Prescribing Antioxidants

Integrative Medicine, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1083-1094

  Anderson, Robert A ^a,b  

^a BASTYR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b American Board of Holistic Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85159015802     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-2954-0.50107-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (204)

1. TL Dormandy (1983) An approach to free radicals. Lancet 2 1010-1014.
2. G Cairo, L Tacchini, S Recalcati, et al. (1998) Effect of reactive oxygen species on iron regulatory protein activity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 851 179-186.
3. BM Babior (1978) Oxygen-dependent microbial killing by phagocytes. N Engl J Med 298 659-668.
4. RV Panganamala, HM Sharma, H Sprecher, et al. (1974) A suggested role for hydrogen peroxide in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins 8 3-11.
5. B Lassegue and KK Griendling (2004) Reactive oxygen species in hypertension: An update. Am J Hypertens 17 852-860.
6. AL Tappel (1973) Lipid peroxidation damage to cell components. Fed Proc 32 1870-1874.
7. HB Demopoulos, DD Peitronigro and ML Seligman (1983) The development of secondary pathology with free radical reactions as a threshold mechanism. J Am Coll Toxicol 2 173-184.
8. M Tsuchiya, M Asada, E Kasahara, et al. (2002) Smoking a single cigarette rapidly reduces combined concentrations of nitrate and nitrite and concentrations of antioxidants in plasma. Circulation 105 1155-1157.
9. YM Jeanes, WL Hall, RR Proteggente, et al. (2004) Cigarette smokers have decreased lymphocyte and platelet alpha-tocopherol levels and increased excretion of the gamma-tocopherol metabolite gamma-carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC). Free Radic Res 38 861-868.
10. HJ Schunemann, BJ Grant, JL Freudenheim, et al. (2001) The relation of serum levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, retinol and carotenoids with pulmonary function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 1246-1255.
11. I Emerit and B Chance (Eds) (1992) Free Radicals and Aging Boston: Birkhauser Verlag
12. BN Ames, MK Shigenaga and TM Hagen (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90 7915-7922.
13. BE Leibovitz and BV Siegel (1980) Aspects of free radical reactions in biological systems: Aging. J Gerontol 35 45-56.
14. IB Wilkinson, IL Megson, H MacCallum, et al. (1999) Oral vitamin C reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggregation in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 34 690-693.
15. JD Morrow (2005) Quantification of isoprostanes as indices of oxidant stress and the risk of atherosclerosis in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 279-286.
16. K Kugiyama, T Motoyama, O Hirashima, et al. (1998) Vitamin C attenuates abnormal vasomotor reactivity in spasm coronary arteries in patients with coronary spastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 32 103-110.
17. PJ Crack and JM Taylor (2005) Reactive oxygen species and the modulation of stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 38 1433-1444.
18. LM Freeman, et al. (2005) Antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in dogs with congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med 19 537-541.
19. CC Yeh, MF Hou, SM Tsai, et al. (2005) Superoxide anion radical, lipid peroxides and antioxidant status in the blood of patients with breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 361 104-111.
20. HC Greenspan (1993) The role of reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and phytopharmaceuticals in human immunodeficiency virus activity. Med Hypotheses 40 85-92.
21. WE Stehbens (2003) Oxidative stress, toxic hepatitis, and antioxidants with particular emphasis on zinc. Exp Mol Pathol 75 265-276.
22. B Hansel, et al. (2004) Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated oxidative stress and dysfunctional dense high-density lipoprotein particles displaying impaired antioxidative activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 4963-4971.
23. P Mohanty, et al. (2000) Glucose challenge stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by leucocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 2970-2973.
24. J Vanderlelie, K Venardos, VL Clifton, et al. (2005) Increased biological oxidation and reduced anti-oxidant enzyme activity in pre-eclamptic placentae. Placenta 26 53-58.
25. GM Matthews and RN Butler (2005) Cellular mucosal defense during. Helicobacter pylori infection: A review of the role of glutathione and the oxidative pentose pathway 10 298-306.
26. RP Bowler and JD Crapo (2002) Oxidative stress in allergic respiratory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110 349-356.
27. MF Liao, et al. (2004) Evaluation of the serum antioxidant status in asthmatic children. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 45 213-217.
28. PH Remans, O. van Oosterhout, TJ Smeets, et al. (2005) Intracellular free radical production in synovial T lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 52 2003-2009.
