Sex steroid control of mood, mental state and memory

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology

Volumn 25, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 764-775

  Fink, George ^a   Sumner, Barbara E H ^a   McQueen, Judith K ^a   Wilson, Helen ^a   Rosie, Roberta ^a  

^a ROYAL EDINBURGH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

5 HT(2A) receptor; AIzheimer's disease; Arginine vasopressin; Cerebral cortex; Depression; Oestrogen; Schizophrenia; Serotonin; Serotonin transporter; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

ARGIPRESSIN; AROMATASE; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GONADOTROPIN; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SEX HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN CORTEX; CASTRATION; COGNITION; DEPRESSION; DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEUS; EMOTION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GENE EXPRESSION; GONADOTROPIN RELEASE; MEMORY; MENTAL HEALTH; MOOD; PROESTRUS; RECEPTOR DENSITY; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STRIA TERMINALIS;

EID: 0031662025     PISSN: 03051870     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02151.x     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Fink G. The GW Harris Lecture. Steroid control of brain and pituitary function. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1988; 73: 257-93.
2. Harris GW. Hormonal differentiation of the developing central nervous system with respect to patterns of endocrine function. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1970; 259: 165-77.
3. Fink G. Molecular principles from neuroendocrine models: Steroid control of central neurotransmission. Prog. Brain Res. 1994; 100: 139-47.
4. Pfaff DW. Estrogens and brain function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980.
5. McEwen BS. Genomic regulation of sexual behavior. J. Steroid Biochem. 1988; 30: 179-83.
6. Mayes CR, Watts AG, McQueen JK, Fink G, Charlton HM. Gonadal steroids influence neurophysin II distribution in the forebrain of normal and mutant mice. Neuroscience 1988; 25: 1013-22.
7. Rosie R, Wilson H, Fink G. Testosterone induces an all-or-none, exponential increase in arginine vasopressin mRNA in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis of the hypogonadal mouse. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 1993; 4: 121-6.
8. Reid RL, Yen SSC. Premenstrual syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1981; 139: 85-104.
9. Studd J, Zamblera D. Premenstrual depression. Focus Depression 1994; 2:6-9.
10. O'Brien PMS. Helping women with premenstrual syndrome. BMJ 1993; 307: 1471-5.
11. Dean C, Kendell RE. The symptomatology of puerperal illnesses. Br. J. Psychiatry 1981; 139: 128-33.
12. Hay AG, Bancroft J, Johnstone EC. Affective symptoms in women attending a menopause clinic. Br. J. Psychiatry 1994; 164: 513-16.
13. Pearlstein T, Rosen K, Stone AB. Mood disorders and menopause. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 1997; 26: 279-94.
14. Pearce J, Hawton K, Blake F. Psychological and sexual symptoms associated with the menopause and the effects of hormone replacement therapy. Br. J. Psychiatry 1995; 167: 163-73.
15. Avis NE, Brambilla D, McKinlay SM, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression. Results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Ann. Epidemiol. 1994; 4: 214-20.
16. Nicol-Smith L. Causality, menopause, and depression: A critical review of the literature. BMJ 1996; 313: 1229-32.
17. Bäckström T. Symptoms related to the menopause and sex steroid treatments. Ciba Found. Symp. 1995; 191: 171-86.
18. Harlow BL, Cramer DW, Annis KM. Association of medically treated depression and age at natural menopause. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1995; 141: 1170-6.
19. Studd J. Depression and the menopause. BMJ 1997; 314: 977.
20. Holsboer F, Benkert O, Demisch L. Changes in MAO activity during estrogen treatment of females with endogenous depression. Mod. Probl. Pharmacopsychiatry 1983; 19: 321-6.
21. Klaiber EL, Broverman DM, Vogel W, Peterson LG, Snyder MB. Individual differences in changes in mood and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity during hormonal replacement therapy in menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1996; 21: 575-92.
22. Halbreich U, Rojansky N, Palter S, Tworek H, Hissin P, Wang K. Estrogen augments serotonergic activity in postmenopausal women. Biol. Psychiatry 1995; 37: 434-41.
23. Gregoire AJP, Kumar R, Everitt B, Henderson AF, Studd JWW. Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression. Lancet 1996; 347: 930-3.
