Safety of use of colouring agents in animal nutrition - Part III: ß-apo-8’-carotenal, ethyl ester of ß-apo-8’-carotenoic acid, lutein, zeaxanthin and concluding remarks

EFSA Journal

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2009, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

carotenoids; colourants; egg yolk colour; ethyl ester of apo 8 carotenoic acid; lutein; pigments; sensory additives; skin pigmentation; apo 8 carotenal; xanthophylls; zeaxanthin

Indexed keywords

EID: 85078369400     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1098     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Adams, C. A. 2000. Antioxidants and feed ingredients can influence egg yolk pigmentation. Zootecnica Int. 24 (6), 36–39
2. Allen, P.C. 1987. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 87B, 313
3. Azuine, M.A., Goswami, U.C., Kayal, J.J. and Bhide SV. 1992. Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of carotenoids and dietary palm oil. Nutr. Cancer. 17, 287–295
4. Bagdon, R.E., Impellizzeri, C. and Osasca, M. 1962. Studies on the toxicity and metabolism of ²-apo-8'-carotenal in dogs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 4, 444–456
5. Balnave, D. and Bird, J. N. 1996. Relative efficiencies of yellow carotenoids for egg yolk pigmentation. AJAS. 9, 515–517
6. Beardsworth, P. M. and Hernandez, J.-M. 2004. Yolk colour - an important egg quality attribute. Int. Poult. Prod. 12 (5), 17–18
7. Bédécarrats, G.Y. and Leeson, S. 2006. Dietary lutein influences immune response in laying hens. J. Appl. Poult. Sci. 15, 183–189
8. Berendschot, T.T., Goldbohm, R.A., Klopping, W.A., van de Kraats, J., van Norel, J., van Norren, D. 2000. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci; 41: 3322–3326
9. BIBRA (The British Industrial Biological Research Association). 1996. Toxicity profile of xanthophylls. Govt Reports Announcements & Index Issue 19
10. BIBRA working group (1992). Xanthophylls Toxicity profile. BIBRA Toxicology International 4 p
11. BIBRA working group (1996). Toxicity profiles, beta-apo-8'-carotenal, ethyl- beta-apo-8'-carotenal, ethyl- beta-apo-8'-carotenoat and methyl beta-apo-8'-carotenoat. The British Industrial Biological Research Association
12. Blanch, A., Hernández, J.M. and Litta, G. 2002. Optimising the colour of egg products, a reliable sign of quality. Zootecnica Int. 24 (4), 30–37
13. Bowen, P.E., Herbst-Espinosa, S.M., Hussain, E.A., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. 2002. Esterification does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans. J Nutr 132: 3668–3673
14. Breithaupt, D. E., Weller, P. and Grashorn, M. A. 2003. Quantification of carotenoids in chicken plasma after feeding free or esterified lutein and capsanthin using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Poult.Sci. 82, 395–401
15. Calafat, F.A., Vila, B. and Fontgibell, A. 2005. Efficiency of natural red pigments in capsicum annuum in broiler pigmentation. XVIIth European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat, Doorwerth, The Netherlands, 23.-26. May
16. Calvo, M. 2005. Lutein: a valuable ingredient of fruit and vegetables. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45, 671–96
17. Damron, B.L., Amato, S.V. and Benoff, F.H. 1990. Marigold extracts and maize gluten meal as broiler pigment sources in maize an wheat-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 31, 79–89
18. Deli, J. and Molnar P. 2002. Paprika Carotenoids: Analysis, Isolation, Structure Elucidation. Current Organic Chemistry. 6 (13), 1197–1219
19. de Moura, F.F., Ho, C.C., Getachew, G., Hickenbottom, S., Clifford, A.J. 2005. Kinetics of 14C distribution after tracer dose of 14C-lutein in an adult woman. Lipids. 40 (10), 1069–73
20. Durnev, A.D., Tjurina, L.S., Guseva, N.V., Oreshchenko, A.V., Volgareva, G.M., and Seredenin, S.B. 1999. The influence of two carotenoid food dyes on clastogenic activities of cyclophosphamide and dioxidine in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 37, 479
21. EC. 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on the use of canthaxanthin in feedingstuffs for salmon and trout, lying hens, and other poultry. ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scan/out81_en.pdf
22. EC. 2004. Reports on Tasks for Scientific Cooperation (SCOOP) Task 3.2.11. Assessment of the dietary exposures to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States. Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection
23. EFSA. 2006. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from the Commission related to Lutein for use in foods for particular nutritional uses www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/Scientific_Opinion/afc_ej315_lutein_op_en,0.pdf
