Proteolysis and the G1-S transition: The SCF connection

Current Opinion in Genetics and Development

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 36-42

  Krek, Wilhelm ^a  

^a FRIEDRICH MIESCHER INSTITUTE FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; PROTEASOME; PROTEIN; PROTEIN KINASE; UBIQUITIN; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE; ANAPHASE PROMOTING COMPLEX; ANAPHASE-PROMOTING COMPLEX; CDC53 PROTEIN, S CEREVISIAE; CELL CYCLE PROTEIN; CULLIN; LIGASE; S PHASE KINASE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE PROTEIN;

CELL CYCLE; CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL CYCLE S PHASE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHOSPHORYLATION;

ANIMALS; CELL CYCLE; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; CULLIN PROTEINS; G1 PHASE; HUMANS; LIGASES; PHOSPHORYLATION; S PHASE; S-PHASE KINASE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE PROTEINS; UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE COMPLEXES; UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES; UBIQUITINS;

EID: 0031594638     PISSN: 0959437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80059-2     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Deshaies RJ. Phosphorylation and proteolysis: partners in the regulation of cell division in the budding yeast. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 7:1997;7-16.
2. King RW, Deshaies RJ, Peters JM, Kirschner MW. How proteolysis drives the cell cycle. Science. 274:1996;1652-1659.
3. Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway. Cell. 79:1994;13-21.
4. Hochstrasser M. Ubiquitin - dependent protein degradation. Annu Rev Genet. 30:1996;405-439.
5. Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD, Howley PM. The HPV-16 E6 and E6 - AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53. Cell. 75:1993;495-505.
6. 1 or in mitosis, suggesting that Skp1 may function at different times in the cell cycle. The mitotic arrest phenotype of certain Skp1 mutants may be due to the participation of Skp1 in the kinetochore complex CBF3 [11,52].
7. 1-to-S-phase transition and identifies a conserved family of proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 16:1996;6634-6643.
8. 1 cyclins for degradation by the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway. of special interest Cell. 86:1996;453-463 This paper shows that CDC53 targets phosphorylated Cln2 for Cdc34-dependent ubiquitination. Cdc53 is a tightly bound subunit of Cln2 - Cdc28. It associates selectively with phosphorylated Cln2 and also with Cdc34. These results suggest that Cdc53 has the properties of an E3 ligase.
9. Feldman RM, Correll CC, Kaplan KB, Deshaies RJ. A complex of Cdc4p, Skp1p, and Cdc53/Cullin catalyzes ubiquitination of the phosphorylated CDK inhibitor Sic1p. of outstanding interest Cell. 91:1997;221-230 See annotation [10].
10. Skowyra D, Craig KL, Tyers M, Elledge SJ, Harper JW. F-box proteins are receptors that recruit phosphorylated substrates to the SCF ubiquitin - ligase complex. of outstanding interest Cell. 91:1997;209-219 A very elegant and convincing study showing that seven purified components, an E1, ubiquitin, Cdc34, Cdc4, Cdc53, Skp1 and Cln - Cdc28 kinase, are necessary and sufficient to promote the multiubiquitination of the CDK inhibitor Sic1 in vitro. This work provides conclusive evidence that a complex composed of Skp1, Cdc53 and the F-box protein Cdc4 can function as a Sic1 E3 ligase. These studies illustrate the importance of F-box proteins in providing substrate specificity to ubiquitination reactions [9].
11. Connelly C, Hieter P. Budding yeast SKP1 encodes an evolutionarily conserved kinetochore protein required for cell cycle progression. Cell. 86:1996;275-285.
12. Zhang H, Kobayashi R, Galaktionov K, Beach D. p19Skp1 and p45Skp2 are essential elements of the cyclin A - CDK2 S phase kinase. Cell. 82:1995;915-925.
13. Kipreos ET, Lander LE, Wing JP, He WW, Hedgecock EM. cul-1 is required for cell cycle exit in C. elegans and identifies a novel gene family. of special interest Cell. 85:1996;829-839 A nematode gene, cul-1, which is required to limit cell divisions during embryonic development, is found to be closely related to CDC53. Database searches reveal that cul-1 and CDC53 are members of a multigene family, referred to as the cullins, which are conserved throughout evolution. Humans have at least six cullins.
