TC21 causes transformation by Raf-independent signaling pathways

Molecular and Cellular Biology

Volumn 16, Issue 11, 1996, Pages 6132-6140

  Graham, Suzanne M ^a   Vojtek, Anne B ^b   Huff, Shayne Y ^c   Cox, Adrienne D ^a,c   Clark, Geoffrey J ^c   Cooper, Jonathan A ^b   Der, Channing J ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; RAF PROTEIN; RAS PROTEIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; ENZYME ACTIVITY; IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0029843339     PISSN: 02707306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MCB.16.11.6132     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Basu, T. N., D. H. Gutmann, J. A. Fletcher, T. W. Glover, F. S. Collins, and J. Downward. 1992. Aberrant regulation of ras proteins in malignant tumour cells from type 1 neurofibromatosis patients. Nature (London) 356:713-715.
2. Beranger, F., B. Goud, A. Tavitian, and J. de Gunzburg. 1991. Association of the Ras-antagonistic Rap1/Krev-1 proteins with the Golgi complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1606-1610.
3. Boguski, M. S., and F. McCormick. 1993. Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature (London) 366:643-654.
4. Bollag, G., and F. McCormick. 1992. GTPase activating proteins. Cancer Biol. 3:199-208.
5. Bollag, G., and F. McCormick. 1995. Intrinsic and GTPase-activating protein-stimulated Ras GTPase assays. Methods Enzymol. 255:161-170.
6. Bourne, H. R., D. A. Sanders, and F. McCormick. 1990. The GTPase superfamily: conserved structure and molecular mechanism. Nature (London) 349:117-126.
7. Brtva, T. R., J. K. Drugan, S. Ghosh, R. S. Terrell, S. Campbell-Burk, R. M. Bell, and C. J. Der. 1995. Two distinct Raf domains mediate interaction with Ras. J. Biol. Chem. 270:9809-9812.
8. Carboni, J. M., N. Yan, A. D. Cox, X. Bustelo, S. M. Graham, M. J. Lynch, R. Weinmann, B. R. Seizinger, C. J. Der, M. Barbacid, and V. Manne. 1995. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors are inhibitors of Ras, but not R-Ras/TC21, transformation. Oncogene 10:1905-1913.
9. Cepko, C. L., B. Roberts, and R. C. Mulligan. 1984. Construction and applications of a highly transmissible murine retrovirus shuttle vector. Cell 37:1053-1062.
10. Chan, A. M. L., T. Miki, K. A. Meyers, and S. A. Aaronson. 1994. A human oncogene of the ras superfamily unmasked by expression cDNA cloning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7558-7562.
11. Chang, E. C., M. Barr, Y. Wang, V. Jung, H.-P. Xu, and M. H. Wigler. 1994. Cooperative interaction of S. pombe proteins required for mating and morphogenesis. Cell 79:131-141.
12. Chen, S.-Y., S. Y. Huff, C.-C. Lai, C. J. Der, and S. Powers. 1994. Dominant-negative Ras-15A protein, but not Ras-17N, binds irreversibly to CDC25 GDP-GTP exchange protein. Oncogene 9:2691-2698.
13. Clark, G. J., A. D. Cox, S. M. Graham, and C. J. Der. 1995. Biological assays for Ras transformation. Methods Enzymol. 255:395-412.
14. Clark, G. J., M. S. Kinch, T. M. Gilmer, K. Burridge, and C. J. Der. 1996. Overexpression of the Ras-related TC21/R-Ras2 protein may contribute to the development of human breast cancers. Oncogene 12:169-176.
15. Cook, S. J., B. Rubinfeld, I. Albert, and F. McCormick. 1993. RapV12 antagonizes Ras-dependent activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by LPA and EGF in Rat-1 fibroblasts. EMBO J. 12:3475-3485.
16. Cowley, S., H. Paterson, P. Kemp, and C. J. Marshall. 1994. Activation of MAP kinase kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Cell 77:841-852.
