ALGAE: ANATOMY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: SECOND EDITION

Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-327

  Barsanti, Laura ^a,b   Gualtieri, Paolo ^a  

^a CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85152346957     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b16544     Document Type: Book

References (446)

1. Adl, S. M., Simpson, A. G. B., Lane, C. E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S. S. et al. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 59: 429-514, 2012.
2. Algaebase http://www.algaebase.org
3. Andersen, R. A. Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae. American Journal of Botany, 91: 1508-1522, 2004.
4. Archibal, J. M. The puzzle of plastid evolution. Current Biology, 19: R81-R88, 2009.
5. Bendif, E. M., Probert, I., Hervé, A., Billard, C., Goux, D., Lelong, C., Cadoret, J. P., and Véron, B. Integrative taxonomy of the Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta): A reassessment. Protist, 162: 738-761, 2011.
6. Bhattacharya, D., Price, D. C., Yoon, H. S., Yang, E.C., Poulton, N. J., Andersen, R. A. et al. Single cell genome analysis supports a link between phagotrophy and primary plastid endosymbiosis. Scientific Reports, 2: 356, 2012.
7. Bold, H. C. and Wynne, M. J. Introduction to the Algae-Structure and Reproduction. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978.
8. Bourrelly, P. Les Algue d’eau douce. Initiation à la Systèmatique. Les algues verdes. Editions N. Boubèe, Paris, 1966.
9. Bourrelly, P. Les Algue d’eau douce. Initiation à la Systèmatique. Les algues jaunes et brunes. Editions N. Boubèe, Paris, 1968.
10. Bourrelly, P. Les Algue d’eau douce. Initiation à la Systèmatique. Eugleniens, Peridinies, Algues rouges et Algues bleues. Editions N. Boubèe, Paris, 1970.
11. Brodie, J. and Lewis, J. (Eds.). Unravelling the Algae. The Past, Present and Future of Algal Systematic. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.
12. Burki, F., Okamoto, N., Pombert, J.-F., and Keeling, P. J. The evolutionary history of haptophytes and cryp-tophytes: Phylogenomic evidence for separate origins. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1736): 2246-2254, 2012.
13. Carr, N. G. and Whitton, B. A. The Biology of Cyanobacteria. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1982.
14. Dorrell, R. G. and Smith, A. G. Do red and green make brown? Perspective on plastid acquisition within chro-moalveolates. Eukaryotic Cell, 10(7): 856-868, 2011.
15. Facchinelli, F. and Weber, A. P. M. The metabolite transporters of the plastid envelope: An update. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2: 2011.
16. Garcia-Cuetos, L., Moestrup, Ø., Hansen, P. J., and Daugbjerg, N. The toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acu-minata harbors permanent chloroplasts of cryptomonad origin, not kleptochloroplasts. Harmful Algae, 9(1): 25-38, 2010.
17. Graham, L. E. and Wilcox, L. W. Algae. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.
18. Green, B. After the primary endosymbiosis: An update on the chromalveolate hypothesis and the origins of algae with Chl c. Photosynthesis Research, 107(1): 103-115, 2011a.
19. Green, B. R. Chloroplast genomes of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The Plant Journal, 66: 33-44, 2011b.
20. Imanian, B., Pombert, J. F., Dorrell, R. G., Burki, F., and Keeling, P. J. Tertiary endosymbiosis in two dinotoms has generated little change in the mitochondrial genomes of their dinoflagellate hosts and diatom endo-symbionts. PLoS ONE, 7: 1-13, 2012.
21. Janouškovec, J., Horák, A., Oborník, M., Lukeš, J., and Keeling, P. J. A common red algal origin of the apicom-plexan, dinoflagellate, and heterokont plastids. PNAS, 15: 10949-10954, 2010.
22. Kai, A., Yoshii, Y., Nakayama, T., and Inouye, I. Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a new class of Heterokontophyta based on a new marine unicellular alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. inhabiting sandy beaches. Protist, 159(3): 435-457, 2008.
23. Kawachi, M., Inouye, I., Honda, D., O’Kelly, C. J., Bailey, J. C., Bidigare, R. R. et al. The Pinguiophyceae clas-sis nova, a new class of photosynthetic stramenopiles whose members produce large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Phycological Research, 50(1): 31-47, 2002.
24. Keeling, P. J. The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 365(1541): 729-748, 2010.
25. Keeling, P. J. The number, speed, and impact of plastid endosymbiosis in eukaryotic evolution. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 64: 27.1-27.25, 2013.
26. Kim, E. and Archibald, J. M. Plastid evolution: Gene transfer and the maintenance of “stolen” organelle. BMC Biology, 8: 73-76, 2010.
27. Kneip, C., Vobeta, C., Lockhart, P., and Maier, U. The cyanobacterial endosymbiont of the unicellular alga Rhopalodia gibba shows reductive genome evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8(1): 30, 2008.
28. Koch, C., Brumme, B., Schmidt, M., Flieger, K., Schnetter, R., and Wilhelm, C. The life cycle of the amoeboid alga Synchroma grande (Synchromophyceae, Heterokontophyta)-Highly adapted yet equally equipped for rapid diversification in benthic habitats. Plant Biology, 13(5): 801-808, 2011.
29. Lane, C. E. and Archibald, J. M. The eukaryotic tree of life: Endosymbiosis takes its TOL. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23(5): 268-275, 2008.
30. Leliaert, F., Smith, D. R., Moreau, H., Herron, M. D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C. F., and De Clerck, O. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 31: 1-46, 2012.
31. Lukeš, J., Leander, B. S., and Keeling, P. J. Cascades of convergent evolution: The corresponding evolutionary histories of euglenozoans and dinoflagellates. PNAS, 106: 9963-9970, 2009.
32. Mackiewicz, P., Bodył, A., and Gagat, P. Protein import into the photosynthetic organelles of Paulinella chro-matophora and its implications for primary plastid endosymbiosis. Symbiosis, 58(1-3): 99-107, 2012.
33. Marin, B. Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons. Protist, 163(5): 778-805, 2012.
34. Matsumoto, T., Ishikawa, S. A., Hashimoto, T. and Inagaki, Y. A deviant genetic code in the green alga-derived plastid in the dinoflagellate Lepidodinium chlorophorum. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 60(1): 68-72, 2011.
35. Miyagishima, S. Y. Mechanism of plastid division: From a bacterium to an organelle. Plant Physiology, 155(4): 1533-1544, 2011.
36. Moriya, M., Nakayama, T., and Inouye, I. A new class of the Stramenopiles, Placididea Classis nova: Description of Placidia cafeteriopsis gen. et sp. nov. Protist, 153(2): 143-156, 2002.
37. Nishitani, G., Nagai, S., Hayakawa, S., Kosaka, Y., Sakurada, K., Kamiyama, T. et al. Multiple plastids col-lected by the Dinoflagellate Dinophysis mitra through Kleptoplastidy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(3): 813-821, 2012.
38. Prescott, G. W. Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area. W.C. Brown, Dubuque, IA, 1962.
39. Qiu, D., Huang, L., Liu, S., and Lin, S. Nuclear, mitochondrial and plastid gene phylogenies of Dinophysis miles (Dinophyceae): Evidence of variable types of chloroplasts. PLoS ONE, 6(12): e29398, 2011.
40. Sheiner, L. and Striepen, B. Protein sorting in complex plastids. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1833: 352-359, 2013.
41. Tilden, J. E. The Algae and Their Life Relations. Fundamentals of Phycology. The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1935.
42. Timme, R. E., Bachvaroff, T. R., and Delwiche, C. F. Broad phylogenomic sampling and the sister lineage of land plants. PLoS ONE, 27: 1-8, 2012.
43. Tirichine, L. and Bowler, C. Decoding algal genomes: Tracing back the history of photosynthetic life on Earth. The Plant Journal, 66: 45-57, 2011.
44. Van den Hoek, C., Mann, D. G., and Jahns, H. M. Algae-An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
45. Xia, S., Zhang, Q., Zhu, H., Cheng, Y., Liu, G., and Hu, Z. Systematics of a kleptoplastidal dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium eucyaneum Hu (Dinophyceae), and its cryptomonad endosymbiont. PLoS ONE, 8(1): e53820, 2013.
46. Yamaguchi, H., Nakayama, T., Kai, A., and Inouye, I. Taxonomy and phylogeny of a new kleptoplastidal dino-flagellate, Gymnodinium myriopyrenoides sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), and its cryptophyte symbiont. Protist, 162(4): 650-667, 2011.
47. Zapata, M., Fraga, S., Rodríguez, F., and Garrido, J. L. Pigment-based chloroplast types in dinoflagellates. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 465: 33-52, 2012.
48. Zechman, F. W., Verbruggen, H., Leliaert, F., Ashworth, M., Buchheim, M. A., Fawley, M. W. et al. An unrec-ognized ancient lineage of green plants persists in deep marine waters. Journal of Phycology, 46: 1288-1295, 2010.
49. Albertano, P., Barsanti, L., Passarelli, V., and Gualtieri, P. A complex photoreceptive structure in the cyanobac-terium Leptolyngbya sp., Micron, 31, 27, 2000.
50. Andersen, R.A. Biology and systematic of heterokont and haptophyte algae. American Journal of Botany, 91, 1508-1522, 2004.
51. Barlow, H.B. The physical limits of visual discrimination. In: Photophysiology, Giese A. (Ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1964.
52. Barsanti, V., Passarelli, V., Walne, P.L., and Gualtieri, P. In vivo photocycle of the Euglena gracilis photorecep-tor. Biophysical Journal, 72, 545, 1997.
53. Barsanti, L., Evangelista, V., Passarelli, V., Frassanito, A.M., Coltelli, P., and Gualtieri, P. Microspectrophotometry as a method to identify kleptoplastids in the naked freshwater dinoflagellate Gymnodinium acidotum. Journal of Phycology, 45(6), 1304-1309, 2009.