29. P Kovacic and JD Jacintho (2003) Systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases from endogenous and exogenous agents: Unifying theme of oxidative stress. Mini Rev Med Chem 3 568-575.
30. GW Dryden, I Deaciuc, G Arteel, et al. (2005) Clinical implications of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 7 308-316.
31. AL Herrick, F Rieley, D Schofield, et al. (1994) Micronutrient antioxidant status in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 21 1477-1483.
32. PS Martins, EG Kallas, MC Neto, et al. (2003) Upregulation of reactive oxygen species generation and phagocytosis, and increased apoptosis in human neutrophils during severe sepsis and septic shock. Shock 20 208-212.
33. T Shimomura, H Kowa, T Nakano, et al. (1994) Platelet superoxide dismutase in migraine and tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 14 215-218.
34. G Ionescu, M Merk, R Bradford, et al. (1999) Simple chemiluminescence assays for free radicals in venous blood and serum samples: Results in atopic, psoriasis, MCS and cancer patients. Forsch Komplementarmed 6 294-300.
35. D Maggio, M Barabani, M Pierandrei, et al. (2003) Marked decrease in plasma antioxidants in aged osteoporotic women: Results of a cross-sectional study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 1523-1527.
36. RJ Truscott (2005) Age-related nuclear cataract-oxidation is the key. Exp Eye Res 80 709-725.
37. S Beatty, H Koh, M Phil, et al. (2000) The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 45 115-134.
38. MJ Williams, WH Sutherland, MP McCormick, et al. (1999) Impaired endothelial function following a meal rich in used cooking fat. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 1050-1055.
39. S Parthasarthy, JC Khoo, E Miller, et al. (1990) Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: Implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 3894-3898.
40. MM Kanter, LA Nolte and JA Holloszy (1993) Effects of an antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and postexercise. J Appl Physiol 74 965-969.
41. TA Lakka, K Nyyssonen and JT Salonen (1994) Higher levels of conditioning leisure time physical activity are associated with reduced levels of stored iron in Finnish men. Am J Epidemiol 140 148-160.
42. CK Roberts, ND Vaziri and RJ Barnard (2002) Effect of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. Circulation 106 2530-2532.
43. A Van Gossum, J De Cuyper, H Ooms, et al. (1992) Assessment of lipid peroxidation in humans by breath pentane output measurement. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 55 245-248.
44. MS Seelig (1994) Consequences of magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions: Preventive and therapeutic implications (a review). J Am Coll Nutr 13 429-446.
45. DB Agus, SS Gambhir, WM Pardridge, et al. (1997) Vitamin C crosses the blood-brain barrier in the oxidized form through the glucose transporters. J Clin Invest 100 2842-2848.
46. JJ Burns, EH Mosbach, S Schulenberg, et al. (1954) Ascorbic acid synthesis in normal and drug-treated rats studies with l-ascorbic-1-C acid. J Biol Chem 207 679-687.
47. DL Tribble, LJ Giuliano, SP Fortmann, et al. (1993) Reduced plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in nonsmokers regularly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Am J Clin Nutr 58 886-890.
48. MM Kanter (1994) Free radicals, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr 4 205-220.
49. JE Enstrom (1992) Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology 3 194-202.
50. CM Loria, et al. (2000) Vitamin C status and mortality in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 72 139-145.
51. KT Khaw, et al. (2001) Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: A prospective population study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Lancet 357 657-663.
52. KF Gey, HB Stahelin, M Eichholzer, et al. (1993) Poor plasma status of carotene and vitamin C is associated with higher mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke: Basel Prospective Study. Clin Invest 71 3-6.
53. CR Gale, CN Martyn, PD Winter, et al. (1995) Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people. BMJ 310 1563-1566.
54. H Rabl, G Khoschsorur and W Petek (1995) Antioxidative vitamin treatment: Effect on lipid peroxidation and limb swelling after revascularization operations. World J Surg 19 738-744.
55. TL Bazzarre, SM Kleiner and BE Ainsworth (1992) Vitamin C intake and lipid profiles of competitive male and female bodybuilders. Int J Sport Nutr 2 260-271.
56. PF Jacques (1992) Effects of vitamin C on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure. J Am Coll Nutr 11 139-144.