24. Klaiber EL, Broverman DM, Vogel W, Kobayashi Y. Estrogen therapy for severe persistent depressions in women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1979; 36: 550-4.
25. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. International Universities Press, New York. 1950.
26. Di Paolo T. Modulation of brain dopamine transmission by sex steroids. Rev. Neurosci. 1994; 5: 27-42.
27. Häfner H, Riecher-Rössler A, an der Heiden W, Maurer K, Fätkenheuer B, Löffler W. Generating and testing a casual explanation of the gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 1993; 23: 925-40.
28. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Krieger, Huntington, NY. 1971.
29. Lewis S. Sex and schizophrenia: Vive la différence. Br. J. Psychiatry 1992; 161: 445-50.
30. Loranger AW. Sex difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1984; 41: 157-61.
31. Riecher-Rössler A, Häfner H, Schizophrenia and oestrogens: Is there an association? Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1993; 242: 323-8.
32. Seeman MV, Lang M. The role of estrogens in schizophrenia gender differences. Schizophr. Bull. 1990; 16: 185-95.
33. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 1985.
34. Bunney BG, Bunney JWE, Carlsson A. Schizophrenia and glutamate. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds). Psychopharmacology: The fourth Generation of Progress. Raven Press Ltd, New York. 1995; 1205-14.
35. Burns A, Murphy D. Protection against Alzheimer's disease? Lancet 1996; 348: 420-1.
36. Tang M, Jacobs D, Stern Y et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996; 348: 429-32.
37. Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer's disease in women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994; 140: 257-61.
38. Brenner DE, Kukull WA, Stergachis A et al. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: A population-based case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994; 140: 262-7.
39. Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Emanuel CK, Dunn ME, Buckwalter JG. Estrogen replacement therapy in older women. Arch. Neurol. 1994; 51: 896-900.
40. Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D. Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive function in older women. JAMA 1993; 269: 2637-41.
41. Ohkura T, Isse K, Akazawa K, Hamamotao M, Yaoi Y, Hagino N. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy in female-patients with dementia of the Alzheimer-type: 7 case reports. Dementia 1995; 6: 99-107.
42. Hagino N. Estrogen in cognitive behaviors: Clinical application of estrogen for dementia of Alzheimer-type. Acta Biol. Hung. 1994; 45: 233-47.
43. Murphy DD, Cole NB, Greenberger V, Segal M. Estradiol increased dendritic spine density by reducing GABA neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 1998; 18: 2550-9.
44. Jaffe AB, Torran-Allerand CD, Greengard P, Gandy SE. Estrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer amyloid β precursor protein. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 13 065-8.
45. Singh M, Meyer EM, Simpkins JW. The effect of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in cortical and hippocampal brain regions of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 2320-4.
46. Toran-Allerand CD, Miranda RC, Bentham WDL et al. Estrogen receptors colocalize with low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 4668-72.
47. Ashcroft GW, Eccleston D, Murray LG et al. Modified amine hypothesis for the aetiology of affective illness. Lancet 1972; iii: 573-7.
48. Appleby L, Warner R, Whitton A, Faragher B. A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioral counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression. BMJ 1997; 314: 932-6.
49. 2 receptors, depression and anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1988; 29: 819-20.
50. Lesch KP, Aulakh CS, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL. Serotonin (5-HT) receptor, 5-HT transporter and G protein-effector expression: Implications for depression. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1992; 71 (Suppl. 1): 49-60.
51. 3H-LSD) in the blood platelets of depressed patients. Life Sci. 1989; 44: 725-34.
52. 2 receptors. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 1995; 20: 11-19.
53. 2A receptor induces an antidepressant-like effect in mice. Mol. Pharmacol. 1997; 52: 1056-63.
54. Edwards JG. Risperidone for schizophrenia. BMJ 1994; 308: 1311-12.
55. Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJE, Awouters F, Schellekens KHL, Megens AAHP, Meert TF. Pharmacology of risperidone (R 64,766), a new antipsychotic with serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 antagonistic properties. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1988; 244: 685-93.
56. Leysen JE, Janssen PMF, Gommeren W, Wynants J, Pauwels PJ, Janssen PAJ. In vitro and in vivo receptor binding and effects on monoamine turnover in rat brain regions of the novel antipsychotics risperidone and ocaperidone. Mol. Pharmacol. 1992; 41: 494-508.
57. i values. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989; 251: 238-46.
58. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Casanova MF, Toti R, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE. Selective abnormalities of prefrontal serotonergic receptors in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993; 50: 810-18.
59. Fink G. The psychoprotective action of estrogen is mediated by central serotonergic as well as dopaminergic mechanisms. In: Takada A, Curzon G (eds). Serotonin in the Central Nervous System and Periphery. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam. 1995; 175-87.
60. Fink G, Sumner BEH, Rosie R, Grace O, Quinn JP. Estrogen control of central neurotransmission: Effect on mood, mental state and memory. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 1996; 16: 325-44.
61. Sumner BEH, Fink G. Effects of acute estradiol on 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine receptor subtype mRNA expression in female rat brain. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 1993; 4: 83-92.
62. 2A receptors in cerebral cortex and nucleus accumbens in the female rat. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1995; 54: 15-20.
63. Fink G. Feedback actions of target hormones on hypothalamus and pituitary with special reference to gonadal steroids. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1979; 41: 571-85.
64. Fink G, Sumner BEH. Oestrogen and mental state. Nature 1996; 383: 306.
65. 2A mRNA and binding site densities in male rat brain. Mol Brain Res. 1998; 59: 205-14.
66. 2A receptors in forebrain is increased at pro-estrus in intact female rats. Neurosci. Lett. 1997; 234: 1-4.
67. 2A receptors: Emphasis on the rat frontal cortex. Neuroscience 1998; 83: 829-36.
68. Biegon A, Reches A, Snyder L, McEwen BS. Serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors in the rat brain: Modulation by chronic exposure to ovarian hormones. Life Sci. 1983; 32: 2015-21.
69. 2A receptor density in male rat forebrain. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1997; 23: Abstract 385.24.
70. Fink G, Henderson SR. Steroids and pituitary responsiveness in female, androgenized female and male rats. J. Endocrinol. 1977; 73: 157-64.
71. Henderson SR, Baker C, Fink G. Oestradiol-17β and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing factor in the rat: A study using rectangular pulses of oestradiol-17β monitored by non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay. J. Endocrinol. 1977; 73: 441-53.
72. 2A receptor imaging in major depression: Focal changes in orbito-insular cortex. Br. J. Psychiatry 1997; 171: 444-8.
73. 18F] altanserin. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1997; 23: 1685.
74. 18F]-altanserin and positron emission tomographic imaging. Psychiatry Res. 1996; 68: 11-12.
75. 2A receptor expression. Neuroreport 1995; 6: 901-4.
76. De Lignieres B. Transdermal dihydrotestosterone treatment of 'andropause'. Ann. Med. 1993; 25: 235-41.
77. Mastrogiacomo I, Feghali G, Foresta C, Ruzza G. Andropause: Incidence and pathogenesis. Arch. Androl. 1982; 9: 293-6.
78. McKinlay JB, Longcope C, Gray A. The questionable physiologic and epidemiologic basis for a male climacteric syndrome: Preliminary results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Maturitas 1989; 11: 103-15.
79. Deslypere JP, Kaufman JM, Vermeulen T, Vogelaers D, Vandalem JL, Vermeulen A. Influence of age on pulsatile luteinizing hormone release and responsiveness of the gonadotrophs to sex hormone feedback in men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987; 64: 68-73.
80. Mitchell R, Hollist S, Rothwell C, Robertson WR. Age related changes in the pituitary-testicular axis in normal men: Lower serum testosterone results from decreased bioactive LH drive. Clin. Endocrinol. 1995; 42: 501-7.
81. Tenover JS, Matsumoto AM, Plymate SR, Bremner WJ. The effects of aging in normal men on bioavailable testosterone and luteinizing hormone secretion: Response to clomiphene citrate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987; 65: 1118-26.
82. Urban RJ, Veldhuis JD, Blizzard RM, Dufau ML. Attenuated release of biologically active luteinizing hormone in healthy aging men. J. Clin. Invest. 1988; 81: 1020-9.
83. Vermeulen A. The male climacterium. Ann. Med. 1993; 25: 531-4.
84. Vermeulen A. Environment, human reproduction, menopause, and andropause. Environ. Health Perspect. 1993; 101: 91-100.
85. Wang C, Alexander G, Berman N et al. Testosterone replacement therapy improves mood in hypogonadal men: A clinical research center study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996; 81: 3578-83.
86. Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. Differential symptom response to parenteral estrogen and/or androgen administration in the surgical menopause. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1985; 151: 153-60.
87. Levy AD, Baumann MH, Van de Kar LD. Review of the influence of cocaine on the monoaminergic regulation of neuroendocrine function. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1994; 15: 85-156.
88. Zifa E, Fillion G. 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 1992; 44: 401-58.
89. 2 receptor mechanism plays a key role in the proestrous surge of luteinizing hormone in the rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994; 19: 395-9.
90. 2A receptor antagonists block the oestradiol-17β-induced surge of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) into hypophysial portal blood but do not affect LHRH synthesis. J. Physiol. 1996; 495P: P117.
91. Hunter AJ, Hole DR, Wilson CA. Studies into the dual effects of serotonergic pharmacological agents on female sexual behaviour in the rat: Preliminary evidence that endogenous 5-HT is stimulatory. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1985; 22: 5-13.
92. James MD, Lane SM, Hole DR, Wilson CA. Hypothalamic sites of action of the dual effect of 5-HT on female sexual behaviour in the rat. In: Bevan P, Cools AR, Archer T (eds). Behavioral Pharmacology of 5-HT. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. 1989; 73-7.
93. Mendelson SD, Gorzalka BB. Serotonin type 2 antagonists inhibit lordosis behaviour in the female rat: Reversal with quipazine. Life Sci. 1986; 38: 33-9.
94. Fink G. The psychoprotective action of oestrogen is mediated by central 5-hydroxytryptamine as well as dopamine receptors. In: Fuxe K, Hokfelt T, Olson L, Ottoson D, Dahlström A, Björklund A (eds). Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Communication: A Tribute to Nils-Ake Hillarp. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1996; 177-204.
95. 2C receptors stimulate amyloid precursor protein ectodomain secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 4188-94.
96. Selkoe DJ. Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Annu. Rev. Cell. Biol. 1994; 10: 373-403.
97. Nitsch RM, Slack BE, Farber SA et al. Regulation of proteolytic processing of the amyloid beta-protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease in transfected cell lines and in brain slices. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1994; 44: 21-7.
98. 2 receptors in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1993; 54: 701-17.
99. Aghajanian GK, Sprousse JS, Rasmussen K. Physiology of the midbrain serotonin system. In: Meltzer HY (ed.). Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York. 1987; 141-9.
100. 2-activated interneuron. Brain Res. 1990; 506: 62-9.
101. 2A receptor antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994; 259: 137-41.
102. Aghajanian GK, Marek GJ. Serotonin induces excitatory postsynaptic potentials in apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells. Neuropharmacology 1997; 36: 589-99.
103. Chiodo LA, Caggiula AR. Substantia nigra dopamine neurons: Alterations in basal discharge rates and autoreceptor sensitivity induced by estrogen. Neuropharmacology 1983; 22: 593-9.
104. Tansey EM, Arbuthnott GW, Fink G, Whale D. Oestradiol-17β increases the firing rate of antidromically identified neurones of the rat neostriatum. Neuroendocrinology 1983; 37: 106-10.
105. Zahm DS, Brog JS. On the significance of subterritories in the 'accumbens' part of the rat ventral striatum. Neuroscience 1992; 50: 751-67.
106. Shimizu H, Bray GA. Effects of castration, estrogen replacement and estrus cycle on monoamine metabolism in the nucleus accumbens, measured by microdialysis. Brain Res. 1993; 621: 200-6.
107. Nauta WJH. Central nervous organization and the endocrine motor system. In: Nalbandov AV (ed.). Advances in Neuroendocrinology. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 1963; 5-12.
108. McQueen JK, Wilson H, Fink G. Estradiol-17β increases serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA levels and the density of SERT binding sites in female rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 1997; 45: 13-23.
109. Alheid GF, de Olmos JS, Beltramino CA. Amygdala and extended amygdala. In: Paxinos G (ed.). The Rat Nervous System. Academic Press, San Diego. 1995; 495-578.
110. Ben-Ari Y. The Amygdaloid Complex. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam. 1981.
111. Tannahill LA, Sheward WJ, Robinson ICAF, Fink G. Corticotrophin-releasing factor-41, vasopressin and oxytocin release into hypophysial portal blood in the rat: Effects of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus. J. Endocrinol. 1991; 129: 99-107.