24. EFSA. 2008. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the European Commission on the safety of 'Zeaxanthin as an ingredient in food supplements'. The EFSA Journal (2008) 728, 1–28
25. www.efsa.eu.int/cs/BlobServer/Scientific_Opinion/nda_op_ej728_synthetic%20zeaxanthin_en.pdf?ssbinary=yrue
26. E1 Boushy, A.R. and Raterink, R. 1992. Egg yolk pigmentation. World Review of Animal Production 27 (1), 49–62
27. Ernst, H. 2002. Recent advances in industrial carotenoid synthesis, Pure Appl. Chem. 74 (11), 2213–2226
28. Euler, H., Karrer, P., Solmssen, U. 1938. Homologus of vitamin A and by product of α-carotene, α-apo-8'-carotenal. Helv. Chim. Acta. 12: 211
29. FAO/WHO. Summary of the evaluation performed by the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jeceval/jec_1289.htm
30. FEFAC (European Feed Manufacturers Federation). 2004. Market data on the use of carotenoids. Personal communication
31. Fletcher, D.L., Barton, A.G. and Edwards, H.M. 1986. Evaluating of a specific gravity method for estimating the total carcass fat of New York-Dressed broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 65, 1687–1692
32. Franceschi, S., Bidoli, E., Negri, E., Zambon, P., Salamini, R., Ruol, A., Parpinel, M., Levi, F., Limonato, L., La Vecchia, C. 2000. Role of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals in the aetiology of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Int J Cancer 86: 626–631
33. Fritsche, H. and Schippel, K. 1990. Natürliche Farbstoffträger - Analyse und Wirkungsweise auf die Eidotterfarbe. Merbitzer Berichte (28), 99–109
34. Fru, F., Phillips, P., Aureli, R. and Schierle, J. 2006a. The efficacy of a gelatine-free apocarotenoic ester formulation in broiler pigmentation. 9. Tagung Schweine- und Geflügelernährung, Halle (Saale), 28.-30. Nov.
35. Fru, F., Phillips, P., Aureli, R. and Schierle, J. 2006b. Comparing the efficiencies of a gelatine-free apo-ester versus a gelatine apo-ester formulation in egg yolk pigmentation. 9. Tagung Schweine- und Geflügelernährung, Halle (Saale), 28.-30. Nov.
36. García-Closas, R., Berenguer, A., Tormo, M.J., Sánchez, M.J., Quirós, J.R., Navarro, C., Arnaud, R., Dorronsoro, M., Chirlaque, M.D., Barricarte, A., Ardanaz, E., Amiano, P., Martinez, C., Agudo, A. and González, C. 2004. Dietary sources fo vitmin C, vitamin E and specific carotenoids in Spain. British Journal of Nutrition. 91, 1005–1011
37. Glover, J. and Redfearn, E.R. 1954. The mechanism of the transformation of b-carotene in vitamin A in vivo. Biochem J. 58, XV, 1954
38. Glover, J. 1960. Vitamins Hormones. 18, 371
39. Goodman, G.E., Schaffer, S., Omenn, G.S., Chen, C. and King, I. 2003. The association between lung and prostate cancer risk, and serum micronutrients: Results and lessons learned from ²-carotene and retinol efficacy trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 12, 518–526
40. Gouveia, L., Veloso, V., Reis, A., Fernandez, H., Novais, J. and Empis, J. 1996. Chlorella vulgaris used to colour egg yolk. J. Sci. Food Agric. 70, 167–172
41. Gradelet, S., Leclerc, J., Siess, M.H. and Astorg, P.O. 1996. ²-Apo-8'-carotenal, but not ²-carotene, is a strong inducer of liver cytochromes P4501A1 and 1A2 in rat. Xenobiotica. 26, 909–919
42. Gradelet, S., Astorg, P., Le Bon, A.M., Berges, R. and Suschetet, M. 1997. Modulation of aflatoxin B1 carcinogenicity, genotoxicty and metabolism in rat by dietary carotenoids: evidence for a protective effect of CYP1A inducers. Cancer Letters 114, 221–223
43. Gradelet, S., Le Bon, A.M., Bergès, R., Suschetet, M. and Astorg, P. 1998. Dietary carotenoids inhibit aflatoxin B1-induced liver preneoplastic foci and DNA damage in the rat; Role of the modulation of aflatoxin B1 metabolism. Carcinogenesis. 19, 403–411
44. Granado, F., Olmedilla, B., Blanco, I., Rojas-Hidalgo, E. 1992. Carotenoid composition in raw and cooked Spanish vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40, 2135–2140
45. Granado, F., Olmedilla, B., Blanco, I. and Rojas-Hidalgo, E. 1996. Major fruit and vegetable contributors to the main serum carotenoids in the Spanisch diet. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50, 246–250
46. Granado, F., Olmedilla, B., Blanco, I. 2002. Serum depletion and bioavailability of lutein in type I diabetic patients. European Journal of Nutrition 41: 47–53
47. Grashorn, M. A. and Seehawer, J. 1999. Use of apo-ester and tagetes extracts for yolk pigmentation in fresh and boiled eggs. VIII European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products, Bologna, Italy, 19.-23. September
