Endocrine Disruption by Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides

Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 481-494

  Kitamura, Shigeyuki ^a   Sugihara, Kazumi ^a   Fujimoto, Nariaki ^b  

^a HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85133595396     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50035-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (106)

1. Abell A., Juul S., Bonde J.P. Time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2000, 26:131-136.
2. Akhtar N., Kayani S.A., Ahmad M.M., Shahab M. Insecticide-induced changes in secretory activity of the thyroid gland in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1996, 16:397-400.
3. Andersen H.R., Vinggaard A.M., Rasmussen T.H., Gjermandsen I.M., Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C. Effects of currently used pesticides in assays for estrogenicity, androgenicity, and aromatase activity in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2002, 179:1-12.
4. Ashby J., Lefevre P.A. The peripubertal male rat assay as an alternative to the Hershberger castrated male rat assay for the detection of anti-androgens, oestrogens and metabolic modulators. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2000, 20:35-47.
5. Baligar P.N., Kaliwal B.B. Reproductive toxicity of carbofuran to the female mice: Effects on estrous cycle and follicles. Ind. Health 2002, 40:345-352.
6. Barnes T.B., Verlangieri A.J., Wilson M.C. Reproductive toxicity of methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate (benomyl) in male Wistar rats. Toxicology 1983, 28:103-115.
7. Bauer E.R., Meyer H.H., Stahlschmidt-Allner P., Sauerwein H. Application of an androgen receptor assay for the characterization of the androgenic or antiandrogenic activity of various phenyl urea herbicides and their derivatives. Analyst 1998, 123:2485-2487.
8. Birkhoj M., Nellemann C., Jarfelt K., Jacobsen H., Andersen H.R., Dalgaard M., Vinggaard A.M. The combined antiandrogenic effects of five commonly used pesticides. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 201:10-20.
9. Bisson M., Hontela A. Cytotoxic and endocrine-disrupting potential of atrazine, diazinon, endosulfan, and mancozeb in adrenocortical steroidogenic cells of rainbow trout exposed in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2002, 180:110-117.
10. Blair R.M., Fang H., Branham W.S., Hass B.S., Dial S.L., Moland C.L., Tong W., Shi L., Perkins R., Sheehan D.M. The estrogen receptor relative binding affinities of 188 natural and xenochemicals: Structural diversity of ligands. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 54:138-153.
11. Bustos-Obregon E., Diaz O., Sobarzo C. Parathion induces mouse germ cells apoptosis. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 2001, 106:199-204.
12. Chatterjee S., Ray A., Bagchi P., Deb C. Estrogenic effects of aldrin and quinalphos in rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1992, 48:125-130.
13. Chatterjee S., Dutta A.B., Ghosh R. Impact of carbofuran in the oocyte maturation of catfish Heteropenustes fossilis (Bloch). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1997, 32:426-430.
14. Chen H., Xiao J., Hu G., Zhou J., Xiao H., Wang X. Estrogenicity of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2002, 65:1419-1435.
15. Chhabra R.S., Eutis S., Haseman J.K., Kurtz P.J., Carlton B.D. Comparative carcinogenicity of ethylenethiourea with or without perinatal exposure in rats and mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1992, 18:405-417.
16. Clark J.H., Watson C., Upchurch S., Padykula H., Markaverich B., Hardin J.W. Estrogen action in normal and abnormal cell growth. Estrogens in the Environment 1980, 53-67. Elsevier, Amsterdam. J.A. McLachlan (Ed.).
17. Clos M.V., Ramoneda M., Garcia G. Modification of testicular cytochrome P-450 after fenitrothion administration. Gen. Pharmacol. 1994, 25:499-503.
18. Cocker J., Mason H.J., Garfitt S.J., Jones K. Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol. Lett. 2002, 134:97-103.
19. Colosio C., Fustinoni S., Birindelli S., Bonomi I., De Paschale G., Mammone T., Tiramani M., Vercelli F., Visentin S., Maroni M. Ethylenethiourea in urine as an indicator of exposure to mancozeb in vineyard workers. Toxicol. Lett. 2002, 134:133-140.
20. Cook J.C., Mullin L.S., Frame S.R., Biegel L.B. Investigation of a mechanism for Leydig cell tumorigenesis by linuron in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1993, 119:195-204.
