The evolution of Alzheimer disease, the reproductive schedule, and apoE isoforms

Neurobiology of Aging

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 407-428

  Finch, Caleb E ^a   Sapolsky, Robert M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; apoE allele; Evolution; Primate; Reproduction

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E;

AGING; ALLELE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; EVOLUTION; HUMAN; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW;

EID: 0032785877     PISSN: 01974580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00053-6     Document Type: Note

References (264)

1. Adroer R., Lopez-Acedo C., Oliva R. Conserved elements in the 5′ regulatory region of the amyloid precursor protein gene in primates. Neurosci Lett. 226:1997;203-206.
2. Akaaboune M., Villanova M., Festoff B.W., Verdiere-Sahuque M., Hantai D. Apolipoprotein E expression at neuromuscular junctions in mouse, rat and human skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett. 351:1994;246-248.
3. Al-Haideri M., Goldberg I.J., Galeano N.F., Gleeson A., Vogel T., Gorecki M., Sturley S.L., Eckelbaum R.J. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated uptake of apolipoprotein E-triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles a major pathway at physiological particle concentrations . Biochemistry. 36:1997;12766-12772.
4. Allard M., Lèbre V., Robine J.M., Calment J. From Van Gogh's time to ours. 122 extraordinary years. 1998;Freeman Press, New York.
5. Allman JS. Evolving brains. New York: Scientific American Library, HPHLP (Freeman Press), 1999.
6. Allman J.S., Rosin Al Kumar R., Hasenstaub A. Parenting and survival in anthropoid primates caretakers live longer . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1999;6866-6869.
7. Anderson A.C. Reproductive system. Female. Anderson A.C. The beagle as an experimental dog. 1970;312-326 Iowa State University Press, Ames, IO.
8. Arendt T., Schindler C., Bruckner M.K., Escherich K., Bigl V., Zedlick D., Marcova L. Plastic neuronal remodelling is impaired in patients with Alzheimer's disease carrying apolipoprotein ε4 allele. J Neurosci. 17:1997;516-529.
9. Artiga M.J., Bullido M.J., Sastre I., Recuero M., Garcia M.A., Aldudo J., Vazquez J., Valdivieso F. Allelic polymorphisms in the transcriptional regulatory region of apolipoprotein E gene. FEBS Lett. 421:1998;105-108.
10. Austad S.N. Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). J Zool Lond. 229:1993;695-708.
11. Austad S.N., Fischer K.E. Mammalian aging, metabolism, and ecology evidence from the bats and marsupials . J Gerontol. 46:1991;B47-B53.
12. Bachevalier J., Landis L.S., Walker L.C., Brickson M., Mishkin M., Price D.L., Cork L.C. Aged monkeys exhibit behavioral deficits indicative of widespread cerebral dysfunction. Neurobiol Aging. 12:1991;99-111.
13. Barnes C.A. Normal aging regionally specific changes in hippocampal synaptic transmission . Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;13-18.
14. Beffert U., Aumont N., Dea D., Lussier-Cacan S., Davignon J., Poirier J. Beta-amyloid peptides increase the binding and internalization of apolipoprotein E to hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem. 70:1998;1458-1466.
15. Bellosta S., Nathan B.P., Orth M., Dong L.M., Mahley R.W., Pitas R.E. Stable expression and secretion of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 in mouse neuroblastoma cells produces differential effects on neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;27063-27071.
16. Benvenga S. A thyroid hormone binding motif is evolutionarily conserved in apolipoproteins. Thyroid. 7:1997;605-611.
17. Benvenga S., Cahnmann H.J., Robbins J. Characterization of thyroid hormone binding to apolipoprotein-E localization of the binding site in the exon 3-coded domain . Endocrinology. 133:1993;1300-1305.
18. Berg L., Morris J.C. Diagnosis. Terry R.D., Katzman R., Bick K.L. Alzheimer disease. 1994;9-25 Raven Press, New York.
19. Bons N, Ivantcheva A, Jallageas V, Mestre-Frances N. Identification of biological markers in the Microcebus murinus aging brain. 6th International Conference on Alzheimer Disease Related Disorders, Amsterdam. Neurobiol Aging 1998;19(4S):abstract 1205.
20. Bons N., Mestre N., Ritchie K., Petter A., Podlisny M., Selkoe D. Identification of amyloid beta protein in the brain of the small; short-lived lemurian primate Microcebus murinus. Neurobiol Aging. 15:1994;215-220.
21. Bons N., Jallageas V., Silhol S., Mestre-Frances N., Petter A., Delacourte A. Immunocytochemical characterization of tau proteins during cerebral aging of the lemurian primate Microcebus murinus. CR Acad Sci Paris. 318:1995;77-83.
22. Bons N., Jallageas V., Mestre-Frances N., Sihol S., Petter A., Delacourte A. Microcebus murinus; a convenient laboratory animal model for the study of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Res. 1:1995;83-87.
23. Bowden D.M., Williams D.D. Aging. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 28:1985;305-341.
24. Braak H, Braak E. Alzheimer's disease starts in early adulthood. 6th International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease Related Disorders, Amsterdam. Neurobiol Aging 1998;9(4S):abstract 318.
25. Braak H., Braak E., Strothjohann M. Abnormally phosphorylated tau protein related to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads in the cerebral cortex of sheep and goat. Neurosci Lett. 171:1994;1-4.
26. Bretsky PM, Buckwalter JG, Seeman TE, Miller, CA, Poirier J, Schellenberg GD, Finch CE, Henderson VW. Evidence for an interaction between apolipoprotein E genotype, gender, and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999;13:in press.
27. Bush R.M., Paigen K. Evolution of β-glucuronidase regulation in the genus Mus. Evolution. 46:1992;1-15.
28. Butler H., Juma M.B. Oogenesis in an adult prosimian. Nature. 226:1970;552-553.
29. Buxhoeveden D., Lefkowitz W., Loats P., Armstrong E. The linear organization of cell columns in human and nonhuman anthropoid TpT cortex. Anat Embryol. 194:1996;23-36.
30. Calenda A., Jallegeas V., Silhil S., Bellis M., Bons N. Identification of a unique apolipoprotein E allele in Microcebus murinus; apoE brain distribution and co-localization with β-amyloid and tau proteins. Neurobiol Dis. 2:1996;169-176.
31. Carroll R.L. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. 1985;W.H. Freeman Press, New York.
32. Cavalli-Sforza L.L., Menozzi P., Piazza A. The history and geography of human genes. 1994;Princeton University Press, Princton, NJ.