54. Barsanti, L., Evangelista, V., Passarelli, V., Frassanito, A.M., and Gualtieri, P. Fundamental questions and con-cepts about photoreception and the case of Euglena gracilis. Integrative Biology, 4(1), 22-36, 2012.
55. Barsanti, L., Frassanito, A.M., Passarelli, V., Evangelista, V., Etebari, M., and Paccagnini, E. et al. Tetraflagellochloris mauritanica gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyceae), a new flagellated alga from the Mauritanian Desert: Morphology, ultrastructure, and phylogenetic framing. Journal of Phycology, 49(1), 178-193, 2013.
56. Beek, P.L. The long and the short, of flagellar length control. Journal of Phycology, 39, 837-839, 2003.
57. Bouck, G.B. The structure, origin, isolation and composition of the tubular mastigonemes of Euglena gracilis. Journal Cell Biology, 50, 362-384, 1971.
58. Bouck, G.B. and Ngo, H. Cortical structure and function in euglenoids with reference to trypanosomes, ciliates, and dinoflagellates. International Review Cytology, 169, 267-318, 1996.
59. Brett, S.J., Perasso, L., and Wetherbee, R. Structure and development of the cryptomonad periplast: A review. Protoplasma, 181, 106-122, 1994.
60. Buetow, D.E. (Ed). The Biology of Euglena. Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York, 1968a.
61. Buetow, D.E. (Ed). The Biology of Euglena. General Biology and Ultrastructure. Academic Press, New York, 1968b.
62. Buetow, D.E. (Ed). The Biology of Euglena. Physiology. Academic Press, New York, 1982.
63. Buetow, D.E. (Ed). The Biology of Euglena. Subcellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Academic Press, New York, 1989.
64. Daugbjerg, N. Pyramimonas tychotreta, a new marine species from Antarctica: Light and electron microscopy of the motile stage and notes on growth rates. Journal of Phycology, 36, 160-171, 2000.
65. Dodge, J.H. The Fine Structure of Algal Cells. Academic Press, London, 1973.
66. Dodge, J. Photosensory systems in eukaryotic algae. In: Cronly-Dillon, J.R., and Gregory, R.L. (Eds.), Evolution of the Eye and Visual System. Macmillan, London, 1991.
67. Dodge, J.D. and Crawford, R.M. A survey of thecal fine structure in the Dinophyceae. Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 63, 53-67, 1970.
68. Dusenbery, D.B. Sensory Ecology. Freeman Press, New York, 1992.
69. Ehlers, K. and Oster, G. On the mysterious propulsion of Synechoccoccus. PLOS One, 7(5), e36081, 2012.
70. Fenchel, T. How dinoflagellates swim. Protist, 152, 329-338, 2001.
71. Frassanito, A.M., Barsanti, L., Passarelli, V., Evangelista, V., and Gualtieri, P. A rhodopsin-like protein in Cyanophora paradoxa: Gene sequence and protein immunolocalization. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 67, 965-971, 2010.
72. Fredrick, J.F. (Ed.). Origins and Evolution of Eukaryotic Intracellular Organelles. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1981.
73. Gilson, P.R. and McFadden, G.I. Molecular, morphological and phylogenetic characterization of six chlora-rachniophytes strains. Phycological Research, 47, 7-19, 1999.
74. Ginger, M.L., Portman, N., and McKean, P.G. Swimming with protists: Perception, motility and flagellum assembly. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6, 838-850, 2008.
75. Grain, J., Mignot, J.P., and de Puytorac, P.. Ultrastructures and evolutionary modalities of flagellar and cyliary system in protists. Biology of the Cell, 63, 219-237, 1988.
76. Gregson, A.J., Green, J.C., and Leadbeater, B.S.C. Structure and physiology of Haptonema in Chrisochromulina. Fine structure of the flagellar/haptonematal root system in C. acanthi and C. simplex. Journal of Phycology, 29, 674-686, 1993a.
77. Gregson, A.J., Green, J.C., and Leadbeater, B.S.C. Structure and physiology of Haptonema in Chrisochromulina. Mechanism of haptonematal coiling and the regeneration process. Journal of Phycology, 29, 686-700, 1993b.
78. Gualtieri, P. Microspectroscopy of photoreceptor pigments in flagellated algae. Critical Review Plant Science, 9(6), 474-495, 1991.
79. Gualtieri, P. and Robinson, K.R. A rhodopsin-like protein in the plasma membrane of Silvetia compressa eggs. Photochemistry Photobiology, 75, 76, 2002.
80. Hackett, J.D., Anderson, D.M., Erdner, D.L., and Bhattacharya, D. Dinoflagellates: A remarkable evolutionary experiment. American Journal of Botany, 91, 1523-1534, 2004.
81. Harrison, F.W. and Corliss, J.O. Microscopy Anatomy of Invertrebrate. Protozoa. Wiley-Liss, New York, USA, 1991.
82. Hibbed, D.J. and Norris, R.E. Cytology and ultrastructure of Chlorarachnion reptans (Chlorarachniophyta divisio nova, Chlorarachniophyceae classis nova). Journal of Phycology, 20, 310-330, 1984.
83. Hilenski, L.L. and Walne, P.L. Ultrastructure of mucocysts in Peranema trichophorum. Journal of Protozoology, 30, 491-496, 1983.
84. Hoiczyk, E. and Hansel, A. Cyanobacterial cell walls: News from and unusual prokaryotic envelope. Journal of Bacteriology, 182, 1191-1199, 2000.
85. Honda, D. and Inouye, I. Ultrastructure and taxonomy of a marine photosynthetic stramenopile Phaemonas parva with emphasis on the flagellar apparatus architecture. Phycological Research, 50, 75-89, 2002.
86. Horiguchi, T. and Hoppenrath, M. Haramonas viridis, a new sand-dwelling raphidophyte from cold temperate waters. Phycological Research, 51, 61-67, 2003.
87. Hyams, J.S. The Euglena paraflagellar rod: Structure, relationship to the other flagellar components and pre-liminary biochemical characterization. Journal of Cell Science, 55, 199-210, 1982.
88. Inouye, I. and Hori, T. High-speed video analysis of the flagellar beat and swimming patterns of algae: Possible evolutionary trends in green algae. Protoplasma, 164, 54-69, 1991.
89. Iomini, C.V., Babaev-Khaimov, M., Sassaroli, D., and Piperno, G. Protein particles in Chlamydomonas flagella undergo a transport cycle consisting of four phases. Journal of Cell Biology, 153(1), 13-24, 2001.
90. Kantsler, V., Dunkel, J., Polin, M., and Goldstein, R.E. Ciliary contact interactions dominate surface scatter-ing of swimming eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(4), 1187-1192, 2013.
91. Koch, D.L. and Subramanian, G. Collective hydrodynamics of swimming microorganisms: Living fluids. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 43(1), 637-659, 2011.
92. Kugrens, P., Clay, B.L., and Lee, R.E. Ultrastructure and systematic of two new freshwater red cryptomonads, Storeatula rhinosa, and Pyrenomonaas ovalis. Journal of Phycology, 35, 1079-1089, 1999a.
93. Kugrens, P., Clay, B.L., Meyer, C.J., and Lee, R.E. Ultrastructure and description of Cyanophora biloba with additional observations on C. paradoxa. Journal of Phycology, 35, 844-854, 1999b.
94. Lakie, J.M. Cell Movement and Cell Behaviour. Allen and Unwin, London, 1986.
95. Lauga, E. and Powers, T.R. The hydrodynamics of swimming microorganisms. Reports on Progress in Physics, 72, 096601, 2009.
96. Lavau, S. and Wetherbee, R. Structure and development of the scale case of Mallomonas adamas. Protoplasma, 181, 259-268, 1994.
97. Leadbeater, B.S.C. and Green, J.C. (Eds.). The Flagellates. Unit, Diversity and Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London, 2000.
98. Leander, B.S. and Farmer, M.A. Comparative morphology of euglenid pellicle: Diversity of strip substructures. Journal of Eukariotic Microbiology, 48, 202-217, 2001.
99. Lima-de-Faria (Ed.). Handbook of Molecular Cytology. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1969.
100. Lobban, C.S. and Harrison, P.J. Seaweed Ecology and Physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
101. Luck, M., Mathes, T., Bruun, S., Fudim, R., Hagedorn, R., Tran Nguyen, T.M., Kateriya, S., Kennis, J.T.M., Hildebrandt, P., and Hegemann, P. A Photochromic Histidine Kinase Rhodopsin (HKR1) that is bimod-ally switched by ultraviolet and blue light. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287, 40083-40090, 2012.
102. Maga, J.A. and LeBowitz, J.H. Unravelling the kinetoplastid paraflagellar rod. Trends Cell Biology, 9, 409-413, 1999.
103. Marian, B. and Melkonian, M. Flagellar hairs in Prasinophytes: Ultrastructure and distribution on the flagellar surface. Journal of Phycology, 30, 659-678, 1994.
104. Maruyama, T. Fine structure of the longitudinal flagellum in Ceratium tripos, a marine dinoflagellate. Journal Cell Science, 58, 109-123, 1982.
105. Melkonian, M. (Eds.). Algal Cell Motility. Chapman and Hall, New York, 1992.
106. Melkonian, M. and Robenek, H. The eyespot apparatus of flagellated green algae: A critical review. In: Round, F.E., and Chapman, D.J. (Eds.), Progress in Phycological Research, Vol. 3. Biopress Ltd., Bristol, 1984, pp. 193-268.
107. Menzel, D. (Ed.). The Cytoskeleton of the Algae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992.
108. Miyasaka, I., Nanba, K., Furuya, K., Nimura, Y., and A. Azuma. Functional roles of the transverse and longi-tudinal flagella in the swimming motility of Prorocentrum minimum. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 3055-3066, 2004.