57. PF Jacques, SI Sulsky, GA Perrone, et al. (1994) Ascorbic acid and plasma lipids. Epidemiology 5 19-26.
58. CJ Bates, CM Walmsley, A Prentice, et al. (1998) Does vitamin C reduce blood pressure? Results of a large study of people aged 65 or older. J Hypertens 16 925-932.
59. SJ Duffy, N Gokce, M Holbrook, et al. (1999) Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. Lancet 354 2048-2049.
60. H Tomoda, M Yoshitake, K Morimoto, et al. (1996) Possible prevention of postangioplasty restenosis by ascorbic acid. Am J Cardiol 78 1246-1284.
61. N Gokce, JF Keaney Jr, B Frei, et al. (1999) Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 99 3234-3240.
62. T Heitzer, H Just, T Munzel, et al. (1996) Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Circulation 94 6-9.
63. GD Plotnick, MC Corretti and RA Vogel (1997) Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal. JAMA 278 1682-1686.
64. AK Bordia (1980) The effect of vitamin C on blood lipids, fibrinolytic activity and platelet adhesiveness in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 35 181-187.
65. A Soutar, A Seaton and K Brown (1997) Bronchial reactivity and dietary antioxidants. Thorax 52 166-170.
66. HA Cohen, I Neuman and H Nahum (1997) Blocking effect of vitamin C in exercise-induced asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151 367-370.
67. DB Menzel (1992) Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of lung disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 669 141-155.
68. RF Cathcart III (1990) Occupation and bronchitis [letter]. Lancet 335 235-236.
69. RF Cathcart (1985) Vitamin C: The nontoxic, nonrate-limited, antioxidant free radical scavenger. Med Hypotheses 18 61-77.
70. S Banic (1975) Prevention of rabies by vitamin C. Nature 258 153-154.
71. FR Klenner (1951) Massive doses of vitamin C and the virus diseases. South Med Surg 103 101-107.
72. H Hemila (1992) Vitamin C and the common cold. Br J Nutr 67 3-16.
73. DH Klasson (1947) Ascorbic acid in the treatment and prevention of poison oak dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Syph 56 864-867.
74. LF Montes, ML Diaz, J Lajous, et al. (1992) Folic acid and vitamin B12 in vitiligo: A nutritional approach. Cutis 50 39-42.
75. HF Goode, E Burns and BE Walker (1992) Vitamin C depletion and pressure sores in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. BMJ 305 925-927.
76. E Cheraskin (1975) The diet dilemma in dentistry. J Am Soc Prev Dent 4 25-32.
77. T Hovi, A Hirvimies, M Stenvik, et al. (1995) Topical treatment of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes with ascorbic acid-containing solution. Antiviral Res 27 263-270.
78. SR Pinnell (2003) Cutaneous photodamage, oxidative stress, and topical antioxidant protection. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 1-19.
79. S Fahn (1992) A pilot trial of high-dose alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate in early Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 32(Suppl), S128-S132.
80. NH Riordan, HD Riordan, X Meng, et al. (1995) Intravenous ascorbate as a tumor cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent. Med Hypotheses 44 207-213.
81. AM Nomura, LN Kolonel, JH Hankin, et al. (1991) Dietary factors in cancer of the lower urinary tract. Int J Cancer 48 199-205.
82. S Zhang, DJ Hunter, MR Forman, et al. (1999) Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 547-556.
83. MC Ocke, D Kromhout, A Menotti, et al. (1995) Average intake of anti-oxidant (pro)vitamins and subsequent cancer mortality in the 16 cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Int J Cancer 61 480-484.
84. ET Fontham, LW Pickle, W Haenszel, et al. (1988) Dietary vitamins A and C and lung cancer risk in Louisiana. Cancer 62 2267-2273.
85. JM Ramon, et al. (2000) Dietary fat intake and prostate cancer risk: A case-control study in Spain. Cancer Causes Control 11 679-685.
86. H Boyd (1995) Eye pressure lowering effect of vitamin C. J Orthomolec Med 10 165-168.
87. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417-1436, 2001.
88. SE Hankinson, MJ Stampfer, JM Seddon, et al. (1992) Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: A prospective study. BMJ 305 335-340.
89. O Ademuyiwa, O Adesanya and OR Ajuwon (1994) Vitamin C in CC14 hepatotoxicity a preliminary report. Hum Exp Toxicol 13 107-109.
90. EB Dawson, DR Evans, WA Harris, et al. (1999) The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead levels of smokers. J Am Coll Nutr 18 166-170.