33. Charlesworth B. The evolution of age-structured populations, second edition. 1994;University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
34. Citron M., Westaway D., Xia W., Carlson G., Diehl T., Levesque G., Johnson-Wood K., Lee M., Seubert P., Davis A., Kholodenko D., Motter R., Sherrington R., Perry B., Yao H., Strome R., Lieberburg I., Rommens J., Kim S., Schenk D., Fraser P., St George Hyslop P., Selkoe D.J. Mutant presenilins of Alzheimer's disease increase production of 42-residue amyloid beta-protein in both transfected cells and transgenic mice. Nat Med. 3:1997;67-72.
35. Clarkson T.B. Nonhuman primate models of atherosclerosis. Lab Anim Sci. 48:1998;569-572.
36. Cork L. Letters to the editor. Reply to Dr. Moossy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 49:1990;191-192.
37. Cork L.C., Masters C., Beyreuther K., Price D. Development of senile plaques relationships of neuronal abnormalities and amyloid deposits . Am J Pathol. 137:1990;1383-1392.
38. Cork L.C., Powers R.E., Selkoe D.J., Davies P., Geyer J.J., Price D.L. Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in aged bears. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 47:1988;629-641.
39. Crispino M., Stone D.J., Wei L., Anderson C.P., Tocco G., Finch C.E., Baudry M. Variations in synaptotagmin I, synaptotagmin IV, and synaptophysin mRNA levels during the estrous cycle in rat brain. Exp Neurol. 159:1999;574-583.
40. Cummings B.J., Pike C.J., Shankle R., Cotman C.W. Beta-amyloid deposition and other measures of neuropathology predict cognitive status in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;921-933.
41. 40 evidence from cats and dogs . Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;653-659.
42. Cummings B.J., Head E., Ruehl W., Milgram N.W., Cotman C.W. The canine as an animal model of human aging and dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;259-268.
43. Das L.N., Magilton J.H. Age changes in the relationship among endocrine glands of the beagle. Exp Gerontol. 6:1971;313-324.
44. Davignon J., Gregg R.E., Sing C.F. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 8:1988;1-21.
45. De Lacalle S., Cooper J.D., Svendsen C.N., Dunnett S.B., Sofroniew M.V. Reduced retrograde labelling with fluorescent tracer accompanies neuronal atrophy of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in aged rats. Neuroscience. 75:1996;19-27.
46. Delaere P., He Y., Fayet G., Duyckaerts C., Hauw J.J. Beta A4 deposits are constant in the brain of the oldest old an immunocytochemical study of 20 French centenarians . Neurobiol Aging. 14:1993;191-194.
47. DeMattos R.B., Curtiss L.K., Williams D.L. A minimally lipidated form of cell-derived apolipoprotein E exhibits isoform-specific stimulation of neurite outgrowth in the absence of exogenous lipids or lipoproteins. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;4206-4212.
48. De Pauw M., Vanloo B., Weisgraber K., Rosseneu M. Comparison of lipid-binding and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activation of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of human apolipoprotein E3. Biochemistry. 34:1995;10953-10966.
49. Desmond N.L., Levy W.B. Ovarian steroidal control of connectivity in the female hippocampus An overview of recent experimental findings and speculations on its functional consequences . Hippocampus. 7:1997;239-245.
50. Dierschke D.J. Temperature changes suggestive of hot flushes in rhesus monkeys preliminary observations . J Med Primatol. 14:1985;271-280.
51. Dong L.M., Parkin S., Trakhanov S.D., Rupp B., Simmons T., Arnold K.S., Newhouse Y.M., Inerarity T.L., Weisgraber K.H. Novel mechanisms in defective receptor binding of apolipoprotein E2 in type IIII hyperlipoproteinemia. Nat Struct Biol. 3:1996;718-722.
52. Dong L.M., Wilson C., Wardell M.R., Simmons T., Mahley R.W., Weisgraber K.H., Agard D.A. Human apolipoprotein E. Role of arginine 61 in mediating the lipoprotein preferences of the E3 and E4 isoforms. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;22358-22365.
53. Elshourbagy N.A., Boguski M.S., Liao W.S., Jefferson L.S., Gordon J.I., Taylor J.M. Expression of rat apolipoprotein A-IV and A-I genes mRNA induction during development and in response to glucocorticoids and insulin . Proc Natl Acaad Sci USA. 82:1985;8242-8246.
54. Fagan A.M., Bu G., Sun Y., Daugherty A., Holtzman D.M. Apolipoprotein E-containing high density lipoprotein promotes neurite outgrowth and is a ligand for the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;30121-30125.
55. Farrer L.A., Cupples L.A., Haines J.L., Hyman B., Kukull W.A., Mayeux R., Myers R.H., Pericak-Vance M.A., Risch N., van Duijn C.M. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA. 278:1997;1349-1356.
56. Finch C.E. The regulation of physiological changes during mammalian aging. Q Rev Biol. 51:1976;49-83.
57. Finch C.E., Felicio L.S., Mobbs C.V., Nelson J.F. Ovarian and steroidal influences on neuroendocrine aging processes in female rodents. Endocrine Rev. 5:1984;467-497.
58. Finch C.E. Longevity, senescence, and the genome. 1990;University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
59. Finch CE. Neuron atrophy during aging: programmed or sporadic? Trends Neurosci 1993;16:104-10; (ibid. 1993;16:352).
60. Finch CE. Neuron atrophy during aging: programmed or sporadic? Trends Neurosci 1993;16:104-10; (ibid. 1993;16:352).
61. Finch C.E., Rose M.R. Hormones and the physiological architecture of life history evolution. Q Rev Biol. 70:1995;1-52.
62. Finch C.E., Tanzi R.E. The genetics of aging. Science. 278:1997;407-411.
63. Fink G., Sumner B.E., McQueen J.K., Wilson H., Rosie R. Sex steroid control of mood, mental state and memory. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 25:1998;764-775.
64. Flaws J.A., Abbud R., Mann R.J., Nilson J.H., Hirshfield A.N. Chronically elevated luteinizing hormone depletes primordial follicles in the mouse ovary. Biol Reprod. 57:1997;1233-1237.
65. Flood D.G. Critical issues in the analysis of dendritic extent in aging humans, primates, and rodents. Neurobiol Aging. 14:1993;649-654.