109. Moenstrup, Ø. Flagellar structure in algae: A review, with new observations particularly on the Chrysophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Euglenophyceae, and Reckertia. Phycologia, 21, 4, 427-528, 1982.
110. Moenstrup, Ø. and Sengco, M. Ultrastructural studies on Bigelowiella natans, a Chlorarachniophyte flagellate. Journal of Phycology, 37, 624-646, 2001.
111. Niklas, K.J. The cell walls the bind the tree of life. Bioscence, 54, 831-841, 2004.
112. Nishitani, G., Nagai, S., Hayakawa, S., Kosaka, Y., Sakurada, K., Kamiyama, T et al. Multiple plastids collected by the dinoflagellate Dinophysis mitra through kleptoplastidy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(3), 813-821, 2012.
113. Norton, T.A. andersen, R.A., and Melkonian, M. Algal biodiversity. Phycologia, 35, 308, 1996.
114. Novarino, G. A companion to the identification of cryptomonad flagellates. Hydrobiologia, 502, 225-270, 2003.
115. O’Malley, S. and Bees, M.A. The orientation of swimming biflagellate in shear flows. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 74, 232-255, 2012.
116. Parkinson, P.R. Ontogeny v. phylogeny: The strange case of the silicoflagellates. Constancea, 83, 1-29, 2002.
117. Patterson, D.J. and Larsen, J. The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991.
118. Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Carpenter, J., and Koutoulis, A. Valve and seta (spine) morphogenesis in the centric diatom Chaetoceros peruvianus. Protoplasma, 181, 269-282, 1994.
119. Polin, M., Tuval, I., Drescher, K., Gollub, J.P., and Goldstein, R.E. Chlamydomonas swims with two “Gears” in a eukaryotic version of run-and-tumble locomotion. Science, 325(5939), 487-490, 2009.
120. Preisig, H.R. Siliceous structure and silicification in flagellate protists. Protoplasma, 181, 29-42, 1994.
121. Preisig, H.R. anderson, O.R., Corliss, J.O., Moestrup, Ø., Powell, M.J., Roberson, R.W., and Wetherbee, R. Terminology and nomenclature of protest cell surface structures. Protoplasma, 181, 1-28, 1994.
122. Purcell, E.M. Life at low Reynolds number. American Journal of Physics, 45(1), 3-11, 1977.
123. Rafai, S., Jibuti, L., and Peyla, P. Effective viscosity of microswimmer suspension. Physical Review Letters, 104, 098102, 2010.
124. Rave, J.A. and Brownlee, C. Understanding membrane function. Journal of Phycology, 37, 960-967, 2001.
125. Rizzo, P.J. Those amazing dinoflagellate chromosomes. Cell Research, 13, 215-217, 2002.
126. Rosati, G., Verni, F., Barsanti, L., Passarelli, V., and Gualtieri, P. Ultrastructure of the apical zone of Euglena gracils: Photoreceptor and motor apparatus. Electron Microscopy Review, 4, 319-342, 1991.
127. Sato, H., Greuet, C., Cachon, M., and Cosson, J. Analysis of the contraction of an organelle using its birefrin-gency: The R-fibre of the Ceratium flagellum. Cell Biology International, 28, 387-396, 2004.
128. Solomon, C.M., Evelyn, J., Lessard, R., Keil, G., and Foy, M.S. Characterization of extracellular polymers of Phaeocystis globosa and P. antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 250, 81-89, 2003.
129. Taylor Max, F.J.R. Charles Atwood Kafoid and his dinoflagellate tabulation system: An appraisal and evalua-tion of the phylogenetic value of tabulation, Protist, 150, 213-220, 1999.
130. Ueki, N., Matsunaga, S., Inouye, I., and Hallmann, A. How 5000 independent rowers coordinate their strokes in order to row into the sunlight: Phototaxis in the multicellular green alga Volvox. BMC Biology, 8(1), 103, 2010.
131. Verspagen, J. M.H., Snelder, E.O.F.M., Visser, P.M., Huisman, J., Mur, L.R., and Ibelings, B.W. Recruitment of benthic microcystis to the water column: Internal buoyancy changes or resuspension? Journal of Phycology, 40, 260-270, 2004.
132. Westfall, J.A., Bradbury, P.C., and Townsend, J.W. Ultrastructure of the dinoflagellate Polykrikos. Journal of Cell Science, 63, 245-261, 1983.
133. Xia, S., Zhang, Q., Zhu, H., Cheng, Y., Liu, G., and Hu, Z. Systematics of a kleptoplastidal dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium eucyaneum Hu (Dinophyceae), and its cryptomonad endosymbiont. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e53820, 2013.
134. Young, J.R., Davis, S.A., Brown, P.R., and S. Mann. Coccolith ultrastructure and biomineralization. Journal of Structural Biology, 126, 195-215, 1999.
135. Zhang, F., Vierock, J., Yizhar, O., Fenno, L.E., Tsunoda, S., Kianianmomeni, A. et al. The microbial opsin fam-ily of optogenetic tools. Cell, 147, 1446-1457, 2011.
136. Zingone, A., Chretiennot-Dinet, M.J., Lange, M., and Medlin, L. Morphological and genetic characterization Phaeocystis cordata and P. jahnii, two new species from the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Phycology, 35, 1322-1337, 1999.
137. Akutsu S., D. Fujinuma, H. Furukawa, T. Watanabe, M. Ohnishi-Kameyama, O. Hiroshi Ono et al. Pigment anal-ysis of a chlorophyll f-containing cyanobacterium strain KC1 isolated from Lake Biwa. Photomedicine and Photobiology, 33, 35-40, 2011.
138. Allen J. F. and J. Forsberg. Molecular recognition in thylakoid structure and function. Trends in Plant Science, 6, 317-326, 2001.
139. Barber J. Photosystem II: A multisubunit membrane protein that oxidases water. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 12, 523-530, 2002.
140. Bassi R. and S. Caffarri. Lhc proteins and the regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting function by xantho-phylls. Photosynthesis Research, 64, 243-256, 2000.
141. Behrendt L., V. Schrameyer, K. Qvortrup, L. Lundin, S.J. Sørensen, A.W.D. Larkum et al. Biofilm growth and near-infrared radiation-driven photosynthesis of the chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(11), 3896-3904, 2012.
142. Bibby T.S., J. Nield, F. Partensky, and J. Barber. Antenna ring around photosystem I. Nature, 413, 590, 2001.
143. Bibby T.S., J. Nield, M. Chen, A.W.D. Larkum, and J. Barber. Structure of a photosystem II supercomplex isolated from Prochloron didemni retaining its chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting system. PNAS, 100, 9050-9054, 2003.
144. Brettel K. and W. Leibl. Electron transfer in photosystem I. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1507, 100-114, 2001.
145. Catling, D.C., K.J. Zahnle, and C. McKay. Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape, and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth. Science, 293, 839-843, 2001.
146. Chen M. M. Schliep, R.D. Willows, Z.L. Cai, B.A. Neilan, and H. Scheer. A red-shifted chlorophyll. Science, 329(5997), 1318-1319, 2010.
147. Chen M. and R.E. Blankenship. Expanding the solar spectrum used by photosynthesis. Trends in Plant Science, 16(8), 427-431, 2011.
148. Chen M., Y. Li, D. Birch, and R.D. Willows. A cyanobacterium that contains chlorophyll f-A red-absorbing photopigment. FEBS Letters, 586(19), 3249-3254, 2012.
149. Chitnis P.R. Photosystem I: Function and physiology. Annual Review Plant Molecular Biology, 52, 593-626, 2001.
150. De Martino, A., D. Douady, M. Quinet-Szely, B. Rousseau, F. Crepineau, Kirk Apt, and L. Caron. The light harvesting antenna of brown algae. European Journal of Biochemistry, 267, 5540-5549, 2000.
151. Falkowski P.G., and J.A. Raven. Aquatic Photosynthesis. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 1997.
152. Ferreira, K.N., T.M. Iverson, K. Maghlaoui, J. Barber, and S. Iwata. Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center. Science, 19(303), 1831-1838, 2004.
153. Germano M., A.E. Yakushevska, W. Keegstra, H.J. van Gorkom, J.P. Dekker, and E.J. Boekema. Supramolecular organization of photosystem I and light-harvesting complex I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEBS Letters, 525, 121-125, 2002.
154. Govindjee. Chlorophyll a fluorescence: A bit of basics and history. In G. Papageorgiou and Govindjee (Eds), Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Probe of Photosynthesis, pp. 2-42. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2004.
155. Govindjee, J.F. Allen, and J.T. Beatty. Celebrating the millenium: Historical highlights of photosynthesis research, Part 3. Photosynthesis Research, 80, 1-13, 2004.
156. Hall D.O. and K.K. Rao. Photosynthesis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999.
157. Heathcote P., P.K. Fyfe, and M.R. Jones. Reaction centers: The structure and evolution of biological solar power. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 27, 79-84, 2002.
158. Hohmann-Marriott M.F., and R.E. Blankenship. Evolution of photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 62(1), 515-548, 2011.
159. http://www.bio.ic.ac.uk/research/barber/people/jbarber.html
160. http://www.marine.usf.edu/microbiology/regulation-rubisco.shtml
161. http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee
162. Jiang J., H. Zhang, Y. Kang, D. Bina, C.S. Lo, and R.E. Blankenship. Characterization of the peridinin-chlo-rophyll a-protein complex in the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics, 1817(7), 983-989, 2012.
163. Jordan P., P. Fromme, H.T. Witt, O. Klukas, W. Saenger, and N. Krauß. Three-dimensional structure of cyano-bacterial photosystem I at 2.5 Å resolution. Nature, 411, 909, 917, 2001.