21. Curtis L.R. Organophosphate antagonism of the androgen receptor. Toxicol. Sci. 2001, 60:1-2.
22. Deneer J.W. Bioconcentration of chlorpyrifos by the three-spined stickleback under laboratory and field conditions. Chemosphere 1994, 29:1561-1575.
23. Eskenazi B., Bradman A., Castorina R. Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107(Suppl. 3):409-419.
24. Eskenazi B., Harley K., Bradman A., Weltzien E., Jewell N.P., Barr D.B., Furlong C.E., Holland N.T. Association of in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:1116-1124.
25. Fang H., Tong W., Branham W.S., Moland C.L., Dial S.L., Hong H., Xie Q., Perkins R., Owens W., Sheehan D.M. Study of 202 natural, synthetic, and environmental chemicals for binding to the androgen receptor. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2003, 16:1338-1358.
26. Fenster L., Coye M.J. Birthweight of infants born to Hispanic women employed in agriculture. Arch. Environ. Health 1990, 45:46-52.
27. Flickinger E.L., White D.H., Mitchell C.A., Lamont T.G. Monocrotophos and dicrotophos residues in birds as a result of misuse of organophosphates in Matagorda County, Texas. J. Assoc Off. Anal. Chem. 1984, 67:827-828.
28. Fordham C.L., Tessari J.D., Ramsdell H.S., Keefe T.J. Effects of malathion on survival, growth development, and equilibrium posture of bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2001, 20:179-184.
29. Foster P.M.D. Assessing the effects of chemicals on male reproduction: Lessons learned from di-n-butyl phthalate. CIIT Activities 1997, 17:1-8.
30. Garfitt S.J., Jones K., Mason H.J., Cocker J. Exposure to the organophosphate diazinon: Data from a human volunteer study with oral and dermal doses. Toxicol. Lett. 2002, 134:105-113.
31. Ghosh P., Bhattacharya S., Bhattacharya S. Impact of nonlethal levels of Metacid-50 and carbaryl on thyroid function and cholinergic system of Channa punctatus. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 1989, 2:92-97.
32. Goad R.T., Goad J.T., Atieh B.H., Gupta R.C. Carbofuran-induced endocrine disruption in adult male rats. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 2004, 14:233-240.
33. Gore A.C. Organochlorine pesticides directly regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression and biosynthesis in the GT1-7 hypothalamic cell line. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2002, 192:157-170.
34. Gray L.E., Wolf C., Lambright C., Mann P., Price M., Cooper R.L., Ostby J. Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p?-DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substrances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethane dimethane sulphonate) during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1999, 15:94-118.
35. Grether J.K., Harris J.A., Neutra R., Kizer K.W. Exposure to aerial malathion application and the occurrence of congenital anomalies and low birthweight. Am. J. Public Health 1987, 77:1009-1010.
36. Grunfeld H.T., Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C. Effect of in vitro estrogenic pesticides on human oestrogen receptor ? and ? mRNA levels. Toxicol. Lett. 2004, 151:467-480.
37. Guillette L.J., Gross T.S., Masson G.R., Matter J.M., Percival H.F., Woodward A.R. Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994, 102:680-698.
38. Gurunathan S., Robson M., Freeman N., Buckley B., Roy A., Meyer R., Bukowski J., Lioy P.J. Accumulation of chlorpyrifos on residential surfaces and toys accessible to children. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106:9-16.
39. Hershberger L., Shipley E., Meyer R. Myotrophic activity of 19-nortestosterone and other steroids determined by modified levator ani muscle method. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1953, 83:175-180.
40. Hofmeister M.V., Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C. Effects of the pesticides prochloraz and methiocarb on human estrogen receptor ? and ? mRNA levels analyzed by on-line RT-PCR. Toxicol. in Vitro 2004, 18:427-433.
41. Ishihara A., Nishiyama N., Sugiyama S., Yamauchi K. The effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals on thyroid hormone binding to Japanese quail transthyretin and thyroid hormone receptor. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2003, 134:36-43.
42. Jeong S.H., Kim B.R., Ku H.O., Cho J.H. Studies on the assessment of endocrine disruption effects of animal feed additives and environmental contaminants in animal feeds. Annu. Rep. NVRQS 2001, 43-127.