14. 1 phase progression: cycling on cue. Cell. 79:1994;551-555.
15. Hunter T, Pines J. Cyclins and cancer. II. Cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age. Cell. 79:1994;573-582.
16. Nasmyth K. Control of the yeast cell cycle by the Cdc28 protein kinase. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 5:1993;166-179.
17. Morgan DO. Principles of CDK regulation. Nature. 374:1995;131-134.
18. Nigg EA. Cyclin-dependent protein kinases: key regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Bioessays. 17:1995;471-480.
19. Goebl MG, Yochem J, Jentsch S, McGrath JP, Varshavsky A, Byers B. The yeast cell cycle gene CDC34 encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Science. 241:1988;1331-1335.
20. Mendenhall MD. An inhibitor of p34cdc28 protein kinase activity from S. cerevisiae. Science. 259:1993;216-219.
21. 1 to S transition in S. cerevisiae. Cell. 79:1994;233-244.
22. Schneider BL, Yang QH, Futcher AB. Linkage of replication to start by the Cdk inhibitor Sic1. Science. 272:1996;560-562.
23. 1 cyclin function at start. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;7772-7776.
24. 1 arrest.
25. Yaglom J, Linskens MH, Sadis S, Rubin DM, Futcher B, Finley D. p34Cdc28-mediated control of Cln3 cyclin degradation. Mol Cell Biol. 15:1995;731-741.
26. 1 phase.
27. 1 cyclin Cln2p by a Cdc34p-dependent pathway. EMBO J. 14:1995;303-312.
28. 1 cyclins in yeast. Nature. 384:1996;279-282.
29. 1 with low Cln - Cdc28 kinase activity. Whereas wild-type Far1 is a readily ubiquitinated in a Cdc34-dependent manner, the mutant is not. This defect is linked to the failure of Cln - Cdc28 kinase to phosphorylate the mutant Far1 protein.
30. 1 defines a "point of no return" after which Cdc6 synthesis cannot promote DNA replication in yeast. Genes Dev. 10:1996;1516-1531.
31. Drury LS, Perkins G, Diffley JFX. The Cdc4/34/53 pathway targets Cdc6p for proteolysis in budding yeast. EMBO J. 16:1997;5966-5976.
32. Kornitzer D, Raboy B, Kulka RG, Fink GR. Regulated degradation of the transcription factor Gcn4. EMBO J. 13:1994;6021-6030.
33. Plon SE, Leppig KA, Do HN, Groudine M. Cloning of the human homolog of the CDC34 cell cycle gene by complementation in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;10484-10488.
34. Yew PR, Kirschner MW. Proteolysis and DNA replication: the CDC34 requirement in the Xenopus egg cell cycle. of special interest Science. 277:1997;1672-1676 CDK-dependent initiation of DNA replication in Xenopus eggs requires a CDC34 homolog. Dominant negative mutants of human CDC34 block the degradation of a Xenopus CDK inhibitor, thereby preventing initiation of DNA replication. Evidence is provided that CDC34 functions in a large molecular size complex. These data provide the best evidence to date that CDC34 function is also required in higher eukaryotes.
35. Diehl JA, Zindy F, Sherr CJ. Inhibition of cyclin D1 phosphorylation on threonine-286 prevents its rapid degradation via the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway. of special interest Genes Dev. 11:1997;957-972 This paper shows that cyclin D1 is phosphorylated in vivo on Thr286. Mutation of this site to alanine prevents this phosphorylation, inhibits multiubiquitination and markedly stabilizes the protein. The kinase responsible for Thr286 phosphorylation appears to be an as yet unidentified kinase. Phosphorylation drives ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1 in response to serum withdrawal.
36. Clurman BE, Sheaff RJ, Thress K, Groudine M, Roberts JM. Turnover of cyclin E by the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway is regulated by cdk2 binding and cyclin phosphorylation. of special interest Genes Dev. 10:1996;1979-1990 See annotation [37].
37. Won KA, Reed SI. Activation of cyclin E/CDK2 is coupled to site-specific autophosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin E. of special interest EMBO J. 15:1996;4182-4193 This paper, together with [36], presents evidence that cyclin E is degraded by the ubiquitin - proteasome system and that this degradation is regulated by phosphorylation. The cyclin E-bound CDK2 initiates this degradation by phosphorylating cyclin E at a specific site. Phosphorylation causes cyclin E to disassemble from CDK2, resulting in the ubiquitination and degradation of free cyclin E. Interestingly, the binding of CDK2 to cyclin E appears to protect the latter from degradation.
38. Klp1. of special interest Genes Dev. 11:1997;1464-1478 See annotation [39].