164. Kamiya N. and J.-R. Shen. Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7 Å resolution. PNAS, 100, 98-103, 2003.
165. Kargul J., J. Nield, and J. Barber. Three dimensional reconstruction of a light-harvesting complex I-photosystem I supercomplex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 16135-16141, 2003.
166. Kramer D.M., T.J. Avenson, and G.E. Edwards. Dynamic flexibility in the light reaction of photosynthesis gov-erned by both electron and proton transfer reaction. Trends in Plant Science, 9, 349-357, 2004.
167. Kurisu G., H. Zhang, J.L. Smith, and W.A. Cramer. Structure of the cytochrome b6f complex of oxygenic pho-tosynthesis: Tuning the cavity. Science, 302, 1009-1014, 2003.
168. Larkum A.W.D., J. Raven, and S. Douglas (Eds). Photosynthesis of Algae, Vol. 14, Govindjee, Series Editor. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2003.
169. Larkum A.W.D. and M. Kühl. Chlorophyll d: The puzzle resolved. Trends in Plant Science, 10(8), 355-357, 2005.
170. Larkum A.W.D., M. Chen, Y. Li, M. Schliep, E. Trampe, J. West et al. A novel epiphytic chlorophyll d-con-taining cyanobacterium isolated from a mangrove-associated red alga. Journal of Phycology, 48(6), 1320-1327, 2012.
171. Laviale M. and J. Neveux. Relationships between pigment ratios and growth irradiance in 11 marine phyto-plankton species. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 425, 63-77, 2011.
172. Li Y., N. Scales, R.E. Blankenship, R.D. Willows, and M. Chen. Extinction coefficient for red-shifted chlorophylls: Chlorophyll d and chlorophyll f. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Bioenergetics, 1817(8), 1292-1298, 2012.
173. Line, M.A. The enigma of the origin of life and its timing. Microbiology, 148, 21-27, 2002.
174. Markovic D. Energy storage in the photosynthetic electron-transport chain. An analogy with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Journal of Serbian Chemical Society, 68, 615-618, 2003.
175. Mielke S.P., N.Y. Kiang, R.E. Blankenship, M.R. Gunner, and D. Mauzerall. Efficiency of photosynthesis in a Chl d-utilizing cyanobacterium is comparable to or higher than that in Chl a-utilizing oxygenic species. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Bioenergetics, 1807(9), 1231-1236, 2011.
176. Nelson N. and A. Ben-Shem. The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 5, 1-12, 2004.
177. Nugent J.H.A. and M.C.W. Evans. Structure of biological solar energy converters-Further revelations. Trends in Plant Sciences, 9, 368-370, 2004.
178. Ort D.R., X. Zhu, and A. Melis. Optimizing antenna size to maximize photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiology, 155(1), 79-85, 2011.
179. Perrine Z., S. Negi, and R.T. Sayre. Optimization of photosynthetic light energy utilization by microalgae. Algal Research, 1(2), 134-142, 2012.
180. Pfannschmidt T. Chloroplast redox signal: How photosynthesis controls its own genes. Trends in Plant Sciences, 8, 33-41, 2003.
181. Raven J.A. Putting C in phycology. European Journal of Phycology, 32, 319-333, 1997.
182. Raven J.A. The cost of photoinhibition. Physiologia Plantarum, 142(1), 87-104, 2011.
183. Reed B. ATP synthase: Powering the movement of live. Harvard Science Review, Spring, 8-10, 2002.
184. Saenger W., P. Jordan, and N. Krauß. The assembly of protein subunits and cofactors in photosystem I. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 12, 244-254, 2002.
185. Samsonoff W.A. and R. MacColl. Biliproteins and phycobilisomes from cyanobacteria and red algae at the extremes of habitat. Archives of Microbiology, 176, 400-405, 2001.
186. Schmid V.H.R., S. Potthast, M. Wiener, V. Bergauer, H. Paulsen, and S. Storf. Pigment binding of photosystem I in light-harvesting proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 37307-37314, 2002.
187. Stomp M., J. Huisman, F. de Jongh, A.J. Veraart, D. Gerla, M. Rijkeboer, B.W. Ibelings, U.I.A. Wollenzlen, and L.J. Stal. Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity. Nature, 432, 104-107, 2004.
188. Tabita F.R. Microbial ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase: A different perspective. Photosynthesis Research, 60:1-28, 1999.
189. Tice M.M. and D.R. Lowe. Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3, 416-Myr-old ocean. Nature, 431, 549-552, 2004.
190. Ting, C.S., G. Rocap, J. King, and S.W. Chisholm. Cyanobacterial photosynthesis in the ocean: The origins and significance of divergent light-harvesting strategies. Trends in Microbiology, 10, 134-142, 2002.
191. Tomo T., S.I. Allakhverdiev, and M. Mimuro. Constitution and energetics of photosystem I and photosystem II in the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 104(1-2), 333-340, 2011.
192. Towe K.M., D. Catling, K. Zahnle, and C. McKay. The problematic rise of archean oxygen. Science, 295, 1419a, 2002.
193. Walker J.E. (Ed). The mechanism of F1F0-ATPase. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1458, 221-510, 2000.
194. Wynn-Williams D.D., H.G.M. Edwards, E.M. Newton, and J.M. Holder. Pigmentation as a survival strategy for ancient and modern photosynthetic microbes under high ultraviolet stress on planetary surfaces. International Journal of Astrobiology, 1, 39-49, 2002.
195. Zhu X.G., S.P. Long, and D.R. Ort. What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass? Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19(2), 153-159, 2008.
196. Zouni A., H.-T. Witt, J. Kern, P. Fromme, N. Krauß, W. Saenger, and P. Orth. Crystal structure of photosystem II from Synechococcus elongates at 3.8 Å resolution. Nature, 409, 739-743, 2001.
197. Adir N., Zer H., Shochat S., and I. Ohad. Photoinhibition, a historical perspective. Photosynthetic Research, 76, 343-370, 2003.
198. Barnes, C., Tibbitts T., Sager J., Deitzer G., Bubenheim D., Koerner G., and Bugbee B. Accuracy of quantum sensor measuring yield photon flux and photosynthetic photon flux. HortScience, 28, 1197-1200, 1993.
199. Behrenfeld, M.J., Prasil O., Babin M., and F. Bruyant. In search of a physiological basis for covariations in light-limited and light-saturated photosynthesis. Journal of Phycology, 40, 4-25, 2004.
200. Blanchard G.F., Guarini J.-M., Dang C., and P. Richard. Characterizing and quantifying photoinhibition in intertidal microphytobenthos. Journal of Phycology, 40, 692-696, 2004.
201. Buhrer H. Light within algal cultures: Implications from light intensity within a lens. Aquatic Science, 62, 91-103, 2000.
202. Dusenbery, D.B. Sensory Ecology-How an Organism Acquires and Responds to Information. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1992.
203. Havelkova-Dousova H., Prasil O., and Behrenfeld M.J. Photoacclimation of Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae) under fluctuating irradiance. Photosynthetica, 42, 273-281, 2004.
204. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html
205. http://www.4colorvision.com/files/photopiceffic.htm
206. http://www.4colorvision.com/files/scotopiceffic.htm
207. http://www.biospherical.com/Index.htm
208. http://www.cvrl.org
209. http://www.fb.u-tokai.ac.jp
210. http://www.helios32.com/Measuring%20Light.pdf
211. http://www.helios32.com/Thinking%20Photometrically%20II.pdf
212. http://www.intl-light.com/ildocs/handbook.pdf
213. http://www.konicaminoltaeurope.com/products/industrial/en/support/brochure/download/pdfs/the_language_of_light.pdf
214. http://www.licor.com
215. http://www.optics.arizona.edu
216. http://www.plantphys.net
217. Jones H.G., Archer N., Rotenberg E., and Casa R. Radiation measurement for plant ecophysiology. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54, 879-889, 2003.
218. Levi, L. Applied Optics-A Guide to Optical System Design, Vols. I and II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1980.
219. Lobban C.S. and Harrison P.J. Seaweed Ecology and Physiology. Cambridge University Press, NY, 1994.
220. MacIntyre H.L., Kana T.M., Anning T., and Geider R.J. Photoacclimation of photosynthesis irradiance response curves and photosynthetic pigments in microalgae and cyanobacteria. Journal of Phycology, 38, 17-38, 2002.
221. Singsaas E.L., Ort D.R., and De Lucia E.H. Variation in measured values of photosynthetic quantum yield in ecophysiological studies. Oecologia, 128, 15-23, 2001.
222. Ærtebjerg G., J. Carstensen, K. Dahl, J. Hansen, K. Nygaard, B. Rygg et al. Eutrophication in Europe’s Coastal Waters. Topic Report 7/2001. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, 2001.
223. Anbar A.D. and A.H. Knoll. Protezoic ocean chemistry and evolution: A bioorganic bridge? Science, 297, 1137-1142, 2002.
224. Berman-Frank I., P. Lundgren, Y. Chen, H. Kupper, Z. Kolber, B. Bergman, and P. Falkowski. Segregation of nitrogen fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis in the marine cyanobacterium Thricodesmium. Science, 294, 1534-1537, 2001.
225. Berman-Frank I., P. Lundgren, and P. Falkowski. Nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in cyanobacteria. Research in Microbiology, 154, 157-164, 2003.
226. Bjerrum C. J. and D. E. Canfield. Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorus adsorp-tion onto iron oxides. Nature, 417, 159-162, 2002.
227. Bucciarelli E. and W. G. Sunda. Influence of CO2, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate limitation on intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate in batch cultures of the coastal diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Limnology and Oceanography, 48, 2256-2265, 2003.
228. Capone D. G., J. P. Zehr, H. W. Paerl, B. Bergman, and E.J. Carpenter. Tricodesmium, a globally significant marine cyanobacterium. Science, 276, 1221-1229, 1997.