43. Jewell W.T., Hess R.A., Miller M.G. Testicular toxicity of molinate in the rat: Metabolic activation via sulfoxidation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998, 149:159-166.
44. Kang H.G., Jeong S.H., Cho J.H., Kim D.G., Park J.M., Cho M.H. Chlropyrifos-methyl shows antiandrogenic activity without estrogenic activity in rats. Toxicology 2004, 199:219-230.
45. Kelce W.R., Wilson E.M. Environmental antiandrogens: Developmental effects, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications. J. Mol. Med. 1997, 75:198-207.
46. Kelce W.R., Stone C.R., Laws S.C., Gray L.E., Kemppainen J.A., Wilson E.M. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p?-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 1995, 375:581-585.
47. Kitamura S., Yoshida M., Sugihara K., Ohta S., Hara A. Effect of fenthion on the level of vitellogenin in goldfish, Carassius auratus. J. Health Sci. 1999, 45:262-265.
48. Kitamura S., Kadota T., Yoshida M., Jinno N., Ohta S. Whole-body metabolism of the organophosphorus pesticide, fenthion, in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2000, 126:259-266.
49. Kitamura S., Suzuki T., Ohta S., Fujimoto N. Antiandrogenic activity and metabolism of the organophosphorus pesticide fenthion and related compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2003, 111:503-508.
50. Kitamura S., Suzuki T., Kadota T., Yoshida M., Ohashi K., Ohta S. In vitro metabolism of fenthion and fenthion sulfoxide by liver preparations of sea bream, goldfish, and rats. Drug Metab. Disp. 2003, 31:179-186.
51. Klotz D.M., Arnold S.F., McLachlan J.A. Inhibition of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone activity in human breast and endometrial cancer cells by carbamate insecticides. Life Sci. 1997, 60:1467-1475.
52. Kojima H., Katsura E., Takeuchi S., Niiyama K., Kobayashi K. Screening for estrogen and androgen receptor activities in 200 pesticides by in vitro reporter gene assays using Chinese hamster ovary cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:524-531.
53. Kristensen P., Irgens L.M., Andersen A., Bye A.S., Sundheim L. Gestational age, birth weight, and perinatal death among births to Norwegian farmers, 1967-1991. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997, 146:329-338.
54. Kulshrestha S.K., Arora N. Impairments induced by sublethal doses of two pesticides in the ovaries of a freshwater teleost Channa striatus Bloch. Toxicol. Lett. 1984, 20:93-98.
55. Kupfer D. Effects of some pesticides and related compounds on steroid function and metabolism. Residue Rev. 1967, 19:11-30.
56. Lambright C., Ostby J., Bobseine K., Wilson V., Hotchkiss A.K., Mann P.C., Gray L.E. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of linuron: An antiandrogenic herbicide that produces reproductive malformations in male rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 56:389-399.
57. Lien N.T.H., Adriaens D., Janssen C.R. Morphological abnormalities in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae exposed to malathion. Chemosphere 1997, 35:1475-1486.
58. Mahadevaswami M.P., Jadaramkunti U.C., Hiremath M.B., Kaliwal B.B. Effect of mancozeb on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy and biochemical constituents in hemicastrated albino rat. Reprod. Toxicol. 2000, 14:127-134.
59. Maness S.C., McDonnell D.P., Gaido K.W. Inhibition of androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional activity of DDT isomers and methoxychlor in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998, 151:135-142.
60. Mason J.I., Carr B.R., Murry B.A. Imidazole antimycotics: Selective inhibitors of steroid aromatization and progesterone hydroxylation. Steroids 1987, 50:179-189.
61. Maxwell L.B., Dutta H.M. Diazinon-induced endocrine disruption in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 2005, 60:21-27.
62. McIntyre B.S., Barlow N.J., Wallace D.G., Maness S.C., Gaido K.W., Foster P.M. Effects of in utero exposure to linuron on androgen-dependent reproductive development in the male Crl:CD(SD)BR rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2000, 167:87-99.
63. Nishihara T., Nishikawa J., Kanayama T., Dakeyama F., Saito K., Imagawa M., Takatori S., Kitagawa Y., Hori S., Utsumi H. Estrogenic activities of 517 chemicals by yeast two-hybrid assay. J. Health Sci. 2000, 46:282-298.
