Risk assessment and risk management of mycotoxins in food

Mycotoxins in Food: Detection and Control

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 3-31

  Kuiper Goodman, T ^a  

^a HEALTH CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85153825804     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-85573-733-4.50006-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (83)

1. R J Albertini, D Anderson, G R Douglas, L Hagmar, K Hemminki, F Merlo, A T Natarajan, H Norppa, D E Shuker, R Tice, M D Waters and A Aitio (2000) IPCS guidelines for the monitoring of genotoxic effects of carcinogens in humans. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Mutation Research 463(2), 111-172
2. M E Anderson, M E Meek, G A Boorman, D J Brusick, S M Cohen, Y P Dragan, C B Frederick, J I Goodman, G C Hard, E J O'Flaherty and D E Robinson (2000) Lessons learned in applying the U.S. EPA proposed cancer guidelines to specific compounds. Toxicol Sci. 53 159-172
3. J Ashby, M D Waters, J Preston, I D Adler, G R Douglas, R Fielder, M D Shelby, D Anderson, T Sofuni, H N Gopalan, G Becking and C Sonich-Mullin (1996) IPCS harmonization of methods for the prediction and quantitation of human carcinogenic/mutagenic hazard, and for indicating the probable mechanism of action of carcinogens. Mutation Research 352(1-2), 153-157
4. S M Barlow, J B Greig, J W Bridges, A Carere, A J Carpy, C L Galli, J Kleiner, I Knudsen, H B Koeter, L S Levy, C Madsen, S Mayer, J F Narbonne, F Pfannkuch, M G Prodanchuk, M R Smith and P Steinberg (2002) Hazard identification by methods of animal-based toxicology. Food Chem Toxicol. 40 145-191
5. M V Blagosklonny (2002) Oncogenic resistance to growth-limiting conditions. Nature Rev. Cancer. 2 221-225
6. G Brambilla and A Martelli (2004) Failure of the standard battery of short-term tests in detecting some rodent and human genotoxic carcinogens. Toxicology 196(1), 1-19
7. B E Butterworth and M S Bogdanffy (1999) A comprehensive approach for the integration of toxicity and cancer risk assessment. Regulat. Tox. Pharmacol. 29 23-36
8. G J Clark, M S Kinch, T M Gilmer, K Burridge and C J Der (1996) Over expression of the ras-related TC21/R-ras2 protein may contribute to the development of human breast cancers. Oncogene 12 169-176
9. CODEX (2001), Proposed draft code of practice for the prevention of mycotoxin contamination in cereals, including annexes on ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisin, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, Thirty-third Session, The Hague, The Netherlands, 12-16 March
10. J L Counts and J I Goodman (1995) Alterations in DNA methylation may play a variety of roles in carcinogenesis. Cell 83 13-15
11. K S Crump (1984) A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 4 854-871
12. K S Crump (1995) Calculation of benchmark doses from continuous data. Risk Anal. 15 75-90
13. D R Dietrich and J A Swenberg (1991) Preneoplastic lesions in rodent kidney induced spontaneously or by non-genotoxic agents: predictive nature and comparison to lesions induced by genotoxic carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 248 239-260
14. M L Dourson, S P Felter and D Robinson (1996) Evolution of science-based uncertainty factors in noncancer risk assessment. Reg. Tox. Pharm. 24 108-120
15. M L Dourson, L K Teuschler, P R Durkin and W M Stiteler (1997) Categorical regression of toxicity data: a case study using Aldicarb. Reg. Tox. Pharm. 25 121-129
16. Y P Dragan, L Sargent, Y D Xu, Y H Xu and H C Pitot (1993) The initiation, promotion, progression model of rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 202 16-24
17. E Dybing, J Doe, J Groten, J Kleiner, J O'Brien, A G Renwick, J Schlatter, P Steinberg, A Tritscher, R Walker and M Younes (2002) Hazard characterisation of chemicals in food and diet. Dose response, mechanisms and extrapolation issues. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 237-282
18. L Edler, K Poirier, M Dourson, J Kleiner, B Mileson, H Nordmann, A Renwick, W Slob, K Walton and G Wurtzen (2002) Mathematical modelling and quantitative methods. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 283-326
19. G Eisenbrand, B Pool-Zobel, V Baker, M Balls, B J Blaauboer, A Boobis, A Carere, S Kevekordes, J C Lhuguenot, R Pieters and J Kleiner (2002) Methods of in vitro toxicology. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 193-236
20. EPA (1999), U S Environmental Protection Agency, Draft guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC. (http://www.epa.gov/ncea/raf/cancer.htm)
21. EPA (2003) U S Environmental Protection Agency, Draft final guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC. (http://www.epa.gov/ncea/raf/cancer2003.htm)
22. EU (1998), Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on ochratoxin A. (http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out14_en.html)
23. EU (1999), Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on deoxynivalenol. (http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out44_en.pdf)
24. EU (2000a), Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on fumonisin B1. (http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out73_en.pdf)
25. EU (2000b), Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on zearalenone. (http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out65_en.pdf)
26. EU (2000c), Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on patulin. (http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/out55_en.pdf)