48. Gross J. 1991. Pigments in Vegetables: Chlorophylls and Carotenoids. Van Nostrand, New York, USA.
49. Hamilton, P.B., Tirado, F.J. and Garcia-Hernandez, F. 1990. Deposition in egg yolks of the carotenoids from saponified and unsaponified oleoresin of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) fed to laying hens. Poult. Sci. 69, 462–470
50. Hammond, B.R., Wooten, B.R., Curran-Celentano, J. 2001. Carotenoids in the retina and lens: possible acute and chronic effects on human visual performance. Arch Biochem Biophys 385 (1): 41–46
51. Hao, Z., Parker, B., Knapp, M. and Yu, L. 2005. Simultaneus quantification of α-tocopherol and four major carotenoids in botanical materials by normal phase liquid chromatography – atmospheric pressure chemical ionization – tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 1094, 83–90
52. Haq AU, Bailey CA, Chinnah A. Effect of beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, and vitamin E on neonatal immunity of chicks when supplemented in the broiler breeder diets. Poult Sci. 1996;75: 1092–7)
53. Haq AU, Bailey CA. Neonatal immune response and growth performance of chicks hatched from single comb white leghorn breeders fed diets supplemented with -carotene, canthaxanthin, or lutein. Poult Sci. 1995;74: 844–51
54. Hencken, H. 1992. Chemical and physiological behavior of feed carotenoids and their effects on pigmentation. Poult. Sci. 71, 711–717
55. Herrero-Martinez, J., Eeltink, S., Schoenmakers, P., Kok, W. and Ramis-Ramos, G. 2006. Determination of major carotenoids in vegetables by capillary electrochromatography, J. Sep. Sci. 29, 660–5
56. Hoppe, P.P. and Wiesche, H. 1988. Erfahrungen mit Marigold als Pigmentquelle in der Geflügelhaltung. Kraftfutter. 1988 (5), 166–171
57. Huyghebaert, G. 1989. Recent advances in egg yolk and broiler skin pigmentation. 9th International Poultry Conference, Mexico, 22.-23. June
58. Huyghebaert, G. 2004. The utilisation of yellow oxy-carotenoids from natural feedstuffs and marigold sources for egg yolk pigmentation. FeedInfo News Service (30.11.2004), 7
59. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1998. Handbooks of Cancer prevention Vol 2 Carotenoids.