112. Everitt BJ, Morris KA, O'Brien A, Robbins TW. The basolateral amygdala-ventral striatal system and conditioned place preference: Further evidence of limbic-striatal interactions underlying reward-related processes. Neuroscience 1991; 42: 1-18.
113. Jakab RL, Leranth C. Septum. In. Paxinos G (ed.). The Rat Nervous System. Academic Press, San Diego. 1995; 405-42.
114. Aghajanian GK, Wang RY. Physiology and pharmacology of central serotonergic neurons. In: Lipton MA, di Mascio JA, Killam KF (eds). Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York. 1978; 171-83.
115. Maes M, Meltzer HY. The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds). Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York. 1995; 933-44.
116. Fuller RW. Drugs altering serotonin synthesis and metabolism. In: Green RA (ed.). Neuropharmacology of Serotonin. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1985; 1-20.
117. Briley M. Imipramine binding: Its relationship with serotonin uptake and depression. In: Green RA (ed.). Neuropharmacology of Serotonin. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1985; 50-78.
118. 3H]-Paroxetine binding and serotonin content of rat brain: Absence of changes following antidepressant treatments. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 235: 137-42.
119. 3H-paroxetine binding in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 1988; 26: 11-17.
120. 3H] paroxetine. Psychopharmacology 1993; 110: 235-9.
121. 3H-paroxetine binding in control subjects and depressed patients: Relationship to serotonin uptake and age. Psychiatry Res. 1994; 51: 147-55.
122. Nemeroff CB, Knight DL, Krishnan RR et al. Marked reduction in the number of platelet-tritiated imipramine binding sites in geriatric depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1988; 45: 919-23.
123. 3H]-imipramine binding to platelets of depressed patients free of previous medication with 5HT uptake inhibitors. Psychopharmacology 1986; 89: 456-61.
124. Gartside SE, Umbers V, Hajos M, Sharp T. Interaction between a selective 5-HT cell firing and extracellular 5-HT. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1995; 115: 1054-70.
125. Iversen LL. Uptake mechanisms for neurotransmitter amines. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1974; 23: 1927-35.
126. Hoyer D, Clarke DE. Fozard JR et al. International union of pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Pharmacol. Rev. 1994; 46: 157-203.
127. 2)-receptor binding sites: Effects of neuronal lesions. In: Mandel P. de Feudis FV (eds). CNS Receptors: From Molecular Pharmacology to Behaviour. Raven Press, New York. 1983; 373-83.
128. 2 dopamine receptor mRNA levels in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 1992; 140: 5-8.
129. Ogilvie AD, Battersby S, Bubb VJ et al. Polymorphism in serotonin gene associated with susceptibility to major depression. Lancet 1996; i: 731-3.
130. Alves SE, Weiland NG, Hayashi S, McEwen BS. Immunocytochemical localization of nuclear estrogen receptors and progestin receptors within the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998; 391: 322-34.
131. Kuiper GG, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA. Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 5925-30.
132. Mosselman S, Polman J, Dijkema R. ER beta: Identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor. FEBS Lett. 1996; 392: 49-53.
133. Shughrue PJ, Lane MV, Merchenthaler I. Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-α and -β mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 1997; 388: 507-25.
134. Wagner CK, Morrell JI. Distribution and steroid hormone regulation of aromatase mRNA expression in the forebrain of adult male and female rats: A cellular-level analysis using in situ hybridization. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996; 370: 71-84.
135. Fink G. The self-priming effect of LHRH: A unique servomechanism and possible cellular model for memory. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1995; 16: 183-90.
136. Curtis A, Lyons V, Fink G. The priming effect of LH-releasing hormone: Effects of cold and involvement of new protein synthesis. J. Endocrinol. 1985; 105: 163-7.
137. Mobbs CV, Fink G, Pfaff DW. HIP-70: A protein induced by estrogen in the brain and LH-RH in the pituitary. Science 1990; 247: 1477-9.
138. Elliott JG. Oliver JD, High S. The thiol-dependent reductase ERp57 interacts specifically with N-glycosylated integral membrane proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 13 849-55.
139. Oliver JD, van der Wal FJ, Bulleid NJ, High S. Interaction of the thioldependent reductase ERp57 with nascent glycoproteins. Science 1997; 275: 86-8.