17. Cox, A. D., T. R. Brtva, D. G. Lowe, and C. J. Der. 1994. R-Ras induces malignant, but not morphologic, transformation of NIH3T3 cells. Oncogene 9:3281-3288.
18. Davis, R. J. 1993. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 268:14553-14556.
19. ras contributes to malignant tumor growth in von Recklinghausen (type 1) neurofibromatosis. Cell 69:265-273.
20. Drugan, J. K., R. Khosravi-Far, M. A. White, C. J. Der, Y.-J. Sung, Y.-W. Huang, and S. L. Campbell. 1996. Ras interaction with two distinct binding domains in Raf-1 may be required for Ras transformation. J. Biol. Chem. 271:233-237.
21. Egan, S. E., and R. A. Weinberg. 1993. The pathway to signal achievement. Nature (London) 365:781-783.
22. Feig, L. A. 1993. The many roads that lead to Ras. Science 260:767-768.
23. Feig, L. A., and G. M. Cooper. 1988. Inhibition of NIH 3T3 cell proliferation by a mutant ras protein with preferential affinity for GDP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3235-3243.
24. Fields, S., and O. Song. 1989. A novel genetic system to detect protein-protein interactions. Nature (London) 340:245-246.
25. Frech, M., J. John, V. Pizon, P. Chardi, A. Tavitian, R. Clark, F. McCormick, and A. Willinghofer. 1990. Inhibition of GTPase activating protein stimulation of Ras-p21 GTPase by the Krev-1 gene product. Science 249:169-171.
26. Furth, M. E., T. H. Aldrich, and C. Cordon-Cardo. 1987. Expression of ras proto-oncogene proteins in normal human tissues. Oncogene 1:47-58.
27. Graham, S. M., A. D. Cox, G. Drivas, M. R. Rush, P. D'Eustachio, and C. J. Der. R-RasB/TC21. In M. Zerial and J. Tooze (ed.), Guidebook to the small GTPases, in press. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
28. Graham, S. M., A. D. Cox, G. Drivas, M. R. Rush, P. D'Eustachio, and C. J. Der. 1994. Aberrant function of the Ras-related TC21/R-Ras2 protein triggers malignant transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4108-4115.
29. Han, L., and J. Colicelli. 1995. A human protein selected for interference with Ras function interacts directly with Ras and competes with Raf1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1318-1323.
30. Harihatan, I. K., R. W. Carthew, and G. M. Rubin. 1991. The Drosophila roughened mutation: activation of a rap homolog disrupts eye development and interferes with cell determination. Cell 67:717-722.
31. Hata, Y., A. Kikuchi, T. Sasaki, M. D. Schaber, J. B. Gibbs, and V. Takai. 1990. Inhibition of the ras p21 GTPase-activating protein-stimulated GTPase activity of c-Hn-ras p21 by smg p21 having the same putative effector domain as ras p21s. J. Biol. Chem. 265:7104-7107.
32. Hauser, C. A., J. K. Westwick, and L. A. Quilliam. 1995. Ras-mediated transcription activation: analysis by transient cotransfection assays. Methods Enzymol. 255:412-426.
33. Hofer, F., S. Fields, C. Schneider, and G. S. Martin. 1994. Activated Ras interacts with the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11089-11093.
34. Huff, S. Y., L. A. Quilliam, A. D. Cox, and C. J. Der. R-Ras is regulated by activators and effectors which are distinct from those that control Ras function. Oncogene, in press.
35. Joneson, T., M. A. White, M. H. Wigler, and D. Bar-Sagi. 1996. Stimulation of membrane ruffling and MAP kinase activation by distinct effectors of RAS. Science 271:810-812.
36. Jung, V., W. Wei, R. Ballester, J. Camonis, S. Mi, L. Van Aelst, M. Wigler, and D. Broek. 1994. Two types of Ras mutants that dominantly interfere with activators of Ras. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:37117-3718.
37. Khosravi-Far, R., and C. J. Der. 1994. The Ras signal transduction pathway. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 13:67-89.