60. Inbaraj, S., Chien, J. and Chen, B. 2006. Improved HPLC method for determination of carotenoids in microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. J. Chromatogr. 1102, 293–9
61. Ishidate, M., Harnois, M.C. and Sofuni, T. 1988. A comparative analysis of data on the clastogenicity of 951 chemical substances tested in mammalian cell cultures. Mutation Research. 195, 151–213
62. Hininger, I.A., Meyer-Wenger, A., Moser, U., Wright, A., Southon, S., Thurnham, D., Chopra, M., Van Den Berg, H., Olmedilla, B., Favier, A.E., Roussel, A.M. 2001. No significant effects of lutein, lycopene or beta-carotene supplementation on biological markers of oxidative stress and LDL oxidizability in healthy adult subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 20: 232–238
63. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Committee on Food Additives). 1974. Evaluation of certain food additives (Eighteenth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings series, No 54; WHO Technical Report series, No. 557, 1974, and corrigendum
64. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Committee on Food Additives). 1975. Toxicological evaluation of some food colours, enzymes, flavour enhancers, thickening agents, and certain other food additives. FAO Nutrition Meetings series, No 54A; WHO Food Additives Series, No. 6, 1975
65. Johnson, E.J., Hammond, B.R., Yeum, K.J., Qin, J., Dong Wang, X., Castaneda, C., Snodderly, M., Russell, R.M. 2000. Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 1555–1562
66. Hadden, W.L., Watkins, R.H., Levy, L.W., Regalado, E., Rivadeneira, D.M., Van Breemen, R., Schwartz, S.J. 1999. Carotenoid composition of marigold (Tagetes erecta) flower extract used as nutritional supplement. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 4189–4194
67. Karunajeewa, H, Hughes, R.J., McDonald, M.W. and Shenstone, F.S. 1984. A review of factors influencing pigmentation in egg yolks. WPSJ. 40, 52–65
68. Khachik, F., Englert, G., Beecher, G.R., Smith, J.C. 1995. Isolation, structural elucidation, partial synthesis of lutein dehydration products in extracts from human plasma. J Chromatogr B 670: 219–233
69. Khachik, F., de Moura, F.F., Zhao, D-Y, Aebischer, C-P, Bernstein, P.S. 2002. Transformations of selected carotenoids in plasma, liver, and ocular tissues of humans and in nonprimate animal models. Invest. Ophtalmol. Vis. Sci. 43: 3383–3392
70. Kim HW, Chew BP, Wong TS, Park JS, Weng BC, Byrne KM, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA. Modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by dietary lutein in cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2000;73: 331–41
71. Kim HW, Chew BP, Wong TS, Park JS, Weng BC, Byrne KM, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA. Dietary lutein stimulates immune response in the canine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2000;74: 315–27)
72. Koutsos, E.A., García López, J.C. and Klasing, C.K. 2006. Carotenoids from in ovo or dietary sources blunt systemic indices of the inflammatory response in growing chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus), J. Nutr. 136, 1027–1031
73. Krinsky NI. Effects of carotenoids on cells. Mol Aspects Med. 1993; 14: 241–6)
74. Kruger, C., Murphy, M., DeFreitas, Z., Pfannkuch, F. and Heimbach, J. 2002. An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: case study using a lutein product product. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40, 1535–1549
75. Lai, S.M., Gray, J.L., Flegal C.J. and Cooper, T. 1996. Deposition of carotenoids in eggs from hens fed diets containing saponified and unsaponified oleoresin paprika. J. Sci. Food Agric. 72, 166–170
76. Landrum, J.T. and Bone, R.A. 2001. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385: 28–40
77. Leeson, S. and Caston, L. 2004. Enrichment of eggs with Lutein. Poult. Sci. 83, 1709–1712
78. Leshchinsky TV, Klasing KC. Relationship between the level of dietary vitamin E and the immune response of broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2001;80: 1590–9).
79. Lienau, A., Glaser, T., Tang, G., Dolnikowski, G.G., Grusak, M.A., Albert, K. 2003. Bioavailability of lutein in humans from intrinsically lebeled vegetables determined by LC-APCI-MS. J Nutr Bioch 11; 663–670