91. SN Wickramasinghe and R Hasan (1994) In vivo effects of vitamin C on the cytotoxicity of post-ethanol serum. Biochem Pharmacol 3; 48 621-624.
92. SG Leveille, AZ LaCroix, TD Koepsell, et al. (1997) Dietary vitamin C and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in Washington State, USA. J Epidemiol Community Health 51 479-485.
93. WA Harris, TE Harden, EB Dawson, et al. (1979) Apparent effect of ascorbic acid medication on semen metal levels. Fertil Steril 32 455-459.
94. EB Dawson, WA Harris, MC Teter, et al. (1992) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the sperm quality of smokers. Fertil Steril 58 1034-1039.
95. M Kaminski and R Boal (1992) An effect of ascorbic acid on delayed-onset muscle soreness. Pain 50 317-321.
96. S Uden, et al. (1990) Rationale for antioxidant therapy in pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 264 555-572.
97. SJ Davie, et al. (1992) Effect of vitamin C on glycosylation of proteins. Diabetes 41 167-173.
98. A Nonaka, T Manabe, T Kyogoku, et al. (1992) Evidence for a role of free radicals by synthesized scavenger, 2-octadecylascorbic acid, in cerulein-induced mouse acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 37 274-279.
99. U Gustafsson, FH Wang, M Axelson, et al. (1997) The effect of vitamin C in high doses on plasma and biliary lipid composition in patients with cholesterol gallstones: Prolongation of the nucleation time. Eur J Clin Invest 27 387-391.
100. S Banerjee, C Hawksby, S Miller, et al. (1994) Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid. Gut 35 317-322.
101. CD Gerson and EM Fabry (1974) Ascorbic acid deficiency and fistula formation in regional enteritis. Gastroenterology 67 428-433.
102. A Ghatak, MJ Brar, A Agarwal, et al. (1996) Oxy free radical system in heart failure and therapeutic role of oral vitamin E. Int J Cardiol 57 119-127.
103. A Ceriello, D Giugliano, A Quatraro, et al. (1991) Vitamin E reduction of protein glycosylation in diabetes: New prospect for prevention of diabetic complications? Diabetes Care 14 68-72.
104. E Porkkala-Sarataho, JT Salonen, K Nyyssonen, et al. (2000) Long-term effects of vitamin E, vitamin C, and combined supplementation on urinary 7-hydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine, serum cholesterol oxidation products, and oxidation resistance of lipids in nondepleted men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 2087-2093.
105. PD Reaven and JL Witztum (1993) Comparison of supplementation of RRR-alpha-tocopherol and racemic alpha-tocopherol in humans: Effects on lipid levels and lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation. Arterioscler Thromb 13 601-608.
106. SS Mirvish (1975) Formation of N-nitroso compounds: Chemistry, kinetics, and in vivo occurrence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 31 325-351.
107. CK Chow, W Ibrahim, Z Wei, et al. (1999) Vitamin E regulates mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation. Free Radic Biol Med 27 580-587.
108. HM Hittner, LB Godio, AJ Rudolph, et al. (1981) Retrolental fibroplasia: Efficacy of vitamin E in a double-blind clinical study of preterm infants. N Engl J Med 305 1365-1371.
109. LT Chylack Jr, NP Brown, et al. (2002) The Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT): A randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient mixture to slow progression of age-related cataract. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9 49-80.
110. HR Taylor, G Tikellis, LD Robman, et al. (2002) Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 325 11.
111. J Veach (2004) Functional dichotomy: Glutathione and vitamin E in homeostasis relevant to primary open-angle glaucoma. Br J Nutr 91 809-829.
112. SE Bursell, AC Clermont, LP Aiello, et al. (1999) High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22 1245-1251.
113. HZ Joachims, J Segal, A Golz, et al. (2003) Antioxidants in treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Otol Neurotol 24 572-575.
114. GR Thomas (1949) Treatment of Dupuytren's contracture with vitamin E. Br Med J 2 1382.
115. PL Scardino and PB Hudson (1949) Tocopherol therapy of urethral strictures a preliminary report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 52 425-427.
116. S Ayres and R Mihan (1969) Leg cramps (systremma) and “restless legs” syndrome: Response to vitamin E (tocopherol). Calif Med 111 87-91.
