Ras-like GTpases

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer

Volumn 1333, Issue 2, 1997, Pages

  Bos, Johannes L ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; RAS PROTEIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; CARCINOGENICITY; HUMAN; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SHORT SURVEY; THROMBOCYTE;

EID: 0030670137     PISSN: 0304419X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-419X(97)00015-2     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. T. Schweins, A. Wittinghofer, GTP-binding proteins. Structures, interactions and relationships, Curr. Biol. 4 (1994) 547-550.
2. J. de Rooij, J.L. Bos, Minimal Ras-binding domain of Rafl can be used as an activation- specific probe for Ras, Oncogene 14 (1997) 623-625.
3. B. Franke, J.W. Akkerman, J.L. Bos, Rapid Ca2 + mediated activation of Rapl in human platelets, EMBO J. 16 (1997) 252-259.
4. S.J. Taylor, D. Shalloway, Cell cycle-dependent activation of Ras, Curr. Biol. 6 (1996) 1621-1627.
5. J.L. Bos, ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review, Cancer Res. 49(1989)4682-4689.
6. C.J. Marshall, Ras effectors. Curr. Opinions Cell. Biol. 8 (1996) 197-204.
7. G.J. Pronk, J.L. Bos, The role of p21ras in receptor tyrosine kinase signalling, Biochim Biophys Acta 1198 (1994) 131-147.
8. J.L. Byrne, H.F. Paterson, C.J. Marshall, p21Ras activation by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos, requires the Sos/Grb2 interaction and a second ligand-dependent signal involving the Sos N-terminus, Oncogene 13 (1996) 2055-2065.
9. T. van Biesen, B.E. Hawes, O.K. Luttrell, K.M. Krueger, K. Touhara, E. Porfiri, M. Sakaue, L.M. Luttrell, R.J. Lefkowitz, Receptor-tyrosine-kinase- and G beta gammamediated MAP kinase activation by a common signalling pathway, Nature 376 (1995) 781-784.
10. M. Lopez-Ilasaca, P. Crespo, P.O. Pellici, J.S. Gutkind, R. Wetzker, Linkage of G protein-coupled receptors to the MAPK signaling pathway through PI 3-kinase gamma, Science 275 (1997) 394-397.
11. N.P. Earn, W.T. Fan, Z. Wang, L.J. Zhang, H. Chen, M.F. Moran, Cloning and characterization of Ras-GRF2, a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras, Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (1997) 1396-1406.
12. C.L. Farnsworth, N.W. Freshney, L.B. Rosen, A. Ghosh, M.E. Greenberg, L.A. Feig, Calcium activation of Ras mediated by neuronal exchange factor Ras-GRF, Nature 376 (1995) 524-527.
13. R.R. Mattingly, A. Sorisky, M.R. Brann, I.G. Macara, Muscarinic receptors transform NIH 3T3 cells through a Ras-dependent signalling pathway inhibited by the RasGTPase-activating protein SII3 domain, Mol Cell Biol 14 (1994) 7943-7952.
14. J. Settleman, C.F. Albright, L.C. Foster, R.A. Weinberg, Association between GTPase activators for Rho and Ras families, Nature 359 (1992) 153-154.
15. J. Settleman, V. Narasimhan, L.C. Foster, R.A. Weinberg, Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding the GAP-associated protein p 190: implications for a signaling pathway from ras to the nucleus, Cell 69 (1992) 539-549.
16. N. Carpino, D. Wisniewski, A. Strife, D. Marshak, R. Kobayashi, B. Stillman, B. Clarkson, p62(dok): a constitu-tvely tyrosine-phosphorylated, GAP-associated protein in chronic myelogenous leukemia progenitor cells, Cell 88 (1997) 197-204.
17. Y. Yamanashi, D. Baltimore, Identification of the Abl- and rasGAP-associated 62 kDa protein as a docking protein, Dok. Cell 88 (1997) 205-211.
18. B.M.T. Burgering, A.M.M. de Vries-Smits, R.II. Medema, P.C. van Weeren, L.G. Tertoolen, J.L. Bos, Epidermal growth factor induces phosphorylation of extracellular signal- regulated kinase 2 via multiple pathways, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (1993) 7248-7256.
19. B.M.T. Burgering, G.J. Pronk, P. van Weeren, P. Chardin, J.L. Bos, cAMP antagonizes p21 ras-directed activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase 2 and phosphorylation of mSos nucleotide exchange factor, EMBO J. 12 (1993) 4211-4220.