38. Khosravi-Far, R., P. A. Solski, G. J. Clark, M. S. Kinch, and C. J. Der. 1995. Activation of Rac, RhoA, and mitogen-activated protein kinases is required for Ras transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6443-6453.
39. Khosravi-Far, R., M. A. White, J. K. Westwick, P. A. Solski, M. Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, L. Van Aelst, M. H. Wigler, and C. J. Der. 1996. Oncogenic Ras activation of Raf/MAP kinase-independent pathways is sufficient to cause tumorigenic transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3923-3933.
40. Kikuchi, A., S. D. Demo, Z.-H. Ye, Y.-W. Chen, and L. T. Williams. 1994. ralGDS family members interact with the effector loop of ras p21. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7483-7491.
41. Kitayama, H., T. Matsuzaki, Y. Ikawa, and M. Noda. 1990. Genetic analysis of the Kirsten-ras-revertant 1 gene: potentiation of its tumor suppressor activity by specific point mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4284-4288.
42. Kitayama, H., Y. Sugimoto, T. Matsuzaki, Y. Ikawa, and M. Noda. 1989. A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity. Cell 56:77-84.
43. Kolch, W., G. Heidecker, P. Lloyd, and U. R. Rapp. 1991. Raf-1 protein kinase is required for growth of induced NIH/3T3 cells. Nature (London) 349:426-428.
44. Krengel, U., L. Schlichting, A. Scherer, R. Schumann, M. Frech, J. John, W. Kabsch, E. F. Pai, and A. Wittinghofer. 1990. Three-dimensional structures of H-ras p21 mutants: molecular basis for their inability to function as signal switch molecules. Cell 62:539-548.
45. Leevers, S. J., and C. J. Marshall. 1992. MAP kinase regulation - the oncogene connection. Trends Cell Biol. 2:283-286.
46. Mansour, S. J., W. T. Matten, A. S. Hermann, J. M. Candia, S. Rong, K. Fukasawa, G. F. Vande Woude, and N. G. Ahn. 1994. Transformation of mammalian cells by constitutively active MAP kinase kinase. Science 265: 966-970.
47. Marais, R., J. Wynne, and R. Treisman. 1993. The SRF accessory protein Elk-1 contains a growth factor-regulated transcriptional activation domain. Cell 73:381-393.
48. ras. Trends Biochem. Sci. 18:250-254.
49. Milburn, M. V., L. Tong, A. M. DeVos, A. Brunger, Z. Yamaizumi, S. Nishimura, and S.-H. Kim. 1990. Molecular switch for signal transduction: structural differences between active and inactive forms of protooncogenic ras proteins. Science 247:939-945.
50. Moodie, S. A., and A. Wolfman. 1994. The 3Rs of life: Ras, Raf and growth regulation. Trends Genet. 10:14-18.
51. Mosteller, R. D., J. Han, and D. Broek. 1994. Identification of residues of the H-Ras protein critical for functional interaction with guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1104-1112.
52. Oldham, S. M., G. J. Clark, L. M. Gangarosa, R. J. Coffey, Jr., and C. J. Der. 1996. Activation of the Raf-1/MAP kinase cascade is not sufficient for Ras transformation of RIE-1 epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6924-6928.
53. ras with GAP, exchange factors, and its biological effector target. J. Biol. Chem. 268:9157-9160.
54. Prendergast, G. C., and J. B. Gibbs. 1993. Pathways of Ras function: connections to the actin cytoskeleton. Adv. Cancer Res. 62:19-63.
55. Prendergast, G. C., R. Khosravi-Far, P. A. Solski, H. Kurzawa, P. F. Lebowitz, and C. J. Der. 1995. Critical role of RhoB in cell transformation by onongenic Ras. Oncogene 10:2289-2296.
56. Qiu, R.-G., J. Chen, F. McCormick, and M. Symons. 1995. A role for Rho in Ras transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11781-11785.