117. S Ayres and R Mihan (1993) Restless legs syndrome: Response to vitamin E. J Appl Nutr 25 8-15.
118. I Machtey and L Quaknine (1978) Tocopherol in osteoarthritis: A controlled pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc 26 328-330.
119. RN Killeen, et al. (1976) Polymyositis: Response to vitamin E. South Med J 69 1372-1374.
120. W Engelen, BM Keenoy, J Vertommen, et al. (2000) Effect of long-term supplementation with moderate pharmacologic doses of vitamin E are saturable and reversible in patients with type 1 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 72 1142-1149.
121. K Haeger (1974) Long-time treatment of intermittent claudication with vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr 27 1179-1181.
122. A Iannuzzi, E Celentano, S Panico, et al. (2002) Dietary and circulating antioxidant vitamins in relation to carotid plaques in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 76 582-587.
123. G. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002) MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20, 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360 23-33.
124. P Knekt, A Reunanen, R Jarvinen, et al. (1994) Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am J Epidemiol 139 1180-1189.
125. E Negri, C La Vecchia, S Franceschi, et al. (1996) Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 65 140-144.
126. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 330 1029-1035.
127. CS Kirkpatrick, et al. (1994) Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State. II: Diet, alcohol, and obesity. Am J Epidemiol 139 869-880.
128. L Roncucci, et al. (1993) Antioxidant vitamins or lactulose for the prevention of the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Colorectal Cancer Study Group of the University of Modena and the Health Care District 16. Dis Colon Rectum 36 227-234.
129. SN Meydani, et al. (1990) Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 52 557-563.
130. R. Bayer (1967) [Indications for Vitamin E therapy in endangered pregnancies]. Arch Gynakol 204 249-250.
131. RS London, GS Sundaram, M Schultz, et al. (1981) Endocrine parameters and alpha-tocopherol therapy of patients with mammary dysplasia. Cancer Res 41 3811-3813.
132. EB Butler and E McKnight (1955) Vitamin E in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Lancet 1 844-847.
133. WH Perloff (1949) Treatment of the menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 58 684-694.
134. RS London, GS Sundaram, L Murphy, et al. (1983) The effect of alpha-tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: A double-blind study. J Am Coll Nutr 2 115-122.
135. JB Lohr, JL Cadet, MA Lohr, et al. (1987) Alpha-tocopherol in tardive dyskinesia. Lancet 1(8358), 913-914.
136. AO Ogunmekan and PA Hwang (1989) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), as add-on therapy, for epilepsy in children. Epilepsia 30 84-89.
137. MC Morris, DA Evans, JL Bienias, et al. (2002) Vitamin E and cognitive decline in older persons. Arch Neurol 59 1125-1132.
138. MG Traber, RJ Sokol, SP Ringel, et al. (1987) Lack of tocopherol in peripheral nerves of vitamin E-deficient patients with peripheral neuropathy. N Engl J Med 317 262-265.
139. KH Masaki, KG Losonczy, G Izmirlian, et al. (2000) Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology 54 1265-1272.
140. A Ascherio, MG Weisskopf, EJ O'Reilly, et al. (2005) Vitamin E intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 57 104-110.
141. M Mune, et al. (1999) Effect of vitamin E on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in ESRD patients. Kidney Int Suppl 71 S126-S129.
142. G Paolisso, A D'Amore, D Giugliano, et al. (1993) Pharmacologic doses of vitamin E improve insulin action in healthy subjects and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr 57 650-656.
143. D Vezina, F Maufette, KD Roberts, et al. (1996) Selenium-vitamin E supplementation in infertile men: Effects on semen parameters and micronutrient levels and distribution. Biol Trace Elem Res 53 65-83.
144. PR Palan, MS Mikail, J Basu, et al. (1992) Beta-carotene levels in exfoliated cervicovaginal epithelial cells in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167 1899-1903.
145. HL Stich, et al. (1988) Remission of oral leukoplakias and micronuclei in tobacco/betel quid chewers treated with beta-carotene and with beta-carotene plus vitamin A. Int J Cancer 42 195-199.
146. PH Gann, J Ma, E Giovannucci, et al. (1999) Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: Results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res 59 1225-1230.
147. DL Morris, SB Kritchevsky and CE Davis (1994) Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and Follow-up Study. JAMA 272 1439-1441.
148. S Agarwal and AV Rao (1998) Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: A human dietary intervention study. Lipids 33 981-984.