20. O. Sozeri, K. Vollmer, M. Liyanage, D. Frith, G. Kour, G.E. Mark III, S. Stabel, Activation of the c-Raf protein kinase by protein kinase C phosphorylation, Oncogene 7 (1992) 2259-2262.
21. X.-F. Ming, B.M.T. Burgering, S. Wenström, L. Claesson-Welsh, C.H. Heldin, J.L. Bos, S.C. Kozma, G. Thomas, p70S6K/p85S6K lies on a novel p21ras-independent signalling pathway, Nature 371 (1994) 426-429.
22. M. Nori, G. L'Allemain, M.J. Weber, Regulation of tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced responses in NIII3T3 cells by GAP, the GTPase-activating protein associated with p21c-ras, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 (1992) 936-945.
23. D. Schaap, J. van der Wal, L.R. Howe, C.J. Marshall, W.J. van Blitterswijk, A dominant-negative mutant of raf blocks mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by growth factors and oncogenic p21ras, J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 20232-20236.
24. S.J. Cook, F. McCormick, Inhibition by cAMP of Ras-dependent activation of Raf, Science 262 (1993) 1069-1072.
25. J. Wu, P. Dent, T. Jelinek, A. Wolfman, M.J. Weber, T.W. Sturgill, Inhibition of the EGF-activated MAP kinase signaling pathway by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, Science 262 (1993) 1065-1069.
26. P. Rodriguez-Viciana, P.H. Warne, R. Dhand, B. Vanhaesebroeck, I. Gout, M.J. Fry, M.D. Waterfield, J. Downward, Phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras, Nature 370 (1994) 527-532.
27. P. Rodriguez-Viciana, P.II. Warne, B. Vanhaesebroeck, M.D. Waterfield, J. Downward, Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by interaction with Ras and by point mutation, EMBO J. 15 (1996) 2442-2451.
28. P. Rodriguez-Viciana, P.H. Warne, A. Khwaja, B.M. Marte, D.J. Pappin, P. Das, M.D. Waterfield, A. Ridley, J. Downward, Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras, Cell 89 (1997) 457-467.
29. B.M.T. Burgering, P.J. Coffer, Protein kinase B (c-Akt) in phosphatidylinositol-3-OII kinase signal transduction, Nature 376 (1995) 599-602.
30. T.F. Franke, S.I. Yang, T.O. Chan, K. Datta, A. Ka-zlauskas, D.K. Morrison, D.R. Kaplan, P.N. Tsichlis, The protein kinase encoded by the proto-oncogene Akt is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Cell 81 (1995) 727-736.
31. H. Dudek, S.R. Datta, T.F. Franke, M.J. Birnbaum, R. Yao, G.M. Cooper, R.A. Segal, D.R. Kaplan, M.E. Greenberg, Regulation of neuronal survival by the serinethreonine protein kinase Akt, Science 275 (1997) 661-665.
32. A. Kauffmann-Zeh, P. Rodriguez-Viciana, E. Ulrich, C. Gilbert, P. Coffer, J. Downward, G. Evan, Suppression of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by Ras signalling through PI(3)K and PKB, Nature 385 (1997) 544-548.
33. P.T. Hawkins, A. Eguinoa, R.G. Qui, D. Stokoe, F.T. Cooke, R. Walters, S. Wennström, L. Claesson-Welsh, T. Evans, M. Symons, L. Stephens, PDGF stimulates an increase in GTP-Rac via activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Curr. Biol. 5 (1995) 393-403.
34. Q. Hu, A. Klippel, A.J. Muslin, W.J. Fantl, L.T. Williams, Ras-dependent induction of cellular responses by constitutively active phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, Science 268 (1995) 100-102.
35. R.A. Klinghoffer, B. Duckworth, M. Valius, L. Cantley, A. Kauzlauskas, Platelet-derived growth factor-dependent activation of phospatidylinositol 3-kinase is regulated by receptor binding of SH2 domain containing proteins which influence Ras activaty, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (1996) 59055914.
36. C.F. Albright, B.W. Giddings, J. Liu, M. Vito, R.A. Weinberg, Characterization of a guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for a ras-related GTPase, EMBO J. 12 (1993) 339-347.