80. Marques, S.A., Paula, A., Loureiro, M., Gomes, O.F., Garcia, C.C.M., Di Mascio, P. and Medeiros, M.H.G. 2004. Induction of 1, N2-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA exposed to ²-carotene oxidation products. FEBS Letters. 560, 125–130
81. Marusich, W.L. and Bauernfeind, J.C. 1970a. Oxycarotenoids in poultry pigmentation, 1. Yolk studies. Poult. Sci. 49, 1555–1566
82. Marusich, W.L. and Bauernfeind, J.C. 1970b. Oxycarotenoids in poultry pigmentation, 1. Broiler studies. Poult. Sci. 49, 1566–1579
83. Marusich, W.L. and Bauernfeind, J. C. 1981. Oxycarotenoids in poultry feeds. In J.C. Bauernfeind: Carotenoids as colorants and vitamin A precursors, 320–462
84. Matsufuji, H., Nakamura, H., Chino, M. and Takeda, M. 1998. Antioxidant activity of capsanthin and the fatty acid esters in paprika (Capsicum annuum). J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 3468–3472
85. Mayer, H. 1982. In Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry (ed. Britton, G. and Goodwin, T.W.), p. 55, Pergamon Press, Oxford
86. Moeller, S.M., Jacques, P.F., Blumberg, J.B. 2000. The potential role of dietary xantophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19: 522S–527S
87. Minguez-Mosquera, M., Hornero-Mendez, D. and Garrido-Fernandez, J. 1995. Detection of bixin, lycopene, canthaxanthin and beta-apo-8'carotenal in products derived from red pepper. J AOAC Int. 78, 491–496
88. Nishino, H., Tokuda, H., Murakoshi, M., Satomi, Y., Masuda, M., Onozuka, M., Yamaguchi, S., Takayasu, J., Tsuruta, J., Okuda, M., Khchik, F., Narisawa, T., Takasuka, N. and Yano, M. 2000. Cancer prevention by natural carotenoids. Biofactors. 13, 89–94
89. Olmedilla, B., Granado, F., Southon, S., Wright, A.J.A., Blanco, I., Gil-Martinez, E., Van den Berg, H., Thurnham, D., Corridan, B., Chopra, M., Hininger, I. 2002. A European multicentre, placebocontrolled supplementation study with alpha-tocopherol, carotene-rich palm oil, lutein or lutein: analysis of serum responses. Clin Sci (Lond) 102: 447–456
90. O'Neill, M.E. Thurnham, D.I. 1998. Intestinal absorption of ²-carotene, lycopene and lutein in men and women following a standard meal: response curves in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction. British Journal of Nutrition. 79, 149–159
91. O'Neil M.E., Carroll, Y., Corridan, B., Olmedilla, B., Granado, F., Blanco, I., Van den Berg, H., Hininger, I., Rousell, A.M., Chopra, M., Southon, S., Thurnham, D.I. 2001. A European carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a five-country comparative study. British Journal of Nutrition. 85, 499–507
92. Osianu, D. and Nicoara, E. 1984. Studies on carotenoid metabolism in poultry. I. Carotenoid metabolism in broilers. Stud. Cercet. Biochim. 27, 76–80
93. Perez-Galves, A. and M. I. Minguez-Mosquera, 2002: Degradation of non-esterified and esterified xanthophylls by free radicals. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (1-3), 31–34
94. Prabakaran, R., P. Muthusamy and I. A. Jayaprasad, 2001: Inclusion of natural pigment products in layermash to improve egg yolk colour. Indian Vet. J. 78, 416–419
95. Rapp, L.M., Maple, S.S., Choi, J.H. 2000. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in rod outer segment membranes from perifoveal and peripheral human retina. Invest. Ophtal. Vis.Sci. 41: 1200–1209
96. Rauscher, R., Edenharder, R. and Platt, K.L. 1998. In vitro antimutagenic and in vivo anticlastogenic effects of carotenoids and solvent extracts from fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids. Mutat. Res. 413, 129–142
97. Reed Mangels, A., Holden, J.M., Beecjer, G.R., Froman, M.R., Lanze, E. 1993 Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 93, 284–296.
98. Riedl, J., Linseisen, J., Hoffmann, J., Wolfram, G. (1999). Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. J Nutr 129;2170–2176
99. SCAN (Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition) 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on the use of canthaxanthin in feedingstuffs for salmon and trout, laying hens, and other poultry, ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scan/out81_en.pdf
100. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food). 1975. Reports from the Scientific Committee on Food (1st series). Opinion expressed 1975. Food-science and techniques.
