosy. J Exp Med. 183:1996;829-836.
101. Jazwinska E.C., Serjeantson S.W. HLA-DR, -DQ DNA genotyping and T-cell receptor RFLPs in leprosy. Dis Markers. 6:1988;173-183.
102. Kaur G., Sachdeva G., Bhutani L.K., Bamezai R. Association of polymorphism at COL3A and CTLA4 loci on chromosome 2q31-33 with the clinical phenotype and in-vitro CMI status in healthy and leprosy subjects a preliminary study . Hum Genet. 100:1997;43-50.
103. Rajalingam R., Mehra N.K., Jain R.C., Myneedu V.P., Pande J.N. Polymerase chain reaction-based sequence-specific oligonucleotide hybridization analysis of HLA class II antigens in pulmonary tuberculosis Relevance to chemotherapy and disease severity . J Infect Dis. 173:1996;669-676.
104. Singh N., Agrawal S., Rastogi A.K. Infectious diseases and immunity Special reference to the major histocompatibility complex . Emerg Infect Dis. 3:1997;41-49.
105. Goldfeld A.E., Delgado J.C., Thim S., et al. Association of an HLA-DQ allele with clinical tuberculosis. JAMA. 279:1998;226-228.
106. Nishizaka H., Horiuchi T., Zhu Z.B., et al. Molecular bases for inherited human complement component C6 deficiency in two unrelated individuals. J Immunol. 156:1996;2309-2315.
107. Nishizaka H., Horiuchi T., Zhu Z.B., Fukumori Y., Volanakis J.E. Genetic bases of human complement C7 deficiency. J Immunol. 157:1996;4239-4243.
108. Fijen C.A., Kuijper E.J., Te Bulte M., et al. Heterozygous and homozygous factor H deficiency states in a Dutch family. Clin Exp Immunol. 105:1996;511-516.
109. Wetsel R.A., Lemons R.S., Le Beau M.M., Barnum S.R., Noack D., Tack B.F. Molecular analysis of human complement component C5 localization of the structural gene to chromosome 9 . Biochemistry. 27:1988;1474-1482.
110. Snyderman R., Durack D.T., McCarty G.A., Ward F.E., Meadows L. Deficiency of the fifth component of complement in human subjects. Clinical, genetic and immunologic studies in a large kindred. Am J Med. 67:1979;638-645.
111. Wetsel R.A., Fleischer D.T., Haviland D.L. Deficiency of the murine fifth complement component (C5). A 2-base pair gene deletion in a 5'-exon. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;2435-2440.
112. Bredius R.G., Derkx B.H., Fijen C.A., et al. Fc gamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism in fulminant meningococcal septic shock in children. J Infect Dis. 170:1994;848-853.
113. Fijen C.A., Bredius R.G., Kuijper E.J. Polymorphism of IgG Fc receptors in meningococcal disease. Ann Intern Med. 119:1993;636.
114. Densen P., Weiler J.M., Griffiss J.M., Hoffmann L.G. Familial properdin deficiency and fatal meningococcemia. Correction of the bactericidal defect by vaccination. N Engl J Med. 316:1987;922-926.
115. Wong W.Y., Overturf G.D., Powars D.R. Infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease epidemiology, immunologic mechanisms, prophylaxis, and vaccination . Clin Infect Dis. 14:1992;1124-1136.
116. Swerdlow D.L., Mintz E.D., Rodriguez M., et al. Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru implications for the Latin American epidemic . J Infect Dis. 170:1994;468-472.
117. Feder J.N., Gnirke A., Thomas W., et al. A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet. 13:1996;399-408.
118. Ingram V.M. Gene mutations in human haemoglobin the chemical difference between normal and sickle cell haemoglobin . Nature. 180:1998;326-328.
119. Jarolim P., Palek J., Amato D., et al. Deletion in erythrocyte band 3 gene in malaria-resistant Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88:1991;11022-11026.
120. Williams T.N., Maitland K., Bennett S., et al. High incidence of malaria in alpha-thalassaemic children. Nature. 383:1996;522-525.
121. Ruwende C., Khoo S.C., Snow R.W., et al. Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria. Nature. 376:1995;246-249.
122. Secor W.E., del Corral H., dos Reis M.G., et al. Association of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with HLA-DQB1*0201. J Infect Dis. 174:1996;1131-1135.
123. Rodrigues V. Jr, Abel L., Piper K., Dessein A.J. Segregation analysis indicates a major gene in the control of interleukine-5 production in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Hum Genet. 59:1996;453-461.
124. Deghaide N.H., Dantas R.O., Donadi E.A. HLA class I and II profiles of patients presenting with Chagas' disease. Dig Dis Sci. 43:1998;246-252.
125. Sparkes R.S., Simon M., Cohn V.H., et al. Assignment of the human and mouse prion protein genes to homologous chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:1986;7358-7362.
126. McDermott A.B., Zuckerman J.N., Sabin C.A., Marsh S.G., Madrigal J.A. Contribution of human leukocyte antigens to the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination. Tissue Antigens. 50:1997;8-14.
127. Vingerhoets J., Goilav C., Vanham G., et al. Non-response to a recombinant pre-S2-containing hepatitis B vaccine association with the HLA-system . Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 75:1995;125-129.
128. Kramer J., Stachowski J., Barth C., et al. Genetic regulation of the impaired immune response to hepatitis-B vaccine associated with low TCR density in end stage renal disease patients contribution of complement C4 and factor B alleles . Immunol Lett. 59:1997;13-19.
129. Hayney M.S., Poland G.A., Jacobson R.M., Schaid D.J., Lipsky J.J. The influence of the HLA-DRB1*13 allele on measles vaccine response. J Invest Med. 44:1996;261-263.
130. Rani R., Zaheer S.A., Suresh N.R., et al. Association of HLA antigens with differential responsiveness to Mycobacterium w vaccine in multibacillary leprosy patients. J Clin Immunol. 12:1992;50-55.
131. Roychoudhury A.K., Nei M. Human polymorphic genes world distribution. 1988;Oxford University Press, New York.