37. F. Hofer, S. Fields, C. Schneider, G.S. Martin, Activated Ras interacts with the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 1108911093.
38. M. Spaargaren, J.R. Bischoff, Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras, and Rap, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 12609-12613.
39. A. Kikuchi, S.D. Demo, Z.II. Ye, Y.W. Chen, L.T. Williams, ralGDS family members interact with the effector loop of ras p21, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 (1994) 7483-7491.
40. R.M. Wolthuis, B. Bauer, L.J. van't Veer, A.M. de VriesSmits, R.H. Cool, M. Spaargaren, A. Wittinghofer, B.M. Burgering, J.L. Bos, RalGDS-like factor (Rlf) is a novel Ras and Rap 1A-associating protein, Oncogene 13 (1996) 353-362.
41. II. Murai, M. Ikeda, S. Kishida, O. Ishida, M. OkazakiKishida, Y. Matsuura, A. Kikuchi, Characterization of RalGDP dissociation stimulator-like (RGE) activities to regulate c-fos promoter and the GDP/GTP exchange of Ral, J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 10483-10490.
42. T. Urano, R. Emkey, L.A. Feig, Ral-GTPases mediate a distinct downstream signaling pathway from Ras that facilitates cellular transformation, EMBO J. 15 (1996) 810-816.
43. M.A. White, C. Nicolette, A. Minden, A. Polverino, L.Van Aelst, M. Karin, M.H. Wigler, Multiple Ras functions can contribute to mammalian cell transformation, Cell 80 (1995) 533-541.
44. R. Khosravi-Far, M.A. White, J.K. Westwick, P.A. Solski, M. Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, L. Van Aelst, M.H. Wigler, C.J. Der, Oncogenic Ras activation of Raf/mitogenactivated protein kinase-independent pathways is sufficient to cause tumorigenic transformation, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (1996) 3923-3933.
45. M.A. White, T. Vale, J.H. Camonis, E. Schaefer, M.H. Wigler, A role for the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator in mediating Ras-induced transformation, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 16439-16442.
46. M.J. Miller, S. Prigent, E. Kupperman, L. Rioux, S.-H. park, J.R. Feramisco, M.A. White, J.L. Rutkowski, J.L. Meinkoth, RalGDS Functions in Ras and cAMP-mediated growth stimulation, J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 5600-5605.
47. M.E. Katz, F. McCormick, Signal transduction from multiple Ras effectors, Curr. Biol. 7 (1997) 75-79.
48. L.S. Mulcahy, M.R. Smith, D.W. Stacey, Requirements for ras proto-oncogene function during serum-stimulated growth of NIH 3T3 cells, Nature 313 (1985) 241-243.
49. S. Mittnacht, H. Paterson, M.F. Olson, C.J. Marshall, Ras signalling is required for inactivation of the tumour suppressor pRb cell-cycle control protein, Curr. Biol. 3 (1997) 219-221.
50. D.S. Peeper, T.M. Upton, M.II. Ladha, E. Neuman, J. Zalvide, R. Bernards, J.A. DeCaprio, M.E. Ewen, Ras signalling linked to the cell-cycle machinery by the retinoblastoma gene, Nature 386 (1997) 177-181.
51. A.M. Chan, T. Miki, K.A. Meyers, S.A. Aaronson, A human oncogene of the RAS superfamily unmasked by expression cDNA cloning, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 7558-7562.
52. Y. Huang, R. Saez, L. Chao, E. Santos, S.A. Aaronson, A.M. Chan, A novel insertional mutation in the TC21 gene activates its transforming activity in a human leiomyosarcoma cell line, Oncogene 11 (1995) 1255-1260.
53. S.M. Graham, A.D. Cox, G. Drivas, M.G. Rush, P. D'Eustachio, C.J. Der, Aberrant function of the Ras-related protein TC21/R-Ras2 triggers malignant transformation, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 (1994) 4108-4115.
54. S.M. Graham, A.B. Vojtek, S.Y. Huff, A.D. Cox, G.J. Clark, J.A. Cooper, C.J. Der, TC21 causes transformation by Raf-independent signaling pathways, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (1996) 6132-6140.
55. M. Lopez-Barahona, X.R. Bustelo, M. Barbacid, The TC21 oncoprotein interacts with the Ral guanosine nucleotide dissociation factor, Oncogene 12 (1996) 463-470.