57. Qiu, R.-G., F. McCormick, and M. Symons. 1995. An essential role for Rac in Ras transformation. Nature (London) 374:457-459.
58. Quilliam, L. A., M. M. Hisaka, S. Zhong, A. Lowry, R. D. Mosteller, J. Han, J. K. Drugan, D. Broek, S. Campbell, and C. J. Der. 1996. Involvement of the switch 2 domain of Ras in its interaction with guanine nucleotide exchange factors. J. Biol. Chem. 271:11076-11082.
59. Quilliam, L. A., S. Y. Huff, K. M. Rabun, W. Wei, D. Broek, and C. J. Der. 1994. Membrane-targetting potentiates CDC25 and SOS activation of Ras transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8512-8516.
60. Quilliam, L. A., K. Kato, K. M. Rabun, M. M. Hisaka, S. V. Huff, S. Campbell-Burk, and C. J. Der. 1994. Identification of residues critical for Ras(17N) growth inhibitory phenotype and for Ras interaction with guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1113-1121.
61. Quilliam, L. A., R. Khosravi-Far, S. Y. Huff, and C. J. Der. 1995. Activators of Ras superfamily proteins. Bioessays 17:395-404.
62. Reuter, C. W. M., A. D. Catling, and M. J. Weber. 1995. Immune complex kinase assays for mitogen-activated protein kinase and MEK. Methods Enzymol. 255:245-256.
63. Rodriguez-Viciana, P., P. H. Warne, R. Dhand, B. Vanhaesebroeck, I. Gout, M. J. Fry, M. D. Waterfield, and J. Downward. 1994. Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras. Nature (London) 370:527-532.
64. Russell, M., C. A. Lange-Carter, and G. L. Johnson. 1995. Direct interaction between Ras and the kinase domain of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MEKK1). J. Biol. Chem. 270:11757-11760.
65. Sato, K. Y., P. G. Polakis, H. Haubruck, C. L. Fasching, F. McCormick, and E. J. Stanbridge. 1994. Analysis of the tumor suppressor activity of the K-rev-1 gene in human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 54:552-559.
66. Schlessinger, J. 1993. How receptor tyrosine kinases activate Ras. Trends Biochem. Sci. 18:273-275.
67. Schweighoffer, F., H. Cai, M. C. Chevallier-Multon, I. Fath, G. Cooper, and B. Tocque. 1993. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SDC25 C-domain gene product overcomes the dominant inhibitory activity of Ha-Ras Asn-17. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:39-43.
68. Smith, D. B., and K. S. Johnson. 1988. Single-step purification of polypeptides expressed in Escherichia coli as fusions with glutathione S-transferase. Gene 67:31-40.
69. Spaargaren, M., and J. R. Bischoff. 1994. Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras and Rap. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12609-12613.
70. Umanoff, H., W. Edelmann, A. Pellicer, and R. Kucherlapati. 1995. The murine N-ras gene is not essential for growth and development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1709-1713.
71. Van Aelst, L., M. Barr, S. Marcus, A. Polverino, and M. Wigler. 1993. Complex formation between RAS and RAF and other protein kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6213-6217.
72. Van Aelst, L., M. A. White, and M. H. Wigler. 1994. Ras partners. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 59:181-186.
73. Vojtek, A. B., S. M. Hollenberg, and J. A. Cooper. 1993. Mammalian Ras interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase Raf. Cell 74:205-214.
74. White, M. A., C. Nicolette, A. Minden, A. Polverino, L. Van Aelst, M. Karin, and M. H. Wigler. 1995. Multiple Ras functions can contribute to mammalian cell transformation. Cell 80:533-541.
75. Wu, J., J. K. Harrison, P. Dent, K. R. Lynch, M. J. Weber, and T. W. Sturgill. 1993. Identification and characterization of a new mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MKK2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:4539-4548.
76. ras proteins bind to the amino-terminal regulatory domain of c-Raf-1. Nature (London) 364:308-313.