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For examples of biologically active 1,2,3-triazoles, see the following: (a) Alvarez, R.; Velazquez, S.; San, F.; Aquaro, S.; De, C.; Perno, C. F.; Karlsson, A.; Balzarini, J.; Camarasa, M. J. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 4185-4194. (b) Velazquez, S.; Alvarez, R.; Perez, C.; Gago, F.; De, C.; Balzarini, J.; Camarasa, M. J. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 1998, 9, 481-489. (c) Genin, M. J.; Allwine, D. A.; Anderson, D. J.; Barbachyn, M. R.; Emmert, D. E.; Garmon, S. A.; Graber, D. R.; Grega, K. C.; Hester, J. B.; Hutchinson, D. K.; Morris, J.; Reischer, R. J.; Ford, C. W.; Zurenko, G. E.; Hamel, J. C.; Schaadt, R. D.; Stapert, D.; Yagi, B. H. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 953-970. (d) Brockunier, L. L.; Parmee, E. R.; Ok, H. O.; Candelore, M. R.; Cascieri, M. A.; Colwell, L. F.; Deng, L.; Feeney, W. P.; Forrest, M. J.; Hom, G. J.; MacIntyre, D. E.; Tota, L.; Wyvratt, M. J.; Fischer, M. H.; Weber, A. E. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000, 10, 2111-2114.
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Colwell, L.F.6
Deng, L.7
Feeney, W.P.8
Forrest, M.J.9
Hom, G.J.10
MacIntyre, D.E.11
Tota, L.12
Wyvratt, M.J.13
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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Carlier, P.R.5
Taylor, P.6
Finn, M.G.7
Sharpless, K.B.8
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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Wong, C.-H.6
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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For recent applications of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide acetylene cycloadditions, see: (a) Lewis, W. G.; Green, L. G.; Grynszpan, F.; Radić, Z.; Carlier, P. R.; Taylor, P.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1053-1057. (b) Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. (c) Lee, L. V.; Mitchell, M. L.; Huang, S.-J.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Wong, C.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9588-9589. (c) Link, A. J.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11164-11165. (d) Speers, A. E.; Adam, G. C.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4686-4687. (e) Speers, A. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 535-546. (f) Seo, T. S.; Li, Z.; Ruparel, H.; Ju, J. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 609-612. (g) Löber, S.; Rodriguez-Loaiza, P.; Gmeiner, P. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1753-1755. (g) Tornøe, C. W.; Sanderson, S. J.; Mottram, J. C.; Coombs, G. H.; Meldal, M. J. Comb. Chem. 2004, 6, 312-324.
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For recent reviews, see the following: (a) Kappe, C. O. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 879-888. (b) Kappe, C. O. QSAR Comb. Sci. 2003, 22, 630-645. (c) Kappe, C. O.; Stadler, A. Org. React. 2004, 63, 1-117.
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note
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3/g, Aldrich 33,809-5) for the bromination step. Although the selectivities were similar to the freshly prepared resin, we find that the residence times needed to achieve high conversions were significantly longer. The brominating resin prepared according to our protocol (see Experimental Section for details) remained active for several weeks without losing any activity.
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-
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55
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9344264432
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note
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Both sodium azide of >99.99% purity (Aldrich Product 43,845-6) and >99% purity (Aldrich Product 19,993-1), obtained fresh from the supplier, provided good results. Older bottles and/or of lower purity gave unsatisfactory results.
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56
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0344413526
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For a recent example of microwave-assisted bromide-azide displacement, see the following: Singh, P. N. D.; Muthukrishnan, S.; Murthy, R. S.; Klima, R. F.; Mandel, S. M.; Hawk, M.; Yarbrough, N.; Gudmundsdottir, A. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 9169-9171.
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Singh, P.N.D.1
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Klima, R.F.4
Mandel, S.M.5
Hawk, M.6
Yarbrough, N.7
Gudmundsdottir, A.D.8
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58
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0346847647
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Bunin, B. B., Morales, G., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, Chapter 11
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(b) Kappe, C. O.; Stadler, A. In Combinatorial Chemistry, Part B; Bunin, B. B., Morales, G., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2003; Chapter 11, pp 197-223.
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Stadler, A.2
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59
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3743111729
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Sodium azide is known to form a complex with Cu ions and dimethylformamide (DMF). For details, see: (a) Baruah, S. D.; Dass, N. N. Makromol. Chem. 1981, 182, 3591-3601. (b) Maggio, F.; Cavasino, F. P. Ann. Chim. 1961, 51, 1392-1398.
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0346305778
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Sodium azide is known to form a complex with Cu ions and dimethylformamide (DMF). For details, see: (a) Baruah, S. D.; Dass, N. N. Makromol. Chem. 1981, 182, 3591-3601. (b) Maggio, F.; Cavasino, F. P. Ann. Chim. 1961, 51, 1392-1398.
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Maggio, F.1
Cavasino, F.P.2
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