27. FAO/WHO (1995), Application of risk analysis to food standard issues, Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, World Health Organization
28. A P Feinberg and B Tycko (2004) The history of cancer epigenetics. Nature Reviews Cancer. 4 143-153
29. J Gilbert (1996) Sampling and analysis for ochratoxin A in foods. Food Addit. Contam. 13 17-18
30. J Gilbert, P Brereton and S MacDonald (2001) Assessment of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A in the UK using a duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples. Food Addit. Contam. 18 1088-1093
31. D Hanahan and R A Weinberg (2000) The hallmark of cancer. Cell 100 57-70
32. Health Canada (1994), Human health risk assessment for priority substances, Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Canadian Communication Group, Ottawa, Ontario. Cat. No En40-215/41E. 36
33. IARC (1991), Mycotoxins, endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours, Castegnaro M, Plestina R, Dirheimer G, Chernozemsky I N and Bartsch H, Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urine Publication No 115, Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer
34. IARC (1993), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol 56. Some naturally occurring substances: Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins, Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer
35. ILSI (1996), ILSI Europe workshop on the occurrence and significance of ochratoxin A in food, Food Addit. Contam., 13, S1-S57
36. ILSI (1999), ILSI Europe workshop on the significance of excursions of intake above the acceptable daily intake (ADI), Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 30, S1-S121
37. IPCS (1990), Selected mycotoxins: ochratoxins, trichothecenes, ergot, Environmental Health Criteria, 105, Geneva, World Health Organization, 27-70
38. IPCS (2000), Fumonisin B1, Environmental Health Criteria, 219, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1-150
39. IPCS (2001), Glossary of Key Exposure Assessment Terms, Prepared by the Exposure Terminology Subcommittee of the IPCS Exposure Assessment Planning Work-group for the Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals
40. F Iverson, C Armstrong, E Nera, J Truelove, S Fernie, P Scott, R Stapley, S Hayward and S Gunner (1996) Chronic feeding study of deoxynivalenol in B6C3F1 male and female mice. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 15 283-306
41. JECFA (1996a), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Ochratoxin A, in Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, 44th Meeting, Series 35, Geneva, World Health Organization, 363-76
42. JECFA (1996b), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Patulin, in Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, 44th Meeting, Series 35, Geneva, World Health Organization, 377-402
43. JECFA (1998), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Aflatoxins, in Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, 49th Meeting, Series 40, Geneva, World Health Organization, 359-468
44. JECFA (2000), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Zearalenone, in Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, Series 44, IPCS, Geneva, World Health Organization, 393-482
45. JECFA (2001a), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Deoxynivalenol, in Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food, Series 47, IPCS, Geneva, World Health Organization, 419-556
46. JECFA (2001b), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Fumonisins, in Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food, Series 47, IPCS, Geneva, World Health Organization, 103-280
47. JECFA (2001c), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Ochratoxin A, in Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food, Series 47, IPCS, Geneva, World Health Organization, 281-416
48. K W Kinzler and B Vogelstein (1996) Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87 159-170
49. R Kroes, D Muller, J Lambe, M R Lowik, J van Klaveren, J Kleiner, R Massey, S Mayer, I Urieta, P Verger and A Visconti (2002) Assessment of intake from the diet. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 327-385
50. T Kuiper-Goodman (1985) Potential human health hazards and regulatory aspects. P M Scott, H L Trenholm, M D Sutton, (Eds) Mycotoxins: A Canadian Perspective Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada 103-111
51. T Kuiper-Goodman (1990) Uncertainties in the risk assessment of three mycotoxins: aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68 1017-1024
52. T Kuiper-Goodman (1991) Risk assessment to humans of mycotoxins in animal-derived food products. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33 325-333
53. T Kuiper-Goodman (1996) Risk assessment of Ochratoxin A: an update. Food Addit. Contam. 13 53-57. (Suppl)
54. Kuiper-Goodman T (1998), Food safety: mycotoxins and phycotoxins in perspective, in Miraglia M, van Egmond H, Brera C and Gilbert J, Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins — Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology and Food Safety. Proceedings of the IX IUPAC International Symposium, Fort Collins, CO, Alaken Inc, 25-48
55. T Kuiper-Goodman and P M Scott (1989) Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2 179-248
56. T Kuiper-Goodman, P M Scott and H Watanabe (1987) Risk assessment of the mycotoxin zearalenone. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 7 253-306
57. T Kuiper-Goodman, P M Scott, N P McEwen, G A Lombaert and W Ng (1996) Approaches to the risk assessment of fumonisins in corn-based foods in Canada. L Jackson, J W De Vries, L B Bullerman, (Eds) Fumonisins in Food New York: Plenum Press 369-393