229. Conley, D. J. Biochemical nutrient cycles and nutrient management strategies. Hydrobiologia, 410, 87-96, 2000.
230. Conley, D. J. Terrestrial ecosystems and the global biogeochemical silica cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, 1121-1128, 2002.
231. Cottingham, P., B. Hart, H. Adams, J. Doolan, P. Feehan, N. Grace et al. Quantifying nutrient-algae relation-ships in freshwater systems. Outcomes of a workshop held at Monash University on the 8th August 2000. CRCFE Technical Report 8. CRCFE, Canberra, 2000.
232. Dismukes G. C., V. V. Klimov, S. V. Baranov, N. Kozlov Yu, J. DasGupta, and A. Tyryshkin. Special feature: The origin of atmospheric oxygen on Earth: The innovation of oxygenic photosynthesis. PNAS, 98, 2170-2175, 2001.
233. Edwards A. M., T. Platt, and S. Sathyendranath. The high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regime of the ocean: Limits on biomass and nitrate before and after iron enrichment. Ecological Modeling, 171, 103-125, 2004.
234. Exley, C. Silicon in life: A bioinorganic solution to bioorganic essentiality. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 69, 139-144, 1998.
235. Falkowski P. G. Rationalizing elemental ratio in unicellular algae. Journal of Phycology, 36, 3-6, 2000.
236. Fasham, M. J. R. Ocean Biogeochemistry. Springer, Berlin, 2003.
237. Gabric A., W. Gregg, R. Najjar, D. Erickson, and P. Matrai. Modeling the biogeochemical cycle of dimethylsul-fide in the upper ocean: A review. Chemosphere-Global Change Science, 3, 377-392, 2001.
238. Gallon J. R. N2 fixation in phototrophs: Adaptation to a specialized way of life. Plant and Science, 230, 39-48, 2001.
239. Galloway, J. N., J. D. Aber, J. W. Erisman, S. P. Seitzinger, R. W. Howarth, E. B. Cowling, and B. J. Cosby. The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience, 53, 341-356, 2003.
240. Galloway, J. N., F. J. Dentener, D. G. Capone, E. W. Boyer, R. W. Howarth, S. P. Seitzinger et al. Nitrogen cycles: Past, present and future. Biogeochemistry, 70, 153-226, 2004.
241. Holloway J. A. M. and R. A. Dahlgren. Nitrogen in rock: Occurrences and biogeochemical implications. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, 1118-1134, 2002.
242. Horwarth, R. W., J. W. B. Stewart, and M. V. Ivanov. Sulfur cycling on the continent. Scope, 48, 27-61, 1992.
243. http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk
244. http://www.ewater.canberra.edu.au/domino/html/Site-CRCFE/CRCFE_WebSite.nsf
245. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu
246. http://history.nasa.gov/CP-2156/contents.htm
247. http://www.icsu-scope.org
248. http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope13
249. http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope48
250. http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope54
251. http://www.mp-docker.demon.co.uk/environmental_chemistry/topic_4b/index.html
252. http://www.physicalgeography.net
253. http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/staff/tt/eh/biogeochemistry.html
254. http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/nitro/nitrodesc.asp
255. Hughes, C., M. Johnson, R. Von Glasow, Chance, R. Lee, S. Gareth et al. Climate-induced change in biogenic bromine emissions from the Antarctic marine biosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26, GB3019, 2012.
256. Inokuchi, R., K. Kuma, T. Miyata, and M. Okada. Nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in land plants and algae: Phylogenic and physiological perspectives. Physiologia Plantarum, 116, 1-11, 2002.
257. Kasamatsu N., T. Hirano, S. Kudoh, T. Odate, and M. Fukuchi. Dimethylsulfopropionate production by psy-chrophilic diatom isolates. Journal of Phycology, 40, 874-878, 2004.
258. Klausmeier C. A., E. Litchman, T. Daufresne, and S. A. Levin. Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature, 429, 171-174, 2004.
259. Kumazawa, S., S. Yumura, and H. Yoshisuji. Photoautrophic growth of a recently isolated N2-fixing marine non-heterocystous filamentous cyanobacterium, Symploca sp. Journal of Phycology, 37, 482-487, 2001.
260. Lee P. A. and S. J. de Mora. Intracellular dimethylsulfoxide in unicellular marine algae: Speculation on its origin and possible biological role. Journal of Phycology, 35, 8-18, 1999.
261. Letscher R. T., D. A. Hansell, C. A. Carlson, R. Lumpkin, and A. N. Knapp. Dissolved organic nitrogen in the global surface ocean: Distribution and fate. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 27, 141-153, 2013.
262. Litchman E., D. Steiner, and P. Bossard. Photosynthetic and growth response of three freshwater algae to phos-phorus limitation and daylenght. Freshwater Biology, 48, 2141-2148, 2003.
263. Lomans B. P., A. J. P. Smolders, L. M. Intven, A. Pol, H. J.M. Op de Camp, and C. van der Drift. Formation of dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol in anoxic freshwater sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 4741-4747, 1997.
264. Lomans B. P., C. van der Drift, A. Pol, and H. J. M. Op den Camp. Microbial cycling of volatile organic sulfur compounds. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 59, 575-588, 2002.
265. Lundgren P., E. Soderback, A. Singer, E. J. Carpenter, and B. Bergman. Katagnymene: Characterization of a novel marine diazotroph. Journal of Phycology, 37, 1052-1062, 2001.
266. Misra H. S., Khairnar, and S. K. Mahajan. An alternate photosynthetic electron donor system for PSI sup-ports light dependent nitrogen fixation in a non-heterocystous cyanobacterium, Plectonema boryanum. Journal of Plant Physiology, 160, 33-39, 2003.
267. NASA’s Earth Science Enterprise Research Strategy for 2000-2010. Biology and biogeochemistry NASA research on the biology and biogeochemistry of ecosystems and the global carbon cycle aims to understand and predict how terrestrial and marine ecosystems are changing. http://earth.nasa.gov/visions/researchstrat
268. Navarro-Gonzales R., C. P. McKay, and D. N. Mvondo. A possible nitrogen crisis for Archean life due to reduced nitrogen fixation by lightning. Nature, 412, 61-64, 2001.
269. Otsuki T. A study of the biological CO2 fixation and utilization system. The Science of Total Environment, 27, 121-125, 2201.
270. Raven J. A. and P. G. Falkowki. Oceanic sinks for atmospheric CO2. Plant and Cell Environment, 22, 741-755, 1999.
271. Raven J. A. and A. M. White. The evolution of silicification in diatoms: Inesplicable sinking and sinking as escape? New Phytologist, 162, 45-61, 2004.
272. Raymond, J., J. L. Siefert, C. R. Staples, and R. E. Blankenship. The natural history of nitrogen fixation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21, 541-554, 2004.
273. Sarmiento J. L. and N. Gruber. Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2004.
274. Sarmiento, J. L., S. C. Wofsy, E. Shea, A. S. Denning, W. Easterling, C. Field et al. A U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 1999.
275. Seibach J. (Ed.). Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats, Vol. 3. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2002.
276. Seitzinger S. P., R. W. Sander, and R. Styles. Bioavailability of DON from natural and antropogenic sources to estuarine plankton. Limnology and Oceanography, 47, 353-366, 2002.
277. Sharpley A. N., T. Daniel, T. Sims, J. Lemunyon, R. Stevens, and R. Parry. Agricultural phosphorus and eutro-phication. Agricultural Research Service ARS-149. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003.
278. Sunda W., D. J. Kleber, R. P. Keine, and S. Huntsman. An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae. Nature, 418, 317-320, 2002.
279. The Open University. Ocean Chemistry and Deep-Sea Sediments. Butterorth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2001.
280. Toggweller J. R. An ultimately limiting nutrient. Nature, 400, 511-512, 1999.
281. Tyrrel T. The relative influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production. Nature, 400, 525-531, 1999.
282. Van Alstyne K. L., and L. T. Houser. Dimethylsulfide release during macroinvertebrate grazing and its role as an activated chemical defense. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 250, 175-181, 2003.
283. Voss M. and S. Hietanen. The depth of nitrogen cycling. Nature, 493, 616-618, 2013.
284. Wolfe G. V., M. Steinke, and G. O. Kirst. Grazing-activated chemical defence in a unicellular marine algae. Nature, 387, 894-897, 1997.
285. Yool A. and T. Tyrrel. Role of diatoms in regulating the ocean’s silicon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1103-1124, 2003.
286. Alverson, A. J., Manoylov, K. M. and Stevenson, R. J. Laboratory sources of error for algal community attri-butes during sample preparation and counting. Journal of Applied Phycology, 39, 1-13, 2003.
287. Andersen, P. and Throndsen, J. Estimating cell numbers. In Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., and Cembella, A. D. (Eds.). Manual on Harmful Marine Algae. IOC Manuals and Guides No. 33. UNESCO Publishing, Paris, France, pp. 99-129, 2003.
288. Andersen, R. A. (Ed.). Algal Culturing Techniques. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, USA, 2005.
289. Aparicio-González, A., Duarte, C. M., and Tovar-Sánchez, A. Trace metals in deep ocean waters: A review. Journal of Marine Systems, 100-101, 26-33, 2012.
290. Berges, J. A., Franklin, D. J., and Harrison, P. J. Evolution of an artificial seawater medium: Improvements in enriched seawater, artificial water over the last two decades. Journal of Phycology, 37, 1138-1145, 2001.
291. Bertrand, E. M. and Allen, A. E. Influence of vitamin B auxotrophy on nitrogen metabolism in eukaryotic phy-toplankton. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 1-16, 2012.
292. Chen, C.-Y., Yeh, K.-L., Aisyah, R., Lee, D.-J., and Chang, J.-S. Cultivation, photobioreactor design and har-vesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review. Bioresource Technology, 102(1), 71-81, 2011.