39. Kip1 can be an inhibitor and substrate of cyclin E - CDK2 at the same time.
40. 1 - S phase protein kinase. Science. 257:1992;1958-1961.
41. 1 phase of the human cell cycle. Science. 257:1992;1689-1694.
42. Pagano M, Tam SW, Theodoras AM, Beer-Romero P, Del Sal G, Chau V, Yew PR, Draetta GF, Rolfe M. Role of the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway in regulating abundance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Science. 269:1995;682-685.
43. Kip1 and degree of malignancy in human breast and colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;6380-6385.
44. Kip1 protein: prognostic implications in primary breast cancer. Nat Med. 3:1997;227-230.
45. Loda M, Cukor B, Tam SW, Lavin P, Fiorentino M, Draetta GF, Milburn-Jessup J, Pagano M. Increased proteasome-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in aggessive colorectal carcinomas. Nat Med. 3:1997;231-234.
46. Kip1 and cyclin E alone and in combination, correlate with survival in young breast cancer patients. Nat Med. 3:1997;222-226.
47. Hateboer G, Kerkhoven RM, Shvarts A, Bernards R, Beijersbergen RL. Degradation of E2F by the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway: regulation by retinoblastoma family proteins and adenovirus transforming proteins. of special interest Genes Dev. 10:1996;2960-2970 See annotation [48].
48. Hofmann F, Martelli F, Livingston DM, Wang Z. The retinoblastoma gene product protects E2F-1 from degradation by the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway. of special interest Genes Dev. 10:1996;2949-2959 This paper, together with [47,49], establishes that members of the E2F transcription factor family are unstable proteins and are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway. Moreover, it is shown that degradation of E2Fs is regulated by retinoblastoma family proteins.
49. Campanero MR, Flemington EK. Regulation of E2F through ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation: stabilization by the pRB tumor suppressor protein. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;2221-2226 See annotation [48].
50. Li FN, Johnston M. Grr1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is connected to the ubiquitin proteolysis machinery through Skp1: coupling glucose sensing to gene expression and the cell cycle. EMBO J. 16:1997;5629-5638.
51. Thomas D, Kuras L, Barbey R, Cherest H, Blaiseau PL, Surdin-Kerjan Y. Met30p, a yeast transcriptional inhibitor that responds to S-adenosylmethionine, is an essential protein with WD-40 repeats. Mol Cell Biol. 15:1995;6526-6534.
52. Kominami K, Toda T. Fission yeast WD-repeat protein pop1 regulates genome ploidy through ubiquitin - protesome-mediated degradation of the CDK inhibitor Rum1 and the S-phase initiator Cdc18. of special interest Genes Dev. 11:1997;1548-1560 A gene is identified that is important for the maintenance of ploidy in fission yeast. The gene, pop1, is highly related to the gene for budding yeast CDC4, an F-box protein. In pop1 mutants, Cdc18 and Rum1 are not ubiquitinated and accumulate to high levels. Pop1 contains an F-box motif and associates with Cdc18, suggesting that Pop1 functions as a recognition factor in a ubiquitination pathway.
53. Stemmann O, Lechner J. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore contains a cyclin - cdk complexing homolog as identified by in vitro reconstitution. EMBO J. 15:1996;3611-3620.
54. SKP2-bound cyclin A-CDK2.
55. Aso T, Haque D, Barstead RJ, Conaway RC, Conaway JW. The inducible elongin A elongation activation domain: structure, function and interaction with the elongin BC complex. EMBO J. 15:1996;5557-5566.
56. Kibel A, Iliopoulos O, DeCaprio JA, Kaelin WG. Binding of the von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor protein to elongin B and C. Science. 269:1995;1444-1446.
57. Duan RD, Pause A, Burgess WH, Aso T, Chen DYT, Garrett KP, Conaway RC, Conaway JW, Linehan M, Klausner RD. Inhibition of transcription elongation by the VHL tumor suppressor protein. Science. 269:1995;1402-1406.
58. Pause A, Lee S, Worrell RA, Chen DY, Burgess WH, Linehan WM, Klausner RD. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene product forms a stable complex with human CUL-2, a member of the Cdc53 family of proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;2156-2161.
59. Bai C, Richman R, Elledge SJ. Human cyclin F. EMBO J. 13:1994;6087-6098.