66. Fleming L.M., Weisgraber K.H., Strittmatter W.J., Troncoso J.C., Johnson G.V. Differential binding of apolipoprotein E isoforms to tau and other cytoskeletal proteins. Exp Neurol. 138:1996;252-260.
67. Fossey D. Gorillas in the mist. 1983;Houghton-Miflin, Boston.
68. Foster T.C., Norris C.M. Age-associated changes in Ca(2+)-dependent processes relation to hippocampal synaptic plasticity . Hippocampus. 7:1997;602-612.
69. Frolkis V.V., Tanin S.A., Gorban Y.N. Age-related changes in axonal transport. Exp Gerontol. 32:1997;441-450.
70. Gearing M., Tigges J., Mori H., Mirra S.S. Changes in the brains of aged orangutans. Neurobiol Aging. 18:1997;139-146.
71. Gearing M., Tigges J., Mori H., Mirra S.S. Aβ40 is a major form of β-amyloid in nonhuman primates. Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;903-908.
72. Gearing M., Rebeck W.G., Hyman B.T., Tigges J., Mirra S.S. Neuropathology and apolipoprotein E profile of aged chimpanzees implications for Alzheimer disease . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;9382-9386.
73. Geddes J.W., Monaghan D.T., Cotman C.W., Lott I.T., Kim R.C., Chui H.C. Plasticity of hippocampal circuitry in Alzheimer's disease. Science. 230:1985;1179-1181.
74. Geinisman Y. Hippocampal markers of age-related memory dysfunction behavioral, electrophysiological and morphological perspectives . Prog Neurobiol. 45:1995;223-252.
75. Geula C., Wu C.K., Saroff D., Lorenzo A., Yuan M., Yankner B.A. Aging renders the brain vulnerable to amyloid beta-protein neurotoxicity. Nature Med. 4:1998;827-831.
76. Ghebremedhin E., Schultz C., Braak E., Braak H. High frequency of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele in young individuals with very mild Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Exp Neurol. 153:1998;152-155.
77. Giannakopoulos P., Silhol S., Jallageas V., Mallet J., Bons N., Bouras C., Delaère P. Quantitative analysis of tau protein-immunoreactive accumulations and beta amyloid protein deposits in the cerebral cortex of the mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 94:1997;131-139.
78. Gilardi K.V.K., Shidler S.E., Valverde C.R., Roberts J.A., Lasley B.L. Characterization of the onset of menopause in the rhesus monkey. Biol Reprod. 57:1997;335-340.
79. Giulian D., Haverkamp L.J., Yu J., Karshin W., Tom D., Li J., Kazanskaia A., Kirkpatrick J., Roher A.E. The HHQK domain of beta-amyloid provides a structural basis for the immunopathology of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;29719-29726.
80. Goldizen A. Tamarins and marmosets communal care of offspring . Smuts B., Cheney D., Seyfarth R., Wrangham R., Struhsaker T. Primate societies. 1987;34 University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
81. Gomez-Isla T., Price J.L., McKeel D.W. Jr, Morris J.C., Growdon J.H., Hyman B.T. Profound loss of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons occurs in very mild Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 16:1996;4491-4500.
82. Goodall J. Life and death at Gombe. Nat Geographic. 155:1979;592-621.
83. Goodall J. The chimpanzees of Gombe. 1986;Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
84. Gosden R.G. The biology of menopause. 1985;Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
85. Gould K.G., Flint M., Graham C.E. Chimpanzee reproductive senescence a possible model for evolution of the menopause . Maturitas. 3:1981;157-166.
86. Graham C.E. Reproductive function in aged female chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthrop. 50:1979;291-300.
87. Graham C.E., Ray Kling O., Steiner R.A. Reproductive senescence in female nonhuman primates. Bowden D. Aging in nonhuman primates. 1979;183-202 Van Nostrand, New York.
88. Growden J.H., Rossor M.N. The dementias. Blue books of practical neurology. 1998;Butterworth Heinemann, Boston.
89. Haass C., Selkoe D.J. Alzheimer's disease. A technical KO of amyloid-beta peptide. Nature. 391:1998;339-340.
90. Hanlon C.S., Rubinsztein D.C. Arginine residues at codons 112 and 158 in the apolipoprotein E gene correspond to the ancestral state in humans. Atherosclerosis. 112:1995;85-90.
91. Hardy J. Amyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 20:1997;154-159.
92. Härtig W., Brückner G., Schmidt C., Brauer K., Bodewitz G., Turner J.D., Bigl V. Co-localization of β-amyloid peptides, apolipoprotein E and glial markers in senile plaques in the prefrontal cortex of old rhesus monkeys. Brain Res. 751:1997;315-322.
93. Hawkes K., O'Connell J.F., Jones N.G.B., Alvarez H., Charnov E.L. Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;1336-1339.
94. Helvacioglu A., Aksel S., Yeoman R.R., Williams L.E., Abee C.R. Age-related hormonal differences in cycling squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis). Am J Primatol. 32:1994;207-213.
95. Henderson V.W., Watt L., Buckwalter J.G. Cognitive skills associated with estrogen replacement in women with Alzheimer's disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 21:1996;421-430.
96. Henneberg M. Evolution of the human brain is bigger better? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 25:1998;745-749.
97. Hixson J.E., Cox L.A., Borenstein S. The baboon apolipoprotein E gene structure, expression, and linkage with the gene for apolipoprotein C-1 . Genomics. 2:1988;315-323.
98. Holmes D.J., Austad S.N. Birds as animal models for the comparative biology of aging a prospectus . J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 50:1995;B59-B66.
99. Honavar M., Lantos P.L. Ultrastructural changes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus in the ageing marmoset. Mech Ageing Dev. 41:1987;161-176.
100. Howard A.N. The baboon in atherosclerosis research comparison with other species and use in testing drugs affecting lipid metabolism . Adv Exp Med Biol. 67:1976;77-87.
101. Hrdy SB. The woman that never evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1981.
102. Huang D.Y., Weisgraber K.H., Strittmatter W.J., Matthew W.D. Interaction of apolipoprotein E with laminin increases neuronal adhesion and alters neurite morphology. Exp Neurol. 136:1995;251-257.
103. Hyman B.T., Marzloff K., Arriagada P.V. The lack of accumulation of senile plaques or amyloid burden in Alzheimer's disease suggests a dynamic balance between amyloid deposition and resolution. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 52:1993;594-600.
104. Iijima K., Lee D.S., Okutsu J., Tomita S., Hirashima N., Kirino Y., Suzuki T. cDNA isolation of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein from cholinergic nerve terminals of the electric organ of the electric ray. Biochem J. 330:1998;29-33.