293. Chilsholm, S. W. Temporal patterns of cell division in unicellular algae. In Platt T. (Ed.). Physiological Bases of Phytoplankton Ecology. Canadian Bulletin of Fishery and Acquatic Sciences, 210, 150-181, 1981.
294. Coltelli, P., Barsanti, L., Evangelista, V., Frassanito, A. M., Passarelli, V., and Gualtieri, P. Automatic and real time recognition of microalgae by means of pigment signature and shape. Environmental Science Progress and Impact 15(7), 1397-1410, 2013.
295. Croft, M. T., Warren, M. J., and Smith, A. G. Algae need their vitamins. Eukaryotic Cell, 5(8), 1175-1183, 2006.
296. Day, J. G. Conservation strategies for algae. In: Benson E. E. (Ed.). Plant Conservation Biotecnology. Taylor and Francis, London, 1999, pp. 111-124.
297. Fogg, G. E. and Thake, B. Algal Cultures and Phytoplankton Ecology. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, USA, 1987.
298. Giovannoni, S. J. Vitamins in the sea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(35), 13888-13889, 2012.
299. Gualtieri, P. and Barsanti, L. Identification of cellular and subcellular features by means of digital microscopy. International Journal of Biomedical Computing, 20, 79-86, 1987.
300. Guillard, R. R. L. Culture methods. In Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., and Cembella, A. D. (Eds.). Manual on Harmful Marine Algae. IOC Manuals and Guides, No. 33, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, France, 2003, pp. 45-62.
301. Hamilton, P. B., Proulx, M., and Earle, C. Enumerating phytoplankton with an upright compound microscope using a modified settling chamber. Hydrobiologia, 444, 171-175, 2001.
302. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/monitoring
303. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/monitoring/sop
304. http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Water_Sanitation/integrated_watershed_mgmt_manual
305. Johnson, M. K., Johnson, E. J., MacElroy, R. D., Spencer, H. L., and Bruff, B. S. Effect of salt on the halophilic alga Dunaliella viridis. Journal of Bacteriology 95(4), 1461-1468, 1968.
306. Labeda, D. P. (Ed.). Isolation of Biotechnological Organisms from Nature. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1990.
307. Luo, Q., Gao, Y., Luo, J., Chen, C., Liang, J., and Yang, C. Automatic identification of diatoms with circular shape using texture analysis. Journal of Software, 6(3), 428-435, 2011.
308. Mansoor, H., Sorayya, M., Aishah, S., and Mogeeb, A. A. M. Automatic recognition system for some cyanobac-teria using image processing techniques and ANN approach. International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science. Vol. 19. IACSIT Press, Singapore, 2011.
309. Mosleh, M., Manssor, H., Malek, S., Milow, P., and Salleh, A. A preliminary study on automated freshwater algae recognition and classification system. BMC Bioinformatics, 13(Suppl 17), S25, 2012.
310. Paxinos, R. and Mitchell, J. G. A rapid Utermohl method for estimating algal numbers. Journal of Planktonic Research, 22, 2255-2262, 2000.
311. Raoof, B., Kaushik, B. D., and Prasanna, R. Formulation of a low-cost medium for mass production of Spirulina. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30(6), 537-542, 2006.
312. Richmond, A. (Ed.). Handbook of Microalgae Mass Culture and Biotechnology and Applied Phycology. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, USA, 2004.
313. Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Cutter, L. S., Durazo, R., Smail, E. A., Gómez-Consarnau, L., Webb, E. A. et al. Multiple B-vitamin depletion in large areas of the coastal ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America, 109(35), 14041-14045, 2012.
314. Stein, R. S. (Ed.). Culture Methods and Growth Measurements. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1973.
315. Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A. Effects of pH, light, and temperature on Fe-EDTA chelation and Fe hydro-lysis in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 84, 35-47, 2003.
316. Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A. Relationship among photoperiod, carbon fixation, growth, chlorophylla, and cellular iron and zinc in a costal diatom. Limnology Oceanography, 49, 1742-1753, 2004.
317. Tredici, M. R. Photobioreactors. In: Flinckinger, M. C., and Drew, S. W. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis and Bioseparation. Wiley, New York, 1999, pp. 395-419.
318. Verikas, A., Gelzinis, A., Bacauskiene, M., Olenina, I., Olenin, S., and Vaiciukynas, E. Automated image analy-sis- and soft computing-based detection of the invasive dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(5), 6069-6077, 2012.
319. Warren, A., Day, J. G., and Brown, S. Cultivation of protozoa and algae. In Hurtst, C. J., Crawford, R. L., Knudsen, G. R., McInerney, M. J., and Stenzenbach, L. D. (Eds.). Manual of Environmental Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, USA, 2002, pp. 71-83.
320. Zhang, L., Luo, Z., Wang, B., and Zhang, J. Comparative study of C-V active contour model and subdivi-sion for micro algae image segmentation. International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering (ICEICE), 2011, pp. 1241-1244.
321. Abdulquader, G., Barsanti L., and Tredici, M. R. Harvest of Artrosphira platensis from Lake Kossorom (Chad) and its household usage among the Nanembu. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12, 493-498, 2000.
322. Amin, I. and Hong, T. S. S. Antioxidant activity of selected commercial seaweeds. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 8, 167-177, 2002.
323. Arunkumar, E., Bhuvaneswari, S., and Anuradha, C. V. An intervention study in obese mice with astaxanthin, a marine carotenoid-Effects on insulin signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Food and Function, 3(2), 120-126, 2012.
324. Barbera, C., Bordehore, C., Borg, J. A., Glemarec, M., Grall, J., Hall-Spencer, J. M. et al. Conservation and management of northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean maerl beds. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13, s65-s76, 2003.
325. Barsanti, L., Bastianini, A., Passarelli, V., Tredici, M. R., and Gualtieri, P. Fatty acid content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12, 515-520, 2000.
326. Barsanti, L., Vismara, R., Passarelli, V., and Gualtieri, P. Paramylon(β-1, 3-glucan) content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis: Effects of growth conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology, 13, 59-65, 2001.
327. Barsanti, L., Passarelli, V., Evangelista, V., Frassanito, A. M., and Gualtieri, P. Chemistry, physico-chemistry and applications linked to biological activities of β-glucans. Natural Products Reports 28(3), 457-466, 2011.
328. Becker, W. Microalgae in human and animal nutrition. In: Richmond, A. (Ed.). Handbook of Microalgae Mass Culture and Biotechnology and Applied Phycology. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, USA, 2004.
329. Blas-Valdivia, V., Ortiz-Butron, R., Rodriguez-Sanchez, R., Torres-Manzo, P., Hernandez-Garcia, A., and Cano-Europa, E. Microalgae of the Chlorophyceae class: Potential nutraceuticals reducing oxidative stress intensity and cellular damage. In: Lushchak, V. (Ed.). Oxidative Stress and Diseases. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, 2012.
330. Blouin, N. A., Brodie, J. A., Grossman, A. C., Xu, P., and Brawley, S. H. Porphyra: A marine crop shaped by stress. Trends in Plant Science, 16(1), 29-37, 2011.
331. Brown, M. R., Mular, M., Miller, I., Farmer, C., and Trenerry, C. The vitamin content of microalgae used in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 11, 247-255, 1999.
332. Brownlee, I., Fairclough, A., Hall, A., and Paxman, J. The potential health benefits of seaweed and seaweed extract. In: Pomin, V.H. (Ed.). Seaweed: Ecology, Nutrient Composition and Medicinal Uses. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, 2012.
333. Buchholz, C. M., Krause, G., and Buck, B. H. Seaweed and man. In: Wiencke, C., and Bischof, K. (Eds.). Seaweed Biology, Ecological Studies. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012.
334. Buschmann, A. H., Correaa, J. A., Westermeier, R., Hernandez-Gonzales, M. C., and Norambuena, R. Red algal farming in Chile: A review. Aquaculture, 194, 203-220, 2001.
335. But, P. P., Cheng, L., Chan, P. K., Lau, D. T., and But, J. W. Nostoc flagelliforme and faked items retailed in Hong Kong. Journal of Applied Phycology, 14, 143-145, 2002.
336. Chini-Zittelli, G., Rodolfi, L., and Tredici, M. R. Mass cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. in annular reactors. Journal of Applied Phycology, 15, 107-114, 2003.
337. Cohen, Z. (Ed.). Chemicals from Microalgae. Taylor and Francis, London, 1999.
338. Cornish, M. L. and Garbary, D. J. Antioxidants from macroalgae: Potential applications in human health and nutrition. Algae, 25(4), 155-171, 2010.
339. Daranas, A. H., Norte, M., and Fernandez, J. J. Toxic marine microalgae. Toxicon, 39, 1101-1132, 2001.
340. Delisle, H., Allasoumgue, F., Begin, K. N., and Lasorsa, C. Household food consumption and nutritional ade-quacy in wadi zones of Chad. Ecology Food Nutrition, 25, 229-248, 1991.
341. Delpeuch, F., Joseph, A., and Cavalier, C. Consommation alimentaire et apport nutritionnel des algues bleues chez quelques populations du Kanem (Chad). Annales Nutrition Alimentation, 29, 497-516, 1976.
342. Dettmar P. W., Strugala, V., and Craig Richardson, J. The key role alginates play in health. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(2), 263-266, 2011.
343. Dillehay, T. D., Ramírez, C., Pino, M., Collins, M. B., Rossen, J., and Pino-Navarro, J. D. Monte Verde: Seaweed, food, medicine, and the peopling of South America. Science, 320(5877), 784-786, 2008.