149. TH Rissanen, S Voutilainen, K Nyyssonen, et al. (2001) Low serum lycopene concentration is associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events and stroke: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Br J Nutr 85 749-754.
150. JT Landrum, RA Bone, H Joa, et al. (1997) A one year study of the macular pigment: The effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res 65 57-62.
151. JM Seddon, UA Ajani, RD Sperduto, et al. (1994) Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E and advanced age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 272 1413-1420.
152. JH Dwyer, M Navab, KM Dwyer, et al. (2001) Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation 103 2922-2927.
153. I Neuman, H Nahum, A Ben-Amotz, et al. (2000) Reduction of exercise-induced asthma oxidative stress by lycopene, a natural antioxidant. Allergy 55 1184-1189.
154. CP Mack, DE Hultquist, M Shlafer, et al. (1995) Myocardial flavin reductase and riboflavin: A potential role in decreasing reoxygenation injury. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 212 35-40.
155. D Venarucci, V Venarucci, A Vallese, et al. (1999) Free radicals: Important cause of pathologies refer to ageing. Panminerva Med 41 335-339.
156. V Holecek, J Liska, J Racek, et al. (2004) [The significance of free radicals and antioxidants due to the load induced by sport activity]. Cesk Fysiol 53 76-79.
157. U Tarp, K Overad, JC Hansen, et al. (1985) Low selenium level in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 14 97-101.
158. MP Rayman, FR Abou-Shakra, NI Ward, et al. (1996) Comparison of selenium levels in pre-eclamptic and normal pregnancies. Biol Trace Elem Res 55 9-20.
159. CL Natta, LC Chen, CK Chow, et al. (1990) Selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels in sickle cell anemia. Acta Haematol 83 130-132.
160. S Karakucuk, G Ertugrul Mirza, O Faruk Ekinciler, et al. (1995) Selenium concentrations in serum, lens and aqueous humour of patients with senile cataract. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 73 329-332.
161. Arthur Jr, F Nicol, GJ Beckett, et al. (1992) The role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism and effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid hormone and iodine metabolism. Biol Trace Elem Res 33 37-42.
162. P Suadicani, HO Hein, F Gyntelberg, et al. (1992) Serum selenium concentration and risk of ischaemic heart disease in a prospective cohort study of 3000 males. Atherosclerosis 96 33-42.
163. LC Clark, LJ Hixson, GF Combs Jr, et al. (1993) Plasma selenium concentration predicts the prevalence of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2 41-46.
164. BB Timbo and L Tollefson (1994) Nutrition: A cofactor in HIV disease. J Am Diet Assoc 94 1018-1022.
165. BM Dworkin (1994) Selenium deficiency in HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Chem Biol Interact 91 181-186.
166. EF Finnerty (1986) Topical zinc in the treatment of herpes simplex. Cutis 37 130-131.
167. ED Engel (1981) Diabetes mellitus: Impaired wound healing from zinc deficiency. J Am Podiatr Assoc 71 536-544.
168. I Brodi (1977) Treatment of recurrent furunculosis with oral zinc. Lancet 1(8052-8053), 1358.
169. K Terwolbeck, J Purrmann, S Kuhn, et al. (1992) Zinc in lymphocytes the assessment of zinc status in patients with Crohn's disease. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 6 117-121.
170. MW Dronfield, JD Malone, MJ Langman, et al. (1977) Zinc in ulcerative colitis: A therapeutic trial and report on plasma levels. Gut 18 33-36.
171. DJ Frommer (1975) The healing of gastric ulcers by zinc sulphate. Med J Aust 2 793-796.
172. MA Johnson and KH Porter (1997) Micronutrient supplementation and infection in institutionalized elders. Nutr Rev 55 400-404.
173. P Meerarani, P Ramadass and M Toborek (2000) Zinc protects against apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by linoleic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am J Clin Nutr 71 81-87.
174. DA Newsome, M Swartz, NC Leone, et al. (1988) Oral zinc in macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 106 192-198.
175. PA Simkin (1976) Oral zinc sulphate in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2(7985), 539-542.
176. VL Gupta and BS Chaubey (1987) Efficacy of oral zinc therapy in the management of sickle cell crises. Indian J Med Res 86 803-807.
177. M Hirt, S Nobel, E Barron, et al. (2000) Zinc nasal gel for the treatment of common cold symptoms: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ear Nose Throat J 79 778-780.