56. II. Kitayama, Y. Sugimoto, T. Matsuzaki, Y. Ikawa, M. Noda, A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity, Cell 56 (1989) 77-84.
57. K. Kaibuchi, T. Mizuno, H. Fujioka, T. Yamamoto, K. Kishi, Y. Fukumoto, Y. IIori, Y. Takai, Molecular cloningof the cDNA for stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein for smgp21s (ras-like small GTP-binding proteins) and its characterization of stimulatory exchange protein, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (1991) 2873-2880.
58. L. Buday, J. Downward, Epidermal growth factor regulates p21ras through the formation of a complex of receptor Grb2 adaptor protein, and SOS nucleotide exchange factor, Cell 73 (1993) 611-620.
59. C. Shou, A. Wurmser, K. Ling, M. Barbacid, L.A. Feig, Differential response of the Ras exchange factor, Ras-GRF to tyrosine kinase and G protein-mediated signals, Oncogene 10 (1995) 1887-1893.
60. S.Y. Huff, L.A. Quilliam, A.D. Cox, C.J. Der, R-Ras is regulated by activators and effectors distinct from those that control Ras function, Oncogene 14 (1997) 133-143.
61. T. Gotoh, S. IIattori, S. Nakamura, II. Kitayama, M. Noda, Y. Takai, K. Kaibuchi, II. Matsui, O. IIatase, II. Takahashi, T. Kurata, M. Matsuda, Identification of Rapl as a target for the Crk SH3 domain-binding guanine nucleotide-releasing factor C3G, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (1995) 6746-6753.
62. T. Yamamoto, T. Matsui, M. Nakafuku, A. Iwamatsu, K. Kaibuchi, A novel GTPase-activating protein for R-Ras, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 30557-30561.
63. P.J. Cullen, J.J. IIsuan, O. Truong, A.J. Letcher, T.R. Jackson, A.P. Dawson, R.F. Irvine, Identification of a specific Ins(l,3,4,5)P4-binding protein as a member of the GAP1 family, Nature 376 (1995) 527-530.
64. M.D. Garrett, A.J. Self, C. van Oers, A. Hall, Identification of distinct cytoplasmic targets for ras/R-ras and rho regulatory proteins, J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 10-13.
65. I. Rey, P. Taylor-Harris, H. van Erp, A. Hall, R-ras interacts with rasGAP, neurofibromin and c-raf but does not regulate cell growth or differentiation, Oncogene 9 (1994) 685-692.
66. A.D. Cox, T.R. Brtva, D.G. Lowe, C.J. Der, R-Ras induces malignant, but not morphologic, transformation of NIH3T3 cells, Oncogene 9 (1994) 3281-3288.
67. R. Saez, A.M. Chan, T. Miki, S.A. Aaronson, Oncogenic activation of human R-ras by point mutations analogous to those of prototype II-ras oncogenes, Oncogene 9 (1994) 2977-2982.
68. M. Spaargaren, G.A. Martin, F. McCormick, M.J. Fernandez-Sarabia, J.R. Bischoff, The Ras-related protein R-ras interacts directly with Raf-1 in a GTP- dependent manner, Biochem. J. 300 (1994) 303-307.
69. B.M. Marte, P. Rodriguez-Viciana, S. Wennström, P.H. Warne, J. Downward, R-Ras can activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase but not the MAP kinase arm of the Ras effector pathways, Curr. Biol. 7 (1997) 63-70.
70. M.J. Fernandez-Sarabia, J.R. Bischoff, Bel-2 associates with the ras-related protein R-ras p23, Nature 366 (1993) 274-275.
71. II.G. Wang, J.A. Millan, A.D. Cox, C.J. Der, U.R. Rapp,T. Beck, II. Zha, J.C. Reed, R-Ras promotes apoptosis caused by growth factor deprivation via a Bel- 2 suppressible mechanism, J. Cell. Biol. 129 (1995) 1103-1114.
72. Z. Zhang, K. Vuori, H. Wang, J.C. Reed, E. Ruoslahti, Integrin activation by R-ras, Cell 85 (1996) 61-69.
73. M. Noda, Structure and function of Krev-1 transformation suppressor gene and its relatives, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1155 (1993) 97-109.
74. B. Rubinfeld, S. Munemitsu, R. Clark, L. Conroy, K. Watt, W.J. Crosier, F. McCormick, P. Polakis, Molecular cloning of a GTPase activating protein specific for the Krev- 1 protein p21rapl, Cell 65 (1991) 1033-1042.