344. Dungeard, P. Su rune algue bleue alimentaire pour l’homme. Actes Society Linnean Bordeaux, 91, 39-41, 1940.
345. Evangelista, V., Barsanti, L., Frassanito, A. M., Passarelli, V., and Gualtieri, P. (Eds.). Algal Toxins: Nature, Occurrence, Effect and Detection. NATO Series A: Chemistry and Biology. Springer Science, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2008.
346. Farra, W. V. Tecuitlatl: A glimpse of Aztec food technology. Nature, 211, 341-342, 1966.
347. Faulkner, D. J. Marine natural products. Natural Products Reports, 18, 1-49, 2001.
348. Fitzgerald, C., Gallagher, E., Tasdemir, D., and Hayes, M. Heart health peptides from macroalgae and their potential use in functional foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(13), 6829-6836, 2011.
349. Funaki, M., Nishizawa, M., Sawaya, T., Inoue, S., and Yamagishi, T. Mineral composition in the holdfast of three brown algae of the genus Laminaria. Fisheries Science, 67, 295-300, 2001.
350. Gao, K. Chinese studies on the edible blue-green alga, Nostoc flagelliforme: A review. Journal of Applied Phycology, 10, 37-49, 1998.
351. Gao, K. and Ai, H. Relationship of growth and photosynthesis with colony size in an edible cyanobacterium, Ge-Xian-Mi (Nostoc). Journal of Phycology, 40, 523-526, 2004.
352. Georg Jensen, M., Pedersen, C., Kristensen, M., Frost, G., and Astrup, A. Review: Efficacy of alginate supple-mentation in relation to appetite regulation and metabolic risk factors: Evidence from animal and human studies. Obesity Reviews, 14(2), 129-144, 2013.
353. Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., and Cembella, A. D. (Eds.). Manual on Harmful Marine Algae. IOC Manuals and Guides, No. 33, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, France, 2003.
354. Harel, M., Koven, W., Lein, I., Bar, Y., Behrens, P., Stubblefield, J., Zohar, Y., and Place, A. R. Advanced DHA, EPA and ARA enrichment materials for marine aquaculture using single cell heterotrophs. Aquaculture, 213, 347-362, 2002.
355. Hetland, G., Ohno, N., Aaberge, I. S., and Lovik, M. Protective effect of β-glucan against systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. FEMS, 27, 111-116, 2000.
356. Holdt, S. and Kraan, S. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: Functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3), 543-597, 2011.
357. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e.pdf
358. http://www.aqua-in-tech.com
359. http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Lithothamnioncorallioides.htm
360. http://www.mumm.ac.be/SUMARE
361. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/cru/kd01/orange/sdsp-06.asp
362. Irianto, A. and Austin, B. Probiotics in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25, 633-642, 2002.
363. Jacobson, T. A., Glickstein, S. B., Rowe, J. D., and Soni, P. N. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosa-hexaenoic acid on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipids: A review. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 6(1), 5-18, 2012.
364. Jyonouchi, H., Sun, S., Iijima, K., and Gross, M. D. Antitumor activity of astaxanthin and its mode of action. Nutrition and Cancer, 36, 59-65, 2000.
365. Khan, S. and Satam, S. B. Seaweed marine culture: Scope and potential in India. Aquaculture Asia, 8, 26-29, 2003.
366. Kusmic, C., Barsacchi, R., Barsanti, L., Gualtieri, P., and Passarelli, V. Euglena gracilis as source of the anti-oxidant vitamin E. Effects of culture conditions in the wild type strain in the Euglena natural mutant WZSL. Journal of Applied Phycology, 10, 555-559, 1999.
367. Lee, Y. Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: Their limitation and potential. Journal of Applied Phycology, 13, 307-315, 2001.
368. Leonard, J. The 1964-1965 Belgian Trans-Saharan expedition. Nature, 209, 126-128, 1966.
369. Leonard, J. and Compere, P. Spirulina platensis algue bleue de grande valeur alimentatire par sa richesse en proteins. Bulletin Jarden Botanique Naturelle Belgique, 37, 3-23, 1967.
370. Lordan, S., Ross, R. P., and Stanton, C. Marine bioactives as functional food ingredients: Potential to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Marine Drugs, 9(6), 1056-1100, 2011.
371. Lourenço, S. O., Barbarino, E., De-Paula, J. C., da S. Pereira, L. O., and Marquez, U. M. L. Amino acid compo-sition, protein content and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for 19 tropical Seaweeds. Phycological Research, 50, 233-241, 2002.
372. Lu, C., Rao, K., Hall, D., and Vonshak, A. Production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Monodus subterra-neus grown in a helical tubular photobioreactor as affected by cell density and light intensity. Journal of Applied Phycology, 13, 517-522, 2001.
373. Luning, K. and Pang, S. Mas cultivation of seaweeds: Current aspects and approaches. Journal of Applied Phycology, 15, 115-119, 2003.
374. Malloch, S. Marine plant management and opportunities in British Columbia. Fisheries, Sustainable Economic Development Branch, Victoria, BC, 2000.
375. McHugh, D. J. A Guide to the Seaweed Industry. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 441. FAO, Rome, Italy, 2003.
376. Mhadhebi, L., Laroche-Clary, A., Robert, J., and Bouraoui, A. Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant activities of organic extracts from the Mediterranean seaweed, Cystoseira crinita. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(73), 16682-16690, 2011.
377. Murakami, T., Ogawa, H., Hayashi, M., and Yoshizumi, H. Effect of Euglena cells on blood pressure, cere-bral peripheral vascular changes and life-span in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal Japanese Society Nutrition Food Science, 41, 115-125, 1998.
378. Nagai, T. and Yukimoto, T. Preparation and functional properties of beverages made from sea algae. Food Chemistry, 81, 327-332, 2003.
379. Neff, L. M., Culiner, J., Cunningham-Rundles, S., Seidman, C., Meehan, D., Maturi, J. et al. Algal docosa-hexaenoic acid affects plasma lipoprotein particle size distribution in overweight and obese adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(2), 207-213, 2011.
380. Norziah, M. H. and Ching, C. Y. Nutritional composition of edible seaweed Gracilaria changgi. Food Chemistry, 68, 69-76, 2000.
381. Palthur, M. P., Palthur, S. S., and Chitta, S. K. Nutraceuticals: A conceptual definition. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(3), 19-27, 2010.
382. Pangestuti, R. and Kim, S. K. Biological activities and health benefit effects of natural pigments derived from marine algae. Journal of Functional Foods, 3(4), 255-266, 2011a.
383. Pangestuti, R. and Kim, S. K. Neuroprotective effects of marine algae. Marine Drugs, 9(5), 803-818, 2011b.
384. Park M. K., Jung, U., and Roh, C. Fucoidan from marine brown algae inhibits lipid accumulation. Marine Drugs, 9(8), 1359-1367, 2011.
385. Park, E. Y., Kim, E. H., Kim, M. H., Seo, Y. W., Lee, J. I., and Jun, H. S. Polyphenol-rich fraction of brown alga Ecklonia cava collected from Gijang, Korea, reduces obesity and glucose levels in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-11 2012.
386. Parker, N. S., Negri, A. P., Frampton, D. M. F., Rodolfi, L., Tredici, M. R., and Blackburn, S. I. Growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) using high biomass culture systems. Journal of Applied Phycology, 14, 313-324, 2002.
387. Patel, S. Therapeutic importance of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds: Updating the recent findings. 3 Biotech, 2(3), 171-185, 2012.
388. Pereira, H., Barreira, L., Figueiredo, F., Custódio, L., Vizetto-Duarte, C., Polo, C. et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine macroalgae: Potential for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. Marine Drugs, 10(9), 1920-1935, 2012.
389. Richmond, A. Microalgal biotechnology at the turn of the millennium: A personal view. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12, 441-451, 2000.
390. Ridolfi, L., Chini-Zitelli, G., Barsanti, L., Rosati, G., and Tredici, M. R. Growth medium recycling in Nannochloropsis sp. mass cultivation. Biomolecular Engineering, 20, 243-248, 2003.
391. Shields, R. J. and Lupatsch, I. Algae for aquaculture and animal feeds. Technikfolgenabschätzung-Theorie und Praxis, 21, 23-37, 2012.
392. Steneck, R. S., Graham, M. H., Bourque, B. J., Corbett, D., Erlandson, J. M., Estes, J. A., and Tegner, M. J. Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environmental Conservation, 29, 436-459, 2002.
393. Stepp, J. R. and Moerman, D. E. The importance of weed in ethnopharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75, 19-23, 2001.
394. Takaichi, S. Carotenoids in algae: Distributions, biosyntheses and functions. Marine Drugs, 9(6), 1101-1118, 2011.
395. Takeyama, H. K., Yoshino, Y., Kakuta, H., Kawamura, Y., and Matsunaga, T. Production of antioxidant vita-mins, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 53, 185-190, 1997.
396. Talyshinsky, M. M., Souprun, Y. Y., and Huleihel, M. M. Anti-viral activity of red microalgal polysaccharides against retroviruses. Cancer Cell International, 2, 8-15, 2002.
397. Tani, Y., and Tsumura, H. Screening for tocopherol-producing microorganisms and α-tocopherol production by Euglena gracilis Z. Agriculture Biological Chemistry, 53, 305-312, 1989.
398. Tseng, C. K. Algal biotechnology industries and research activities in China. Journal Applied Phycology, 13, 375-380, 2001.
399. Turner, N. J. The ethnobotany of edible seaweeds (Porphyra abbotae) and its use by First Nations on the Pacific Coast of Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 81, 283-293, 2003.
400. Vicente, M. F., Basilio, A., Cabello, A., and Pelaez, F. Microbial natural products as a source of antifungals. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 9, 15-32, 2003.
401. Vismara, R., Vestri, S., Kusmic, C., Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. Natural vitamin E enrichment of Artemia salina fed freshwater and marine microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 15, 75-80, 2003a.