105. Itzhaki R.F., Lin W.R., Wilcock G.K. HSV-1 and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 352:1998;238.
106. Ivantcheva A, Didier S, Keller E, Guédot C, Bons N. Towards an association between cognitive functions and social behavior exhibited during normal and pathological aging Microcebus murinus. 6th International Conference, Alzheimer disease related disorders, Amsterdam. Neurobiol Aging 1998;19(4S):abstract 1197.
107. Ji Z.S., Pitas R.E., Mahley R.W. Differential cellular accumulation/retention of apolipoprotein E mediated by cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Apolipoproteins E3 and E2 greater than E4. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;13452-13460.
108. Johanson D., Edgar B. From Lucy to language. 1996;Simon and Schuster, New York.
109. Johnstone E.M., Chaney M.O., Norris F.H., Pascual R., Little S.P. Conservation of the sequence of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid peptide in dog, polar bear and five other mammals by cross-species polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 10:1991;299-305.
110. Jones E.C., Krohn P.L. The effect of hypophysectomy on age changes in the ovaries of mice. J Endocrinol. 21:1961;497-508.
111. Jones E.C., Krohn P.L. The relationships between age, numbers of oocytes, and fertility in virgin and multiparous mice. J Endocrinol. 21:1961;469-596.
112. Jordan J., Galindo M.F., Miller R.J., Reardon C.A., Getz G.S., LaDu M.J. Isoform-specific effect of apolipoprotein E on cell survival and beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in rat hippocampal pyramidal neuronal cultures. J Neurosci. 18:1998;195-204.
113. Jordan B.D., Relkin N.R., Ravdin L.D., Jacobs A.R., Bennett A., Gandy S. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. J Am Med Assoc. 278:1997;136-140.
114. Jucker M., Walker L.C., Martin L.J., Kitt C.A., Kleinman H.K., Ingram D.K., Price D.L. Age-associated inclusions in normal and transgenic mouse brain. Science. 255:1992;1443-1445.
115. Jucker M., Walker L.C., Schwarb P., Hengemihle J., Kuo H., Snow A.D., Bamert F., Ingram D.K. Age-related deposition of glia-associated fibrillar material in brains of C57BL/6 mice. Neuroscience. 60:1994;875-889.
116. Katzel L.I., Katzel L.I., Fleg J.L., Paidi M., Ragoobarsingh N., Goldberg A.P. ApoE4 polymorphism increases the risk for exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia in older men. Arterioscler Thromb. 13:1993;1495-1500.
117. Katzman R., Kang D., Thomas R. Interaction of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 with other genetic and non-genetic risk factors in late onset Alzheimer disease problems facing the investigator . Neurochem Res. 23:1998;369-376.
118. Kawas C., Resnick S., Morrison A., Brookmeyer R., Corrada M., Zonderman A., Bacal C., Lingle D.D., Metter E. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging . Neurology. 48:1997;1517-1521.
119. Knowles R.B., Wyart C., Buldyrev S., Cruz L., Urbane B., Hasselmo M.E., Stanley H.E., Hyman B.T. Plaque-induced neurite abnormalities implications for disruption of neural networks in Alzheimer's disease . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;5274-5279.
120. Komatsu Y., Horiuchi M., Ishiguro N., Matsui T., Shinagawa M. Characterization of the sheep apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene and allelic variations of the apoE gene in scrapie Suffolk sheep. Gene. 208:1998;131-138.
121. Kritchevsky D. Stearic acid metabolism and atherogenesis history . Am J Clin Nutr. 60:1994;997S-1001S.
122. Kumar T.C. Oogenesis in adult prosimian primates. Contrib Primatol. 3:1974;82-96.
123. Kummer H. Social organization of hamadryas baboons a field study . 1968;University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
124. Lamber J.C., Pasquier F., Cottel D., Frigard B., Amouyel P., Chartier-Harlin M.C. A new polymorphism in the APOE promoter associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 7:1998;533-540.
125. 1-42. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;6448-6453.
126. Lancaster J. Play-mothering the relations between juvenile females and young inants among free-ranging vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) . Folia Primatol. 15:1971;161-182.
127. Landfield P.W. Aging-related increase in hippocampal calcium channels. Life Sci. 59:1996;399-404.
128. Lansbury P.T. Jr. Evolution of amyloid what normal protein folding may tell us about fibrillogenesis and disease . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;3342-3344.
129. Lapin B.A., Iakovleva L.A. Comparative pathology in monkeys. 1963;144-162 Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.
130. Lee R.B. Kung Bushman subsistence an input-output analysis . Vayda A.P. Environment and cultural behavior. 1992;47-79 University of Texas Press, Austin.
131. Lefrançois T., Fages C., Peschanski M., Tardy M. Neuritic outgrowth associated with astroglial phenotypic changes induced by antisense glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA in injured neuron-astrocyte cocultures. J Neurosci. 17:1997;4121-4128.
132. Lerner S.P., Anderson C.P., Harrison D., Walford R.L., Finch C.E. Polygenic influences on the length of oestrus cycles in inbred mice involve MHC alleles. Eur J Immunogenet. 19:1992;361-371.
133. Levy E., Amorim A., Frangione B., Walker L.C. β-Amyloid precursor protein gene in squirrel monkeys with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurobiol. Aging. 16:1995;805-808.
134. Long J.M., Kalehua A.N., Muth N.J., Calhoun M.E., Jucker M., Hengemihle J.M., Ingram D.K. Mouton PR. Stereological analysis of astrocyte and microglia in aging mouse hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging. 19:1998;497-503.
135. McQuarrie I.G., Brady S.T., Lasek R.J. Retardation in the slow axonal transport of cytoskeletal elements during maturation and aging. Neurobiol Aging. 10:1989;359-365.
136. Lupien S., Lecours A.R., Lussier I., Schwartz G., Nair N.P., Meaney M.J. Basal cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging. J Neurosci. 14:1994;2893-2903.
137. Lynch G., Hechtel S., Jacobs D. Neonate size and evolution of brain size in the anthropoid primates. J Human Evol. 12:1983;519-522.
138. Mackic J.B., Stins M., McComb J.G., Calero M., Ghiso J., Kim K.S., Yan S.D., Stern D., Schmidt A.M., Frangione B., Zlokovic B.V. Human blood-brain barrier receptors for Alzheimer's amyloid-beta 1-40. Asymmetrical binding, endocytosis, and transcytosis at the apical side of brain microvascular endothelial cell monolayer. J Clin Invest. 102:1998;734-743.