64. Olsson A.O., Nguyen J.V., Sadowski M.A., Barr D.B. A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionizationtandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of specific organophosphorus pesticide biomarkers in human urine. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003, 376:808-815.
65. Ostby J., Kelce W.R., Lambright C., Wolf C.J., Mann P., Gray L.E. The fungicide procymidone alters sexual differentiation in the male rat by acting as an androgen-receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1999, 15:80-93.
66. Pant N., Srivastava S.C., Prasad A.K., Shankar R., Srivastava S.P. Effects of carbaryl on the rat's male reproductive system. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1995, 37:421-425.
67. Pereira W.E., Hostettler F.D. Nonpoint source contamination of the Mississippi River and its tributaries by herbicides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27:1542-1552.
68. Perera F.P., Rauh V., Tsai W.Y., Kinney P., Camann D., Barr D., et al. Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ. Health Perspect 2003, 111:201-206.
69. Pitarch E., Serrani R., Lopez F.J., Hernandez F. Rapid multiresidue determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds in human serum by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003, 376:189-197.
70. Porter W.P., Jaeger J.W., Carlson I.H. Endocrine, immune, and behavioral effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at ground-water concentrations. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1999, 15:133-150.
71. Ram R.N. Carbofuran-induced histophysiological changes in thyroid of the teleost fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 1988, 16:106-113.
72. Ram R.N., Joy K.P., Sathyanesan A.G. Cythion-induced histophysiological changes in thyroid and thyrotrophs of the teleost fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 1989, 17:272-278.
73. Ram R.N., Singh I.J., Singh D.V. Carbofuran induced impairment in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal-gonadal complex in the teleost, Channa punctalus (Bloch). J. Environ. Biol. 2001, 22:193-200.
74. Rawlings N.C., Cook S.J., Waldbillig D. Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, trillate, trifluran, 2,4-D and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1998, 54:21-36.
75. Ray A., Chatterjee S., Ghosh S., Kabir S.N., Pakrashi A., Deb C. Suppressive effect of quinalphos on the activity of accessory sex glands and plasma concentrations of gonadotrophins and testosterone in rats. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1991, 21:383-387.
76. Ray A., Chatterjee S., Ghosh S., Bhattacharya K., Pakrashi A., Deb C. Quinalphos-induced suppression of spermatogenesis, plasma gonadotrophins, testicular testosterone production, and secretion in adult rats. Environ. Res. 1992, 57:181-189.
77. Restrepo M., Munoz N., Day N.E., Parra J.E., de Romero L., Nguyen-Dinh X. Prevalence of adverse reproductive outcomes in a population occupationally exposed to pesticides in Colombia. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1990, 16:232-238.
78. Rojas M., Bustos-Obregon E., Martinez-Garcia F., Contreras H., Regadera J. The effect of parathion on mouse testicular and epididymal development cultured in chicken allantochorion. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998, 444:201-206.
79. Sanghi R., Pillai M.K., Jayalekshmi T.R., Nair A. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in breast milk from Bhopal, Madhya, Pradesh, India. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2003, 22:73-76.
80. Savitz D.A., Whelan E.A., Kleckner R.C. Self-reported exposure to pesticides and radiation related to pregnancy outcome-Results from National Natality and Fetal Mortality Surveys. Public Health Rep. 1989, 104:473-477.
81. Schein L.G., Thomas J.A. Deldrin and parathion interaction in the prostate and liver of the mouse. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1976, 1:829-838.
82. 3H-dihydrotestosterone binding to cytosol proteins from various tissues of the mouse. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1979, 3:461-470.
83. Shain S.A., Shaeffer J.C., Boesel R.W. The effect of chronic ingestion of selected pesticides upon rat ventral prostate homeostasis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1977, 40:115-130.
84. Sherman J.D. Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)-associated birth defects: Report of four cases. Arch. Environ. Health 1996, 51:5-8.
85. Sinha N., Lal B., Singh T.P. Carbaryl-induced thyroid dysfunction in the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 1991, 21:240-247.
86. Sinha N., Lal B., Singh T.P. Pesticides induced changes in circulating thyroid hormones in the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 1991, 100:107-110.