75. R. Wienecke, A. Konig, J.E. DeClue, Identification of tuberin, the tuberous selerosis-2 product. Tuberin possesses specific RaplGAP activity, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 16409-16414.
76. M. Hattori, N. Tsukamoto, M.S. Nur-e-Kamal, B. Rubinfeld, K. Iwai, H. Kubota, H. Maruta, N. Minato, Molecular cloning of a novel mitogen-inducible nuclear protein with a Ran GTPase-activating domain that affects cell cycle progression, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (1995) 552-560.
77. C. IIerrmann, G. IIorn, M. Spaargaren, A. Wittinghofer, Differential interaction of the ras family GTP-binding proteins H-Ras, RaplA, and R-Ras with the putative effector molecules Raf kinase and Ral-guanine nucleotide exchange factor, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 6794-6800.
78. N. Nassar, G. Horn, C. Herrmann, A. Scherer, F. McCormick, A. Wittinghofer, The 2.2 A crystal structure of the Ras-binding domain of the serine/threonine kinase c-Raf1 in complex with RaplA and a GTP analogue, Nature 375 (1996) 554-560.
79. S.J. Cook, B. Rubinfeld, I. Albert, F. McCormick, RapV12 antagonizes Ras-dependent activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by LPA and EGF in Rat-1 fibroblasts, EMBO J. 12 (1993) 3475-3485.
80. T. Ohtsuka, K. Shimizu, B. Yamamuri, S. Kuroda, Y. Takai, Activation of B-raf protein kinase by Rap 1B small GTP-binding protein, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 12581261.
81. M.E. Labadia, G.M. Bokoch, C.K. Huang, The RaplA protein enhances protein kinase C activity in vitro, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195 (1993) 1321-1328.
82. Y. Hata, K. Kaibuchi, S. Kawamura, M. Hiroyoshi, H. Shirataki, Y. Takai, Enhancement of the actions of smg p21 GDP/GTP exchange protein by a protein kinase Acatalyzed phosphorylation of smg p21, J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 6571-6577.
83. W. Siess, D.A. Winegar, E.G. Lapetina, RaplB is phosphorylated by protein kinase A in intact human platelets, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 170 (1990) 944-950.
84. D.L. Altschuler, S.N. Peterson, M.C. Ostrowski, E.G. Lapetina, Cyclic AMP-dependent activation of Raplb, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 10373-10376.
85. M.R. Vossler, H. Yao, R.D. York, M.-G. Pan, S.M. Rim,P.J.S. Stork, cAMP activates MAP kinase and Elk 1 through a B-raf- and Rapl dependent pathway, Cell 89 (1997) 74-82.
86. R.R. Vaillantcourt, A.M. Gardner, G.L. Johnson, B-raf-dependent regulation of the MEKl/Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in PC 12 cells and regulation by cyclic AMP, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 (1994) 6522-6530.
87. F. Beranger, B. Goud, A. Tavitian, J. de Gunzburg, Association of the Ras-antagonistic Rapl/Krev-1 proteins with the Golgi complex, Proc. Nat1. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 1606-1610.
88. V. Pizon, M. Desjardins, C. Bucci, R.G. Parton, M. Zerial, Association of Rap1a and Raplb proteins with late endocytic/phagocytic compartments and Rap2a with the Golgi complex, J. Cell. Sci. 107 (1994) 1661-1670.
89. I. Maridonneau-Parini, J. de Gunzburg, Association of rap1 and rap2 proteins with the specific granules of human neutrophils. Translocation to the plasma membrane during cell activation, J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 6396-6402.
90. F. Mollinedo, S.D. Perez, C. Gajate, B. Jimenez, P. Rodriguez, J.C. Lacal, Localization of rapl and rap2 proteins in the gelatinase-containing granules of human neutrophils, FEBS Lett. 326 (1993) 209-214.
91. M.T. Quinn, M.E. Mullen, A.J. Jesaitis, J.G. Linner, Subcellular distribution of the RaplA protein in human neutrophils: colocalization and cotranslocation with cytochrome b559, Blood 79 (1992) 1563-1573.
92. M.T. Quinn, C.A. Parkos, L. Walker, S.H. Orkin, M.C. Dinauer, A.J. Jesaitis, Association of a Ras-related protein with cytochrome b of human neutrophils, Nature 342 (1989) 198-200.