139. Maggioncalda A. Testicular hormone and gonadotropin profiles of developing and developmentally arrested adolescent male orangutans. Am J Phys Anthro. 20:(suppl):1995;140.
140. Mahley R.W. Apolipoprotein E cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology . Science. 240:1988;622-630.
141. Martin G.M. Genetics and the pathobiology of ageing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 352:1997;1773-1780.
142. Mastana S.S., Calderon R., Pena J., Reddy P.H., Papiha S.S. Anthropology of the apoplipoprotein E (apo E) gene low frequency of apo E4 allele in Basques and in tribal (Baiga) populations of India . Ann Hum Biol. 25:1998;137-143.
143. Masters C.L., Beyreuther K. Alzheimer's disease. Brit Med J. 316:1998;446-448.
144. Masuoka D.T., Jonsson G., Finch C.E. Aging and unusual catecholamine-containing structures in the mouse brain. Brain Res. 169:1979;335-341.
145. Matsubara E., Soto C., Governale S., Frangione B., Ghiso J. Apolipoprotein J, and Alzheimer's amyloid beta solubility. Biochem J. 316:1996;671-679.
146. Mayeux R., Ottman R., Maestre G., Ngai C., Tang M.X., Ginsberg H., Chun M., Tycko B., Shelanski M. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-epsilon 4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 45:1995;555-557.
147. McDonald D. Encyclopedia of mammals. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 1985.
148. McEwen B.S., Alves S.E., Bulloch K., Weiland N.G. Ovarian steroids and the brain implications for cognition and aging . Neurology. 48:(Suppl 7):1997;S8-S15.
149. McGill H.C. Jr, Strong J.P., Holman R.L., Werthessen N.T. Arterial lesions in the Kenya baboon. Circ Res. 8:1960;670-679.
150. McKee A.C., Kowall N.W., Schumacher J.S., Beal M.F. The neurotoxicity of amyloid beta protein in aged primates. Amyloid: Int J Exp Clin Invest. 5:1998;1-9.
151. McKhann G., Drachman D., Folstein M., Katzman R., Price D., Stadlan E.M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease . Neurology. 34:1984;939-944.
152. Melnick D., Pearl M. Cercopithcines in multimale groups genetic diversity and population . Smuts B., Cheney D., Seyfarth R., Wrangham R., Struhsaker T. Primate societies. 1987;121 University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
153. Mestre N., Bons N. Age-related cytological changes and neuronal loss in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in Microcebus murinus (Lemurian, Primate). Neurodegeneration. 2:1993;25-32.
154. Meyer M.R., Tschanz J.T., Norton M.C., Welsh-Bohmer K.A., Steffens D.C., Wyse B.W., Breitner J.C.S. ApoE genotypes predicts when - not whether - one is prediposed to develop Alzheimer disease. Nature Genet. 19:1998;321-322.
155. Miller A.H., Sastry G., Speranza A.J. Jr, Lawlor B.A., Mohs R.C., Ryan T.M., Gabriel S.M., Serby M., Schmeidler J., Davis K.L. Lack of association between cortisol hypersecretion and nonsuppression on the DST in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1994;267-270.
156. Miller T.P., Taylor J., Rogerson S., Mauricio M., Kennedy Q., Schatzberg A., Tinklenberg J., Yesavage J. Cognitive and noncognitive symptoms in dementia patients relationship to cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone . Int Psychogeriatr. 10:1998;85-96.
157. Morelli L., Wei L.-H., Amorim A., McDermid J., Abee C.R., Frangione B., Walker L.C., Levy E. Cerebrovascular amyloidosis in squirrel monkeys and rhesus monkeys apolipoprotein E genotype . FEBS Lett. 379:1996;132-134.
158. Morgan T.E., Xie Z., Goldsmith S., Yoshida T., Lanzrein A.-S., Stone D., Rozovsky I., Perry G., Smith M.A., Finch C.E. The mosaic of brain glial hyperactivity during normal aging and its attenuation by food restriction. Neuroscience. 89:1999;687-699.
159. Morsch R., Simon W., Coleman P.D. Neurons may live for decades with neurofibrillary tangles. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 58:1999;188-197.
160. Morris J.C., Storandt M., McKeel D.W. Jr, Rubin E.H., Price J.L., Grant E.A., Berg L. Cerebral amyloid deposition and diffuse plaques in "normal" aging evidence for presymptomatic and very mild Alzheimer's disease . Neurology. 46:1996;707-719.
161. Mutzutani T., Hiroyuki S. Neuropathological background of twenty-seven centenarian brains. J Neurol Sci. 108:1992;168-177.
162. Nakamura S., Tamaoka A., Sawamura N., Shoji S., Nakayama H., Ono F., Sakakibara I., Yoshikawa Y., Mori H., Goto N., Doi K. Carboxyl end-specific monoclonal antibodies to amyloid β protein (Aβ) subtypes (Aβ40 and Aβ 42(43)) differentiate Aβ in senile plaques and amyloid angiopathy in brains of aged cynomolgus monkeys. Neurosci Lett. 201:1995;151-154.
163. Nakata Y., Katsuya T., Rakugi H., Takami S., Ohishi M., Kamino K., Higaki J., Tabuchi Y., Kumahara Y., Miki T., Ogihara T. Polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E and angiotensin-converting enzyme in Japanese subjects with silent myocardial ischemia. Hypertension. 27:1996;1205-1209.
164. Nathan P., Bellosta S., Sanan D.A., Weisgraber K.H., Mahley R.W., Pitas R.E. Differential effects of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 and neuronal growth in vitro. Science. 264:1994;850-852.
165. Nelson P.T., Greenberg S.G., Saper C.B. Neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex of sheep. Neurosci Lett. 170:1994;187-190.
166. Nesting R.M. Hunter-gatherers. Netting R.M. Cultural ecology. 1986;8-26 Warreland Press, Prospect Heights, IL.
167. Nicoll J.A., Roberts G.W., Graham D.I. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid beta-protein following head injury. Nature Med. 1:1995;135-137.
168. Nimchinsky E.A., Gilissen E., Allman J.M., Perl D.P., Erwin J.M., Hof P.R. A neuronal morphologic type unique to humans and great apes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;6268-6273.