402. Vismara, R., Vestri, S., Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. Diet-induced variations in fatty acid content and composi-tion of two on-grown stages of Artemia sp. Journal Applied Phycology, 15, 477-483, 2003b.
403. Vismara, R., Vestri, S., Frassanito, A. M., Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. Stress resistance induced by paramylon treatment in Artemia sp. Journal of Applied Phycology, 16, 61-67, 2004.
404. Wang, B., Zarka, A., Trebst, A., and Boussiba, S. Astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis as an active photoprotective process under high irradiance. Journal of Phycology, 39, 1116-1124, 2003.
405. Wilson, S., Blake, C., Berges, J. A., and Maggs, C. A. Environmental tolerances of free-living coralline algae (maerl): Implication for European marine conservation. Biological Conservation, 120, 283-293, 2004.
406. Aponte N.E. and D.L. Ballantine. Depth distribution of algal species on the deep insular fore reef at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 48(10), 2185-2194, 2001.
407. Arrigo K.R., D.K. Perovich, R.S. Pickart, Z.W. Brown, G.L. van Dijken, K.E Lowry et al. Massive phytoplank-ton blooms under Arctic Sea ice. Science, 336(6087), 1408, 2012.
408. Azúa-Bustos A., C. González-Silva, L. Salas, R.E. Palma, and R. Vicuña. A novel subaerial Dunaliella species growing on cave spiderwebs in the Atacama Desert. Extremophiles, 14(5), 443-452, 2010.
409. Ballantine D.L. and N.E. Aponte. An annotated checklist of deep-reef benthic marine algae from Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas (western Atlantic), I. Chlorophyta and Heterokontophyta. Nova Hedwigia, 76(1-2), 113-127, 2003.
410. Becraft E.D., F.M. Cohan, M. Kühl, S.I. Jensen, and D.M. Ward. Fine-scale distribution patterns of Synechococcus. Ecological diversity in microbial mats of mushroom spring, Yellowstone National Park. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(21), 7689-7697, 2011.
411. Conen F., J. Leifeld, B. Seth, and C. Alewell. Warming mineralises young and old soil carbon equally. Biogeosciences Discussions, 3(4), 489-513, 2006.
412. De Wever A., F. Leliaert, E. Verleyen, P. Vanormelingen, K. Van der Gucht, D.A. Hodgson et al. Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: Further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1673), 3591-3599, 2009.
413. Eiseman N.J. and S.A. Earle. Johnson-sea-linkia profunda, a new genus and species of deep-water Chlorophyta from the Bahamas Islands. Phycologia, 22(1), 1-6, 1983.
414. Fujii M., Y. Takano, H. Kojima, T. Hoshino, R. Tanaka, and M. Fukui. Microbial community structure, pigment composition, and nitrogen source of red snow in Antarctica. Microbial Ecology, 59(3), 466-475, 2010.
415. Gattuso, J.P., B. Gentili, C.M. Duarte, J.A. Kleypas, J.J. Middelburg, and D. Antoine. Light availability in the costal ocean: Impact on the distribution of benthic photosynthetic organisms and their contribution to primary production. Biogeoscience, 3, 489-513, 2006.
416. Hobbs W.O., A.P. Wolfe, W.P. Inskeep, L. Amskold, and K.O. Konhauser. Epipelic diatoms from an extreme acid environment: Beowulf Spring, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft, 135, 71-83, 2009.
417. Jarrett B.D., A.C. Hine, R.B. Halley, D.F. Naar, S.D. Locker, A.C. Neumann et al. Strange bedfellows-A deep-water hermatypic coral reef superimposed on a drowned barrier island; southern Pulley Ridge, SW Florida platform margin. Marine Geology, 214, 295-307, 2005.
418. Johnson Z., M.L. Landry, R.R. Bidigare, S.L. Brown, L. Campbell, J. Gunderson et al. Energetics and growth kinetics of a deep Prochlorococcus spp. population in the Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research, Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46(8-9), 1719-1743, 1999.
419. Karthikeyan C.V. and G. Gopalaswamy. Studies on acid stress tolerant proteins of cyanobacterium. International Journal of Biological Chemistry, 3(1), 1-10, 2009.
420. Kerney R., E. Kim, R.P. Hangarter, A.A. Heiss, C.D. Bishop, and B.K. Hall. Intracellular invasion of green algae in a salamander host. PNAS, 108(16), 6497-6502, 2011.
421. Krembs C., H. Eicken, and J.W. Deming. Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implica-tions for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(9), 3653-3658, 2011.
422. Lass-Flörl C. and A. Mayr. Human protothecosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20(2), 230-242, 2007.
423. Littler M.M, D.S. Littler, S.M. Blair, and J.N. Norris. Deepest known plant life discovered on an uncharted seamount. Science, 1, 57-59, 1985.
424. Littler M.M, D.S. Littler, S.M. Blair, and J.N. Norris. Deep-water plant communities from an uncharted sea-mount off from San Salvador Island, Bahamas: Distribution, abundance, and primary productivity. Deep Sea Research, 33(7), 881-892, 1986.
425. Markager S. and K. Sand-Jensen. Requirements and depth zonation of marine macro algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 88, 83-92, 1992.
426. Mayorga J., J.F. Barba-Gómez, A.P. Verduzco-Martínez, V.F. Muñoz-Estrada, and O. Welsh. Protothecosis. Clinics in Dermatology, 30(4), 432-436, 2012.
427. McGee D., R.A. Laws, and L.B. Cahoon. Live benthic diatoms from the upper continental slope: Extending the limits of marine primary production. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 356, 103-112, 2008.
428. Mrozińska T., J. Czerwik-Marcinkowska, and M. Webb-Janich. Basicladia chelonum (Collins) W.E. Hoffmann et Tilden (Chlorophyta, Cladophorophyceae) from Cuba (Caribbean): New observation of the ultrastruc-ture of its vegetative cells. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 78(1), 63-67, 2009.
429. Oren A., D. Ionescu, M. Hindiyeh, and H. Malkawi. Morphological, phylogenetic and physiological diversity of cyanobacteria in the hot springs of Zerka Ma. BioRisk, 3, 69-82, 2009.
430. Qin J., C.R. Lehr, C. Yuan, X.C. Le, T.R. McDermott, and B.P. Rosen. Biotransformation of arsenic by a Yellowstone thermoacidophilic eukaryotic alga. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(13), 5213-5217, 2009.
431. Reysenbach A.L. and S.L. Cady. Microbiology of ancient and modern hydrothermal systems. Trends in Microbiology, 9(2), 79-86, 2001.
432. Runcie J.W., C.F.D. Gurgel, and K.J. McDermid. In situ photosynthetic rates of tropical marine macroalgae at their lower depth limit. European Journal of Phycology, 43(4), 377-388, 2008.
433. Sansón M., J. Reyes, J. Afonso-Carrillo, and E Muñoz. Sublittoral and deep-water red and brown algae new from the Canary Islands. Botanica Marina, 45, 35-49, 2002.
434. Skinner S., N. FitzSimmons, and T.J. Entwisle. The moss-back alga (Cladophorophyceae, Chlorophyta) on two species of freshwater turtles in the Kimberleys. Telopea, 12(2), 279-284, 2008.
435. Spalding H., M.S. Foster, and J.N. Heine. Composition, distribution, and abundance of deep-water (>30 m) macroalgae in central California. Journal of Phycology, 39(2), 273-284, 2003.
436. Spijkerman E., A. Wacker, G. Weithoff, and T. Leya. Elemental and fatty acid composition of snow algae in arctic habitats. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 2012.
437. Su Y., X. Zhao, A. Li, and X. Li, G. Huang. Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from the Tengger Desert, northern China. European Journal of Soil Biology, 47(3), 182-187, 2011.
438. Suutari M., M. Majaneva, D. Fewer, B. Voirin, A. Aiello, T. Friedl et al. Molecular evidence for a diverse green algal community growing in the hair of sloths and a specific association with Trichophilus welckeri (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10(1), 86, 2010.
439. Tattersall, G.J. and N. Spiegelaar. Embryonic motility and hatching success of Ambyostoma maculatum are influenced by a symbiotic algae. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 86, 1289-1298, 2008.
440. Tumlison R. and S.E. Trauth. A novel facultative mutualistic relationship between bufonid tadpoles and flagel-lated green algae. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 1(1), 51-55, 2006.
441. Wagner, D., X. Pochon, L. Irwin, R.J. Toonen, and R.D. Gates. Azooxanthellate? Most Hawaiian black coral contain Symbiodinium. Proceedings of Royal Society B, 278, 1323-1328, 2011.
442. Wang G., K. Chen, L. Chen, C. Hu, D. Zhang, and Y. Liu. The involvement of the antioxidant system in protec-tion of desert cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. against UV-B radiation and the effects of exogenous antioxi-dants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69(1), 150-157, 2008.
443. Ward D.M., M.M. Bateson, M.J. Ferris, M. Kühl, A. Wieland, A. Koeppel et al. Cyanobacterial ecotypes in the microbial mat community of Mushroom Spring (Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming) as species-like units linking microbial community composition, structure and function. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 361(1475), 1997-2008, 2006.
444. Yan-Gui S., L. Xin-Rong, C. Ying-Wu, Z. Zhi-Shan, and L. Yan. Carbon fixation of cyanobacterial-algal crusts after desert fixation and its implication to soil organic carbon accumulation in desert. Land Degradation and Development, 24(4), 342-349, 2013.
445. Zammit G., D. Billi, E. Shubert, J. Kaštovsk, and P. Albertano. The biodiversity of subaerophytic phototrophic biofilms from Maltese hypogea. Fottea, 11(1), 187-201, 2011.
446. Zhao J., B. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. Chlorophytes of biological soil crusts in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China. Frontiers of Biology in China, 3(1), 40-44, 2008.