178. SB Mossad, ML Macknin, SV Medendorp, et al. (1996) Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med 125 81-88.
179. F Girodon, D Blache, AL Monget, et al. (1997) Effect of a two-year supplementation with low doses of antioxidant vitamins and/or minerals in elderly subjects on levels of nutrients and antioxidant defense parameters. J Am Coll Nutr 16 357-365.
180. S Richer (1996) Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study part 2: Antioxidant intervention and conclusions. J Am Optom Assoc 67 30-49.
181. L Greene (1995) Asthma and oxidant stress: Nutritional, environmental, and genetic risk factors. J Am Coll Nutr 14 317-324.
182. PP Zandi, JC Anthony, AS Khachaturian, et al. (2004) Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: The Cache County Study. Arch Neurol 61 82-88.
183. LC Chappell, PT Seed, AL Briley, et al. (1999) Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: A randomised trial. Lancet 354 810-816.
184. K Yokoyama, M Itoman, K Takagishi, et al. (1992) Protective effects of coenzyme Q10 on ischemia-induced reperfusion injury in ischemic limb models. Plast Reconstr Surg 90 890-898.
185. T Muller, T Buttner, AF Gholipour, et al. (2003) Coenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 341 201-204.
186. P Raschke, P Massoudy, BF Becker, et al. (1995) Taurine protects the heart from neutrophil-induced reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 19 461-471.
187. AS Gurkan (2005) Syntheses of novel indole lipoic acid derivatives and their antioxidant effects on lipid peroxidation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 338 67-73.
188. D Bandyopadhyay, K Biswas, M Bhattacharyya, et al. (2001) Gastric toxicity and mucosal ulceration induced by oxygen-derived reactive species: Protection by melatonin. Curr Mol Med 1 501-513.
189. R Randhir (2004) Phenolics, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in dark germinated fenugreek sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 13 295-307.
190. WJ Yen, BS Wang, LW Chang, et al. (2005) Antioxidant properties of roasted coffee residues. J Agric Food Chem 53 2658-2663.
191. T Ariga (2004) The antioxidative function, preventive action on disease and utilization of proanthocyanidins. Biofactors 21 197-201.
192. P Wagdi, M Fluri, B Aeschbacher, et al. (1996) Cardioprotection in patients undergoing chemo- and/or radiotherapy for neoplastic disease: A pilot study. Jpn Heart J 37 353-359.
193. K Sieja (1998) Selenium (Se) deficiency in women with ovarian cancer undergoing chemotherapy and the influence of supplementation with this micro-element on biochemical parameters. Pharmazie 53 473-476.
194. IM Lee (1999) Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cancer. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 111 10-15.
195. KN Prasad, A Kumar, V Kochupillai, et al. (1999) High doses of multiple antioxidant vitamins: Essential ingredients in improving the efficacy of standard cancer therapy. J Am Coll Nutr 18 13-25.
196. KN Prasad and R Kumar (1996) Effect of individual and multiple antioxidant vitamins on growth and morphology of human nontumorigenic and tumorigenic parotid acinar cells in culture. Nutr Cancer 26 11-19.
197. DW Lamson and MS Brignall (1999) Antioxidants in cancer therapy: Their actions and interactions with oncologic therapies. Alt Med Rev 4 304-329.
198. DL Lamm, DR Riggs, JS Shriver, et al. (1994) Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: A double-blind clinical trial. J Urol 151 21-26.
199. J Virtamo, P Pietenen, JK Huttunen, et al. (2003) Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: A postintervention follow-up. JAMA 290 476-485.
200. RM Salonen, K Nyyssonen, J Kaikkonen, et al. (2003) Six-year effect of combined vitamin C and E supplementation on atherosclerotic progression: The Antioxidant, Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) Study. Circulation 107 947-953.
201. G Davi, A Falco and C Patrono (2004) Determinants of F2-isoprostane biosynthesis and inhibition in man. Chem Phys Lipids 128 149-163.
202. DP Vivekananthan, MS Penn, SK Sapp, et al. (2003) Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 361 2017-2023.
203. JK Liao (2004) Statin therapy for cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. J Invest Med 52 248-253.
204. MJ González, Miranda-Massari Jr, EM Mora, et al. (2002) Orthomolecular oncology: A mechanistic view of intravenous ascorbate's chemotherapeutic activity. P R Health Sci J 21 39-41.