169. Nishida T., Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M. Chimpanzees and bonobos cooperative relationships among males . Smuts B., Cheney D., Seyfarth R., Wrangham R., Struhsaker T. Primate societies. 1987;165 University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
170. Nowak R.M. Walker's mammals of the world, 5th edition. 1991;Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
171. Nozaki M., Mitsunaga F., Shimizu K. Reproductive senescence in female Japanese monkeys (Macacca fuscata) age- and season-related changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian functions and fecundity rates . Biol Reprod. 52:1995;1250-1257.
172. Packer C., Tatar M., Collins A. Reproductive cessation in female mammals. Nature. 392:1998;807-811.
173. Papasozomenos S.C. The heat shock-induced hyperphosphorylation of tau is estrogen- independent and prevented by androgens implications for Alzheimer disease . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;6612-6617.
174. Pawlik M., Fuchs E., Walker L.C., Levy E. Primate-like amyloid-beta sequence but no cerebral amyloidosis in aged shrews. Neurobiol Aging. 20:1999;47-51.
175. Perret M. Change in photoperiodic cycle affects life span in a prosimian primate (Microcebus murinus). J Biol Rhythms. 12:1997;136-145.
176. Picq J-L. Effects of aging upon recent memory in Microcebus murinus. Aging Clin Exp Res. 7:1995;17-22.
177. Plassman B.L., Welsh-Bohmer K.A., Bigler E.D., Johnson S.C., Anderson C.V., Helms M.J., Saunders A.M., Breitner J.C. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele and hippocampal volume in twins with normal cognition. Neurology. 48:1997;985-989.
178. Podlisny M.B., Tolan D.R., Selkoe D.J. Homology of the amyloid beta protein precursor in monkey and human supports a primate model for beta amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol. 138:1991;1423-1425.
179. Poirier J., Minnich A., Davignon J. Apolipoprotein E; synaptic plasticity and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Med. 27:1995;663-670.
180. Powell A.L. Senile dementia of extreme aging a common disorder of centenarians . Dementia. 5:1994;106-109.
181. Prathap K.J. Diet-induced aortic atherosclerosis in Malaysian long-tailed monkeys (Macaca irus). Pathology. 115:1975;163-174.
182. Price D.L., Martin L.J., Sisodia S.S., Wagster M.V., Koo E.H., Walker L.C., Koliatsos V.E., Cork L.C. Aged non-human primates an animal model of age-associated neurodegenerative disease . Brain Pathol. 1:1991;287-296.
183. Price D.L., Martin L.J., Sisodia S.S., Walker G., Voytko M.L., Wagster M.V., Cork L.C., Koliatsos V.E. The aged nonhuman primate a model for the behavioral and brain abnormalities occurring in aged humans . Terry R.D., Katzman R., Bick K.L. Alzheimer disease. 1994;231-245 Raven Press, New York.
184. Pyapali G.K., Turner D.A. Increased dendritic extent in hippocampal CA1 neurons from aged F344 rats. Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;601-611.
185. Ramadori G., Knittel T., Schwogler S., Bieber F., Rieder H., Meyer zum Buschenfelde K.H. Dexamethasone modulates alpha 2-macroglobulin and apolipoprotein E gene expression in cultured rat liver fat-storing (Ito) cells. Hepatology. 14:1991;875-882.
186. Rapoport S.I. Integrated phylogeny of the primate brain, with special reference to humans and their diseases. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 15:1990;267-294.
187. Ravaja N., Raikkonen K., Lyytinen H., Lehtimaki T., Keltikangas-Jarvinen L. Apolipoprotein E phenotypes and cardiovascular responses to experimentally induced mental stress in adolescent boys. J Behav Med. 20:1997;571-587.
188. Rayyes A., Wallmark A., Floren C.H. Additive inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone and cyclosporine on low-density lipoprotein receptor activity in cultured HepG2 cells. Hepatology. 26:1997;967-971.
189. Reed T., Carmelli D., Swan G.E., Breitner J.C., Welsh K.A., Jarvik G.P., Deeb S., Auwerx J. Lower cognitive performance in normal older adult male twins carrying the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele. Arch Neurol. 51:1994;1189-1192.
190. Reiman E.M., Caselli R.J., Yun L.S., Chen K., Bandy D., Minoshima S., Thibodeau S.N., Osborne D. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer's disease in persons homozygous for the epsilon 4 allele for apolipoprotein E. N Engl J Med. 334:1996;752-758.
191. Reyland M.E., Gwynne J.T., Forgez P., Prack M.M., Williams D.L. Expression of the human apolipoprotein E gene suppresses steroidogenesis in mouse Y1 adrenal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88:1991;2375-2379.
192. Richard A. Malagasy prosimians female dominance . Smuts B., Cheney D., Seyfarth R., Wrangham R., Struhsaker T. Primate societies. 1986;University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
193. Ritchie K. Mental status examination of an exceptional case of longevity J. C. aged 118 years. Br J Psychiatry. 166:1995;229-235.
194. Roberts J.A., Gilardi K.V.K., Lasley B., Rapp P.R. Reproductive senescence predicts cognitive decline in aged female monkeys. NeuroReport. 8:1997;2047-2051.
195. Rodman P., Mitani J. Orangutans sexual dimorphism in a solitary species . Smuts B., Cheney D., Seyfarth R., Wrangham R., Struhsaker T. Primate societies. 1987;146 University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
196. Roertgen K.E., Parisi J.E., Clark H.B., Barnes D.L., O'Brien T.D., Johnson K.H. A β-associated cerebral angiopathy and senile plaques with neurofibrillary tangles and cerebral hemorrhage in an aged wolverine (Gulo gulo). Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;243-247.
197. Rose M.R. The evolutionary biology of aging. 1991;Oxford University Press, New York.
198. Roses A.D. Apolipoprotein E, a gene with complex biological interactions in the aging brain. Neurobiol Dis. 4:1997;170-185.
199. Roses A.D., Saunders A.M. ApoE, Alzheimer's disease, and recovery from brain stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 826:1997;200-212.
200. Sade D. A longitudinal study of social behavior of rhesus monkeys. Tuttle R. The functional and evolutionary biology of primates. 1972;Aldine, Chicago.
201. Sanan D.A., Weisgraber K.H., Russell S.J., Mahley R.W., Huang D., Saunders A., Schmechel D., Wisniewski T., Frangione B., Roses A.D., et al. Apolipoprotein E associates with beta amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease to form novel monofibrils. Isoform apoE4 associates more efficiently than apoE3. J Clin Invest. 94:1994;860-869.