101. SCF, 1997. Minutes of the 107th Meeting of the Scientific Committee for Food, Brussels
102. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food). 2000. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food for the use of beta-carotene from all dietary sources (expressed on September 2000). europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out71_en.pdf
103. Schaeffer, J.L., Tyczkowski, J.K., Hamilton, P.B. 1988. Depletion of oxycarotenoid pigments in chickens and the failure of aflatoxin to alter it. Poult. Sci. 67, 1080–1088
104. Schaeffer, J. L., Tyczkowski, J.K., Parkhurst, C.R. 1988. Carotenoid composition of serum and egg yolks of hens fed diets varying in carotenoid composition. Poult. Sci. 67, 608–614
105. Schiedt, K., 1985. Animal Nutrition Events, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., ed. No. 2186
106. Schiedt, K. 1987. Absorption, retention and metabolic transformations of carotenoids in chicken, salmonids and crustacean. Thesis for Doctor Technicae, University of Trondheim, Norway
107. Schiedt, K., Bischof, S. and Glinz, E. 1991. Title. Pure Appl. Chem., 63, 89
108. Schiedt, K. 1998. Absorption and metabolism of carotenoids in birds, fish and crustaceans. In Carotenoids – Vol.3. Biosynthesis and metabolism (ed. Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H.), p. 285, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel
109. Schlatterer, J. and Breithaupt, D. 2006. Xanthophylls in commercial egg yolks: quantification and identification by HPLC and LC-(APCI)-MS using a C30 phase. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 54, 2267–73
110. Scott, K.J., Thurnham, D.I., Hart, D.J., Bingham, S.A., Day, K. 1996. The correlation between the intake of lutein, lycopene and beta-carotene from vegetables and fruits, and blood plasma concentrations in a group of women aged 55-65 years in the UK. British Journal of Nutrition. 75, 409–418.
111. Scotter, M., Castle, L., Croucher, J. and Olivier, L. 2003. Method development and analysis of retail foods and beverages for carotenoid food colouring materials E160a and E160e. Food Addit. Contam. 23, 115–26
112. Shah, G.M., Goswami, U.C., and Battacharya, R.K. 1992. Action of some retinol derivatives and their provitamins on microsome-catalyzed formation of Benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 7 (3), 177–181
113. Sidibé, S. D. 2001. Untersuchungen an Legehennen zur Eidotterpigmentierung mit Citranaxanthin und Canthaxanthin. Dr.Sc.Agr., Uni Hohenheim (to be completed?)
114. Sirri, F., Iaffaldano, N., Minelli, G., Rosato, M. P. and Franchini, A. 2006. Comparative pigmentation efficiency of high dietary levels of apo-ester and tagetes on the quality traits of whole liquid egg of two strains of laying hens. XII European Poultry Conference, Verona, Italy, 10.14. September
115. Soto-Salanova, M. F. and Hernandez, J. M. 2002. Apo-ester and canthaxanthin: carotenoids with potential nutrient effects in poultry. 1–9
116. Steinberg, W., Grashorn, A.M., Klünter M., and Schierle, J. 2000. Comparative pigmentation efficiency of two products containing either apoester or tagetes extracts in egg yolks and liquid eggs. Arch.Geflügelk. 64, 180–187
117. Stradi, R., Celentano, G., Rossi, E., Rovati, G. and Pastore, M. 1995. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 110B, 131.
118. Stradi, R., Rossi, E., Celentano, G. and Bellardi, B. 1996. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 113B, 427.
119. Surai, P. F. and B. K. Speake, 1998. Distribution of carotenoids from the yolk to the tissues of the chick embryo. The journal of nutritional biochemistry. 9, 645–651
120. Surai, P.F. and Sparks, N.C. 2000. Carotenoids and embryo development. Int. Hatchery Practice. 15, 17–9
121. Tyczkowski, J. K. and Hamilton, P. B. 1986. Evidence for differential absorption of zeacarotene, cryptoxanthin and lutein in young broiler chickens. Poult.Sci. 65, 1137–1140
122. Tyczkowski, J.K. and Hamilton, P.B. 1986a. Title. Poultry Sci., 65, 1141
123. Tyczkowski, J.K. and Hamilton, P.B. 1986b. Title. Poultry Sci., 65, 1526
124. Tyczkowski, J.K., Schaeffer, J.L., Parkhurst C. and Hamilton, P.B. 1986. Title. Poultry Sci., 65, 2135.
125. Van Vliet, T., van Schaik, F., Schreurs, W.H., van den Berg, H. 1996. In vitro measurement of betacarotene cleavage activity: methodological considerations and the effect of other carotenoids on beta-carotene cleavage. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 66, 77–85.
126. WHO (World Health Organization). Canthaxanthin WHO food additives series 35) (http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v35je08.htm)
127. Wiss, O. and Thommen, H. 1963. Dtsch. Gesellsch. Ernährung. 9, 179
128. Yeum, K.J., Russell, R.M. 2002. Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. A review. Annu Rev Nutr. 22, 483–504
129. Zeng, S., Furr, H. and Olson, J. 1992. Metabolism of carotenoid analogs in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56, 433–9