58. J C Larsen and G Pascal (1998) Workshop on the applicability of the ADI to infants and children: consensus summary. Food Addit. Contam. 15 1-9. Supplement
59. A J Lehman and O G Fitzhugh (1954) 100-fold margin of safety. Assoc. Food Drug Off. Quart. Bull. 18 33-35
60. M E Meek, J R Bucher, S M Cohen, V Dellarco, R N Hill, L D Lehman-McKeeman, D G Longfellow, T Pastoor, J Seed and D E Patton (2003) A framework for human relevance analysis of information on carcinogenic modes of action. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 33 591-653
61. F A Meky, P C Turner, A E Ashcroft, J D Miller, Y L Qiao, M J Roth and C P Wild (2003) Development of a urinary biomarker of human exposure to deoxynivalenol. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 265-273
62. I C Munro, C A Moodie, T Kuiper-Goodman, P M Scott and H C Grice (1974) Toxicology changes in rats fed graded dietary levels of ochratoxin A. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 28 180-188
63. Nordic Council of Ministers (1991), Health evaluation of ochratoxin A in food products, Nordiske Seminar-og Arbejdsrapporter, 545, 1-28
64. Nordic Council of Ministers (1998), Fusarium toxins in cereals — a risk assessment, TemaNord, 502, 1-115
65. NTP (1982), Carcinogenesis bioassay of zearalenone in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice, National Toxicology Program, Technical Report Series 235, North Carolina, Department of Health and Human Services
66. NTP (1989), Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies Ochratoxin A in F344/N rats (gavage studies), National Toxicology Program, Technical Report Series 358, North Carolina, Department of Health and Human Services
67. NTP (1999), Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of Fumonisin B1 (CAS No 116355-83-0) in F344/N rats and B6C3F mice (Feed Studies), National Toxicology Program, Technical Report TR 496; NIH Publication No 99-3955, North Carolina, Research Triangle Park
68. OECD (2000), OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Eleventh Addendum, subsequent revisions, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.sourceoecd.org
69. OECD (2002), Chemical definitions of generic terms used in hazard and risk assessment, Joint OECD/IPCS Project on the Harmonisation of Hazard/Risk Assessment Terminology. Draft report, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
70. G Østergaard and I Knudsen (1998) The applicability of the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) for food additives to infants and children. Food Addit. Contam. 15 63-74. Supplement
71. D L Park, H Njapau and E Boutrif (1999) Minimizing risks posed by mycotoxins utilizing the HACCP concept. Food Nutr. Agri. 23 49-56
72. M N Pieters, J Freijer, B-J Baars, D C M Fiolet, J van Klaveren and W Slob (2002) Risk assessment of deoxynivalenol in food: concentration limits, exposure and effects. J W DeVries, M W Trucksess, L S Jackson, (Eds) Mycotoxins and Food Safety. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 235-248
73. R J Preston (2000) Epigenetic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis: commentary, in. Belle-online 9 http://www.belleonline.com/home91.html
74. A G Renwick, S M Barlow, I Hertz-Picciotto, A R Boobis, E Dybing, L Edler, G Eisenbrand, J B Greig, J Kleiner, J Lambe, D J Muller, M R Smith, A Tritscher, S Tuijtelaars, P A van den Brandt, R Walker and R Kroes (2003) Risk characterisation of chemicals in food and diet. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 1211-1271
75. P M Schlosser and M S Bogdanffy (1999) Determining modes of action for biologically based risk assessments. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 30 75-79
76. W Slob and M N Pieters (1998) A probabilistic approach for deriving acceptable human intake limits and human health risks from toxicological studies: general framework. Risk Analysis 18 787-798
77. C Sonich-Mullin, R Fielder, J Wistse, K Baetcke, J Dempsey, P Fenner-Crisp, D Grant, M Hartley, A Knaap, D Kroese, I Mangelsdorf, E Meek, J M Rice and M Younes (2001) IPCS conceptual framework for evaluating a MOA for chemical carcinogenesis. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34 146-152
78. D L Stoler, N Chen, M Basik, M S Kahlenberg, M A Rodriguez-Bigas, N J Petrelli and G R Anderson (1999) The onset and extent of genomic instability in sporadic colorectal tumor progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96(26), 15121-15126
79. L Stoloff, H P Van Egmond and D L Park (1991) Rationales for the establishment of limits and regulations for mycotoxins. Food Addit. Contamin. 8 213-222
80. Tennant R (1994), Non-genotoxic chemical carcinogens: evidence for multiple mechanisms, Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenesis. Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop 10, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1-16
81. P van den Brandt, L Voorrips, I Hertz-Picciotto, D Shuker, H Boeing, G Speijers, C Guittard, J Kleiner, M Knowles, A Wolk and A Goldbohm (2002) The contribution of epidemiology. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 387-424
82. WHO (1987), Principles for the safety assessment of food additives and contaminants in food, Environmental Health Criteria, 70, Geneva, World Health Organization
83. WHO (1999), Principles for the assessment of risks to human health from exposure to chemicals, Environmental Health Criteria, 210, Geneva, World Health Organization. http://www.belleonline.com/home91.html