202. Sapolsky R.M., Mott G.E. Social subordinance in wild baboons is associated with suppressed high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations the possible role of chronic social stress . Endocrinology. 121:1987;1605-1610.
203. Sapolsky R.M. Stress, the aging brain, and the mechanisms of neuron death. 1992;MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
204. Sasano H., Takashashi K., Satoh F., Nagura H., Harada N. Aromatase in the human central nervous system. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 48:1998;325-329.
205. Schaie K.W. Intellectual development in adulthood. Birren J.E., Schaie K.W. Handbook of the psychology of aging, fourth edition. 1996;266-286 Academic Press, San Diego.
206. Schmechel D.E., Burkhart D.S., Ange R., Izard M.K. Cholinergic axonal dystrophy and mitochondrial pathology in prosimian primates. Exp Neurol. 142:1996;111-127.
207. Schneider L.S., Finch C.E. Can estrogen prevent neurodegeneration? Drugs Aging. 11:1997;87-95.
208. Schneider L.S., Farlow M.R., Henderson V.W., Pogoda J.M. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on response to tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 46:1996;1580-1584.
209. Schultz C, Koppers D, Braak E, Braak H. A non-human primate model for tau-positive cytoskeletal pathology affecting specific neuronal cell types, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. 6th International Conference, Alzheimer Disease Related Disorders, Amsterdam. Neurobiol Aging 1998;19(4S):abstract 556.
210. Seeman T.E., McEwen B.S., Singer B.H., Albert M.S., Rowe J.W. Increase in urinary cortisol excretion and memory declines MacArthur studies of successful aging . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;2458-2465.
211. Sherman P.W. The evolution of menopause. Nature. 392:1998;759-761.
212. Sherwin B.B., Tulandi T. "Add-back" estrogen reverse cognitive deficits induced by a GnRH agonist in women with leiomyomata uteri. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81:1996;2545-2548.
213. Short R., England N., Bridson W.E., Bowden D.M. Ovarian cyclicity, hormones, and behavior as markers of aging in female pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). J Gerontol. 44:1989;B131-B138.
214. Shugrue P.J., Dorsa D.M. Estrogen and androgen differentially modulate the growth-associated protein GAP-43 (neuromodulin) messenger ribonucleic acid in postnatal rat brain. Endocrinology. 134:1994;1321-1328.
215. Silhol S., Calenda A., Jallegeas V., Mestre-Frances N., Bellis M., Bons N. β-amyloid protein precursor in Microcebus murinus genotyping and brain localization . Neurobiol Dis. 3:1996;169-182.
216. Simpkins J.W., Green P.S., Gridley K.E., Singh M., de Fiebre N.C., Rajakumar G. Role of estrogen replacement therapy in memory enhancement and the prevention of neuronal loss associated with Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med. 103:1997;19S-25S.
217. Simpkins J.W., Singh M., Bishop J. The potential role for estrogen replacement therapy in the treatment of the cognitive decline and neurodegeneration associated with AD. Neurobiol Aging. 15:(S2):1994;195-197.
218. Small B.J., Viitanen M., Backman L. Mini-Mental State Examination item scores as predictors of Alzheimer's disease incidence data from the Kungsholmen Project, Stockholm . J. Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 52:1997;M299-M304.
219. Smith A.D. Memory. Birren J.E., Schaie K.W. Handbook of the psychology of aging, fourth edition. 1996;236-250 Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
220. Smith J., Baltes P.B. Trends and profiles of psychological functioning in very old age. Baltes P.B., Mayer K.W. The Berlin Aging Study. Aging from 70 to 100. 1999;197-227 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
221. Smuts B. Sex and friendship in baboons. 1985;Aldine, Hawthorne, NY.
222. Snowden D.A., Kemper S.J., Mortimer J.A., Greiner L.H., Wekstein D.R., Markesbery W.R. Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer disease in late life - findings from the Kentucky study. J Am Med Assoc. 275:1996;528-532.
223. Song W., Lahiri D.K. Molecular cloning of the promoter of the gene encoding the rhesus monkey beta-amyloid precursor protein structural characterization and a comparative study with other species . Gene. 217:1998;151-164.
224. Sparks D.L. Intraneuronal beta-amyloid immunoreactivity in the CNS. Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;291-299.
225. Srivastava R.A., Srivastava N., Averna M., Lin R.C., Korach K.S., Lubahn D.B., Schonfeld G. Estrogen up-regulates apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene expression by increasing ApoE mRNA in the translating pool via the estrogen receptor alpha-mediated pathway. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;33360-33366.
226. Staels B., van Tol A., Chan L., Verhoeven G., Auwerx J. Variable effects of different corticosteroids on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and hepatic apolipoprotein mRNA levels in rats. Arterioscler Thromb. 11:1997;760-769.
227. Steele J. Stone legacy of skilled hands. Science. 399:1999;24-25.
228. Stephens M.E. Longevity factor in hominoid social organizations. Am J Phys Anthropol. 81:1990;357-361.
229. Stone D.J., Rozovsky I., Morgan T.E., Anderson C.P., Hajian H., Finch C.E. Astrocytes and microglia respond to estrogen with increased apoE mRNA in vivo and in vitro. Exp Neurol. 143:1997;313-318.
230. Stone D.J., Rozovsky I., Morgan T.E., Anderson C.P., Finch C.E. Increased synaptic sprouting in response to estrogen via an apoE-dependant mechanism implications for Alzheimer's disease . J Neurosci. 18:1998;3180-3185.
231. Su M.Y., Head E., Brooks W.M., Wang Z., Muggenburg B.A., Adam G.E., Sutherland R., Cotman C.W., Nalcioglu O. Magnetic resonance imaging of anatomic and vascular characteristics in a canine model of human aging. Neurobiol Aging. 19:1998;479-485.
232. Sun Y., Wu S., Bu G., Onifade M.K., Patel S.N., LaDu M.J., Fagan A.M., Holtzman D.M. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-apolipoprotein E (apoE) transgenic mice astrocyte-specific expression and differing biological effects of astrocyte-secreted apoE3 and apoE4 lipoproteins . J Neurosci. 18:1998;3261-3272.
233. Swanwick G.R., Kirby M., Bruce I., Buggy F., Coen R.F., Coakley D., Lawlor B.A. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease lack of association between longitudinal and cross-sectional findings . Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;286-289.
234. Swarnakar S., Reyland M.E., Deng J., Azhar S., Williams D.L. Selective uptake of low density lipoprotein-cholesteryl ester is enhanced by inducible apolipoprotein E expression in cultured mouse adrenocortical cells. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;12140-12147.