87. Sinha N., Lal B., Singh T.P. Thyroid physiology impairment by malathion in the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 1992, 24:17-25.
88. Sohoni P., Lefevre P.A., Ashby J., Sumpter J.P. Possible androgenic/anti-androgenic activity of the insecticide fenitrothion. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2001, 21:173-178.
89. Sonnenschein C., Soto A.M. An update review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1998, 65:143-150.
90. Steenland K., Cedillo L., Tucker J., Hines C., Sorensen K., Deddens J., Cruz V. Thyroid hormones and cytogenetic outcomes in backpack sprayers using ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides in Mexico. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105:1126-1130.
91. Sunami O., Kunimatsu T., Yamada T., Yabushita S., Sukata T., Miyata K., Kamita Y., Okuno Y., Seki T., Nakatsuka I., Matsuo M. Evaluation of a 5-day Hershberger assay using young mature male rats: Methyltestosterone and p,p?-DDE, but not fenitrothion, exhibited androgenic or antiandrogenic activity in vivo. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 25:403-415.
92. Tamura H., Maness S.C., Reischmann K., Dorman D.C., Gray L.E., Gaido K.W. Androgen receptor antagonism by the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion. Toxicol. Sci. 2001, 60:56-62.
93. Thomas D.C., Petitti D.B., Goldhaber M., Swan S.H., Rappaport E.B., Hertz-Picciotto I. Reproductive outcomes in relation to malathion spraying in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1981-1982. Epidemiology 1992, 3:32-39.
94. Thomas J.A., Schein L.G. Effect of parathion on the uptake and metabolism of androgens in rodent sex accessory organs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1974, 29:53-58.
95. Tilak K.S., Veeraiah K., Rao D.K. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of chlorpyrifos in Indian carp Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton), and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2004, 73:933-941.
96. Tuomainen A., Kangas J.A., Meuling W.J.A., Glass R.C. Monitoring of pesticide applicators for potential dermal exposure to malathion and biomarkers in urine. Toxicol. Lett. 2002, 134:125-132.
97. Turner K.J., Barlow N.J., Struve M.F., Wallace D.G., Gaido K.W., Dorman D.C., Foster P.M. Effects of in utero exposure to the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion on androgen-dependent reproductive development in the Crl:CD(SD)BR rat. Toxicol. Sci. 2002, 68:174-183.
98. Tsuda T., Aoki S., Kojima M., Harada H. Bio-concentration and excretion of diazinon, malathion and fenitrothion by carp. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 1990, 96:23-26.
99. Tsuda T., Kojima M., Harada H., Nakajima A., Aoki S. Accumulation and excretion of fenthion, fenthion sulfoxide and fenthion sulfone by killifish (Oryzias latipes). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 1996, 113:45-49.
100. Usmani K.A., Rose R.L., Hodgson E. Inhibition and activation of the human liver microsomal and human cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism of testosterone by deployment-related chemicals. Drug Metab. Disp. 2003, 31:384-391.
101. Vinggaard A.M., Hnida C., Breinholt V., Larsen J.C. Screening of selected pesticides for inhibition of CYP19 aromatase activity in vitro. Toxicol. in Vitro 2000, 14:227-234.
102. Vonier P.M., Crain D.A., McLachlan J.A., Guillette L.J., Arnold S.F. Interaction of environmental chemicals with the estrogen and progesterone receptors from the oviduct of the American alligator. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104:1318-1322.
103. Weidner I.S., Moller H., Jensen T.K., Skakkebaek N.E. Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in sons of gardeners and farmers. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106:793-796.
104. Willis W.O., de Peyster A., Molgaard C.A., Walker C., MacKendrick T. Pregnancy outcome among women exposed to pesticides through work or residence in an agricultural area. J. Occup. Med. 1993, 35:943-949.
105. Wong C., Kelce W., Sar M., Wilson E.M. Androgen receptor antagnoist versus agnoist activities of the fungicide vinclozolin relative to hydroxyflutamide. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:19998-20003.
106. Xiang H., Nuckolos J.R., Stallones L. A geographic information assessment of birth weight and crop production patterns around mother's residence. Environ. Res. 2000, 82:160-167.