93. T.G. Gabig, C.D. Crean, P.L. Mantel, R. Rosli, Function of wild-type or mutant Rac2 and Rapla GTPases in differentiated HL60 cell NADPH oxidase activation, Blood 85 (1995)804-811.
94. F.E. Maly, L.A. Quilliam, O. Dorseuil, C.J. Der, G.M. Bokoch, Activated or dominant inhibitory mutants of RaplA decrease the oxidative burst of Epstein-Barr virustransformed human B lymphocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 18743-18746.
95. G. Berger, R. Quarck, D. Tenza, S. Levy-Toledano, J. de Gunzburg, E.M. Cramer, Ultrastructural localization of the small GTP-binding protein Rapl in human platelets and megakaryocytes, Br. J. IIaematol. 88 (1994) 372-382.
96. E.G. Lapetina, J.C. Lacal, B.R. Reep, L. Molina y Vedia, A ras-related protein is phosphorylated and translocated by agonists that increase cAMP levels in human platelets, Proc. Nat1. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 3131-3134.
97. B. Rubinfeld, W.J. Crosier, I. Albert, L. Conroy, R. Clark, F. McCormick, P. Polakis, Localization of the rapl GAP catalytic domain and sites of phosphorylation by mutational analysis, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 (1992) 4634-4642.
98. T.H. Fischer, M.N. Gatling, F. McCormick, C.M. Duffy, G.C.I. White, Incorporation of Rap 1b into the plateletcytoskeleton is dependent on thrombin activation and extracellular calcium, J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 1725717561.
99. B. Jimenez, V. Pizon, I. Lerosey, F. Beranger, A. Tavitian, J. de Gunzburg, Effects of the ras-related rap2 protein on cellular proliferation, Int. J. Cancer 49 (1991) 471-479.
100. M. Torti, G. Ramaschi, F. Sinigaglia, E.G. Lapetina, C. Balduini, Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa and the translocation of Rap2B to the platelet cytoskeleton, Proc. Nat1. Acad. Sci. 91 (1994) 4239-4243.
101. P. Chardin, A. Tavitian, The Ral gene: a new Ras-related gene isolated by the use of a synthetic probe, EMBO J. 5 (1986) 2203-2208.
102. L.A. Feig, T. Urano, S. Cantor, Evidence for a Ras/Ral signaling cascade, Trends Biochem. Sci. 21 (1996) 438441.
103. M. Okazaki, S. Kishida, T. Hinoi, T. Hasegawa, M. Tamada, T. Kataoka, A. Kikuchi, Synergistic activation of c-fos promoter activity by Raf and Ral GDP dissociation stimulator, Oncogene 14 (1997) 515-521.
104. S.B. Cantor, T. Urano, L.A. Feig, Identification and characterization of Ral-binding protein 1, a potential downstream target of Ral GTPases, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (1995) 4578-4584.
105. V. Jullien-Flores, O. Dorseuil, F. Romero, F. Letourneur,S. Saragosti, R. Berger, A. Tavitian, G. Gacon, J.H. Camonis, Bridging Ral GTPase to Rho pathways. RLIP76, a Ral effector with CDC42/Rac GTPase-activating protein activity, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 22473-22477.
106. S.H. Park, R.A. Weinberg, A putative effector of Ral has homology to Rho/Rac GTPase activating proteins, Oncogene 11 (1995)2349-2355.
107. H. Jiang, J.Q. Luo, T. Urano, P. Frankel, Z. Lu, D.A. Foster, L.A. Feig, Involvement of Ral GTPase in v-Src-induced phospholipase D activation, Nature 378 (1995) 409412.
108. K. Yamagata, L.K. Sanders, W.E. Kaufmann, W. Yee, C.A. Barnes, D. Nathans, P.F. Worley, rheb, a growth factor- and synaptic activity-regulated gene, encodes a novel Ras-related protein, J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 16333-16339.
109. P.S. Gromov, P. Madsen, N. Tomerup, J.E. Celis, A novel approach for expression cloning of small GTPases: identification, tissue distribution and chromosome mapping of the human homolog of rheb, FEBS Lett. 377 (1995) 221-226.
110. W.M. Yee, P.F. Worley, Rheb interacts with Raf-1 kinase and may function to integrate growth factor- and protein kinase A-dependent signals, Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (1997) 921-933.