235. Tang M., Jacobs D., Stern Y., Marder K., Schofield P., Gurland B., Andrews H., Mayeaux R. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer disease. Lancet. 348:1996;429-432.
236. Tang M.X., Stern Y., Marder K., Bell K., Gurland B., Lantigua R., Andrews H., Feng L., Tycko B., Mayeux R. The APOE-epsilon4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer disease among African Americans, whites, and Hispanics. JAMA. 279:1998;751-755.
237. Tardif S.D. Histologic evidence for age-related differences in ovarian function in tamarins (Saguinus sp, Primates). Biology Reprod. 33:1985;993-1000.
238. Tardif S.D., Ziegler T.E. Features of female reproductive senescence in tamarins (Saguinus spp.) a New World primate . J Reprod Fertil. 94:1992;411-421.
239. Tekirian T.L., Cole G.M., Russell M.J., Yang F., Wekstein D.R., Patel E., Snowdon D.A., Markesbery W.R., Geddes J.W. Carboxy terminal of beta-amyloid deposits in aged human, canine, and polar bear brains. Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;249-257.
240. Terry R.D., Masliah E., Hansen L.A. Structural basis of the cognitive alterations in Alzheimer disease. Terry R.D., Katzman R., Bick K.L. Alzheimer disease. 1994;179-196 Raven Press, New York.
241. Terry R.D., Masliah E., Salmon D.P., Butters N., DeTeresa R., Hill R., Hansen L.A., Katzman R. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment . Ann Neurol. 30:1991;572-580.
242. Teter B., Harris-White M.E., Frautschy S.A., Cole G.M. Role of apolipoprotein E and estrogen in mossy fiber sprouting in hippocampal slice cultures. Neuroscience. 91:1999;1009-1016.
243. Uno H., Alsum P.B., Dong S., Richardson R., Zimbric M.L., Thieme C.S., Houser W.D. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and plaques, and visceral amyloidosis in aged macaques. Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;275-281.
244. Urabe M., Yamamoto T., Kashiwagi T., Okubo T., Tsuchiya H., Iwasa K., Kikuchi N., Yokota K., Hosokawa K., Honjo H. Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on hepatic triglyceride lipase; lipoprotein lipase and lipids including apolipoprotein E in climacteric and elderly women. Endocrine J. 43:1996;737-742.
245. vom Saal FS, Finch CE, Nelson JF. The natural history of reproductive aging in humans, laboratory rodents, and selected other vertebrates. In: Knobil E, editor. Physiology of reproduction, vol. 2, second edition. New York: Raven Press. 1994;1313-4.
246. Wachter K.W., Finch C.E. Between Zeus and the salmon. The biodemography of longevity. 1997;National Academy Press, Washington.
247. Walker L.C. Animal models of cerebral β-amyloid angiopathy. Brain Res Rev. 25:1997;70-74.
248. Walker L.C., Kitt C.A., Schwam E., Buckwald B., Garcia F., Sepinwall J., Price D.L. Senile plaques in aged squirrel monkeys. Neurobiol Aging. 8:1996;291-296.
249. Walker M.L. Menopause in female rhesus monkeys. Am J Primatol. 35:1995;59-71.
250. Wasser S.K., Barash D.P. Reproductive suppression among female mammals implications for biomedicine and sexual selection theory . Q Rev Biol. 58:1983;513-538.
251. Wei L.H., Walker L.C., Efrat L., Cystatin C. Icelandic-like mutation in an animal model of cerebrovascular beta-amyloidosis. Stroke. 27:1996;2080-2085.
252. Weisgraber K.H. Apolipoprotein E. structure-function relationships. Adv Protein Chem. 45:1994;249-302.
253. Wisniewski H.M., Ghetti B., Terry R.D. Neuritic (senile) plaques and filamentous changes in aged rhesus monkeys. J Neuropath Exp Neurol. 32:1973;566-584.
254. Wisniewski H.M., Wegiel J., Morys J., Bancher C., Soltysiak Z., Kim K.S. Aged dogs an animal model to study beta-protein amyloidogenesis . Maurer E.K., Roderer P., Beckmann H. Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology, neuropathology, neurochemistry, and clinics. 1990;151-158 Springer Press, New York.
255. Wood B., Collard M. The human genus. Science. 284:1999;65-71.
256. Woodruff-Pak D.S., Li Y.T., Hinchliffe R.M., Port R.L. Hippocampus in delay eyeblink classical conditioning essential for nefiracetam amelioration of learning in older rabbits . Brain Res. 747:1997;207-218.
257. Woodruff-Pak D.S., Trojanowski J.Q. The older rabbit as an animal model implications for Alzheimer's disease . Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;283-290.
258. Woolley C.S., Gould E., Frankfurt M., McEwen B.S. Naturally occurring fluctuation in dendritic spine density on adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci. 10:1990;4035-4039.
259. Xu H., Gouras G.K., Greenfield J.P., Vincent B., Naslund J., Mazzarelli L., Fried G., Jovanovic J.N., Seeger M., Relkin N.R., Liao F., Checler F., Buxbaum J.D., Chait B.T., Thinakaran G., Sisodia S.S., Wang R., Greengard P., Gandy S. Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptides. Nature Med. 4:1998;447-451.
260. Yaffe K., Cauley J., Sands L., Browner W. Apolipoprotein E phenotype and cognitive decline in a prospective study of elderly community women. Arch Neurol. 54:1997;1110-1114.
261. Zannis V.I., Nicolosi R.J., Jensen E., Breslow J.L., Hayes K.C. Plasma and hepatic ApoE isoproteins of nonhuman primates. Differences in apoE among humans, apes and new and old world monkeys. J Lipid Res. 26:1985;1421-1430.
262. Zekraoui L., Lagarde J.P., Raisonnier A., Gerard N., Aouizerate A., Lucotte G. High frequency of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele in African pygmies and most of the African populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Hum Biol. 69:1997;575-581.
263. Zhou Z, Smith JD, Greengard P, Gandy S. Alzheimer amyloid-beta peptide forms denaturant-resistant complex with type epsilon 3 but not type epsilon 4 isoform of native apolipoprotein E Mol Med. 1996;2:175-80.
264. Zihlman A, Morbeck ME, Sumner DR Jr. Tales of Gombe chimps as told in their bones. Anthroquest #40, Leaky Found. News, 20-22; Summer 1989.