140. McEwen BS, Biegon A, Rainbow TC, Paden C, Snyder L, DeGroff V. The interaction of estrogens with intracellular receptors and with putative neurotransmitter receptors: Implications for the mechanisms of activation of regulation of sexual behavior and ovulation. In: Fuxe K, Gustafsson JA, Wetterberg L (eds). Steroid hormone regulation of the brain. Pergamon, New York. 1981; 15-29.
141. Cone RI, Davis GA, Coy RW. Effects of ovarian steroids on serotonin metabolism within grossly dissected and microdissected brain regions of the ovariectomized rat. Brain Res. Bull. 1981; 7: 639-44.
142. Hackmann E, Wirz-Justice A, Lichtsteiner M. The uptake of dopamine and serotonin in rat brain during progesterone decline. Psychopharmacologia 1973; 32: 183-91.
143. Ladisich W. Influence of progesterone on serotonin metabolism: A possible causal factor for mood changes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1977; 2: 257-66.
144. Chadwick P, Widdows K (eds). Steroids and Neuronal Activity. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 1990.
145. Fink G, Sarkar DK, Dow RC et al. Sex difference in response to alphaxalone anaesthesia may be oestrogen dependent. Nature 1982; 298: 270-2.
146. Wilson JD, Foster DW (eds). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 1992.
147. Naftolin F, Ryan KJ, Davies IJ et al. The formation of estrogens by central neuroendocrine tissues. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 1975; 31: 295-315.
148. De Vries GJ, Duetz W, Buijs RM, van Heerikhuize J, Vreeburg JTM. Effects of androgens and estrogens on the vasopressin and oxytocin innervation of the adult rat brain. Brain Res. 1986; 399: 296-302.
149. Dantzer R, Koob GF, Bluthé R-M, Le Moal M. Septal vasopressin modulates social memory in male rats. Brain Res. 1988; 457: 143-7.
150. Bluthé RM, Suarez S, Fink G, Roques B, Dantzer R. Social recognition in mice is modulated by androgen-dependent vasopressinergic and cholecystokininergic neurotransmission. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1993; 19: Abstract 73.6.
151. Bluthé R-M, Gheusi G, Dantzer R. Gonadal steroids influence the involvement of arginine vasopressin in social recognition in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1993; 18: 323-35.
152. Dantzer R, Bluthé R-M. Vasopressin involvement in antipyresis, social communication and social recognition: A synthesis. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 1992; 6: 243-55.
153. Miller MA, Urban JH, Dorsa DM. Steroid dependency of vasopressin neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis by in situ hybridization. Endocrinology 1989; 125: 2335-40.
154. Therrien M, Drouin J. Cell-specific helix-loop-helix factor required for pituitary expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene. Mol Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 2342-53.
155. Wright WE. Muscle basic helix-loop-helix proteins and the regulation of myogenesis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1992; 2: 243-8.
156. Garlow SJ, Chin AC, Marinovich AM, Heller MR, Ciaranello RD. Cloning and functional promoter mapping of the rat serotonin-2 receptor gene. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 1994; 5: 291-300.
157. Eddy EM, Washburn TF, Bunch DO et al. Targeted disruption of the estrogen receptor gene in male mice causes alteration of spermatogenesis and infertility. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 4796-805.
158. Frisch RE. Body fat, puberty and fertility. Biol. Rev. 1984; 59: 291-300.
159. Warren MP. Effects of undernutrition on reproductive function in the human. Endocr. Rev. 1983; 4: 363-77.
160. Fink AE, Fink G, Wilson H, Bennie J, Carroll S, Dick H. Lactation, nutrition and fertility and the secretion of prolactin and gonadotrophins in Mopan Mayan women. J. Biosoc. Sci. 1992; 24: 35-52.
161. Goodwin GM, Shapiro CM, Bennie J, Dick H, Carroll S, Fink G. The neuroendocrine responses and psychological effects of infusion of L-tryptophan in anorexia nervosa. Psychol. Med. 1989; 19: 857-64.
162. Bancroft J, Cook A, Davidson D, Bennie J, Goodwin G. Blunting of neuroendocrine responses to infusion of L-tryptophan in women with perimenstrual mood change. Psychol. Med. 1991; 21: 305-12.
163. Clément K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N et al. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 1998; 392: 398-401.